PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
BY MUKUL CHOWDHARY
CLASS 12 E
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❖ Guided By: Mrs. Veena Sharma
❖ Class: XII E
❖ Year: 2023-24
❖ Roll No:
❖ School: Navy Children School
Certified to be the Bonafide work is done by
Master Mukul Chowdhary of class XII-E in the
Physics Lab during the year 2023-24.
Date: 22 MAY 2023
Submitted for Central Board of Secondary
Education.
Examination held in Physics lab at Navy
Children School.
EXAMINER
Date: -_________
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to the
principal. Mrs. Oshima Mathur, Navy Children School for his
encouragement and for all the facilities that he provided for this
project work. I sincerely appreciate this magnanimity by taking me
into his fold for which I shall remain indebted to him. I extend my
hearty thanks to Mrs. Veena Sharma, Physics teacher, who guided me
to the successful completion of this project. I take this opportunity to
express my deep sense of gratitude for her invaluable guidance,
constant encouragement, immense motivation, which has
sustained my efforts at all the stages of this
project work…
I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to Mr. Prince, lab assistant
and to my classmates who helped me to carry out this project work
successful and for their valuable advice and support, which I received
from them time to time….
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INDEX
1-- Introduction
2-- Objective
3-- Material required
4-- Theory
5-- Procedure
6-- Observation
7-- Conclusion
8-- Bibliography……
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OBJECTIVE
THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS EXPERIMENT IS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF
TEMPERATURE ON THE STRENGTH OF A MAGNET.
HYPOTHESIS
It is believed that the colder the magnet, the stronger the magnetic force.
Graphically, the results will resemble an exponential curve, with magnetic force
decreasing as temperature increases. Our independent variable is
temperature. Our dependent variable is magnetism; this will be calculated
using the number of paperclips that the magnet is able to collect at each
measured temperature
MATERIAL REQUIRED
• Safety glasses
• 3-4 permanent bar magnets
• Tongs for magnet
• Ice
• Water
• Insulating container
• Three strong bowls
• Small pot
• Burner for heating water or oven
• Paper clips (1000)
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Magnets are frequently used in daily life. For example, magnets are used in
manufacturing, entertainment, security, and they play a crucial role in the
functioning of computers. Even the earth itself is a magnet.
A magnet is any object that produces a magnetic field. Some magnets, referred
to as permanent, hold their magnetism without an external electric current. A
magnet of this nature can be created by exposing a piece of metal containing
iron to several situations (i.e., repeatedly jarring the metal, heating to high
temperature). Soft magnets, on the other hand, are those that lose their
magnetic charge properties over time. Additionally, paramagnetic objects are
those that can become magnetic only when in the presence of an external
magnetic field.
A magnetic field is the space surrounding a magnet in which magnetic force is
exerted. The motion of negatively charged electrons in the magnet determines
not only the polarity, but also the strength of the magnet (Cold magnet).
Magnets are filled with magnetic lines of force. These lines originate at the
north pole of the magnet and continue to the south pole. The north pole is
positive. Magnetic lines of force do not intersect one another.
Magnetism is created by the alignment of small domains within a specific set of
metal. These domains function as all atoms do, thus the temperature affects the
movement. The higher the heat, the greater the energy, and as such the
movement of the particles. In contrast, cold temperature slows the movement
(magnetic Field Strength and Low Temperatures). Slower movement leads to
more fixed directions in terms of the domains.
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In the 1800’s, Pier4re Curie discovered that
there exists a temperature at which objects that were previously permanently
magnetic lose this characteristic. The temperature at which this
demagnetization occurs is called the “Curie point”. As the temperature of the
magnet approaches this point, the alignment of each domain decreases. As
such, the magnetism decreases until the Curie point is reached, at which time
the material becomes paramagnetic.
THEORY
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This magnetic
field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a
force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and attracts or
repels other magnets.
A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetized
and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An everyday example is a
refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. Materials that
can be magnetized, which are also the ones that are strongly attracted to a
magnet, are called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic). These include iron, nickel,
cobalt, some alloys of rare earth metals, and some naturally occurring minerals
such as lodestone. Although ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials are
the only ones attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be commonly
considered magnetic, all other substances respond weakly to a magnetic field,
by one of several other types of magnetism.
Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically "soft" materials like
annealed iron, which can be magnetized but do not tend to stay magnetized,
and magnetically "hard" materials, which do. Permanent magnets are made
from "hard" ferromagnetic materials such as alnico and ferrite that are
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subjected to special processing in a powerful magnetic field during
manufacture, to align their internal microcrystalline structure, making them very
hard to demagnetize. To demagnetize a saturated magnet, a certain magnetic
field must be applied, and this threshold depends on coercivity of the
respective material. "Hard" materials have high coercivity, whereas "soft"
materials have low coercivity.
The overall strength of a magnet is measured by its magnetic moment or,
alternatively, the total magnetic flux it produces. The local strength of
magnetism in a material is measured by its magnetization.
PROCEDURE
Cold Process
1. Place paperclips in bowl.
2. Situate scale near bowl.
3. Weigh magnet and record.
4. Place magnet and freezer thermometer in freezer set to lowest
temperature possible.
5. Wait approximately 20 minutes for the magnet to reach the temperature
of the freezer.
6. Record temperature read by freezer thermometer.
7. Place magnet in bowl filled with paperclips.
8. Remove magnet and attached paperclips and place on scale.
9. Record temperature of magnet and grams attracted.
10. Subtract the weight of the magnet from the weight of the magnet and the
paperclips combined.
11. Remove paperclips and place back in bowl.
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12. Set freezer to 5-Celsius degrees higher than previous temperature.
(Note: freezer accuracy is dubious. Use temperature read by freezer
thermometer)
13. Repeat steps 4-12 until freezer and magnet have reached zero degrees
Celsius.
Hot Process
1. Place paperclips in the bowl.
2. Situate scale near bowl.
3. Weigh magnet and record.
4. Place magnet in oven set to highest temperature possible.
5. Wait approximately 20 minutes for the magnet to reach the temperature
of the oven.
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6. Place magnet in bowl filled with paperclips.
7. Remove magnet and attached paperclips and place on scale.
8. Record temperature of magnet and grams attracted.
9. Subtract the weight of the magnet from the weight of the magnet and the
paperclips combined.
10. Remove paperclips and place back in bowl.
11. Allow magnet to rest for 5 minutes undisturbed.
12. Repeat steps 6-11 until magnet reaches room temperature.
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OBSERVATION
MAGNETS UNDER EXTREME HEAT
Time after removal from Weight attracted
oven (minutes) (in grams)
0 200
5 200
10 240
20 210
25 230
30 220
35 206
40 204
45 200
50 185
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MAGNETS UNDER EXTREME
COLD
Temperature Weight
(Degree attracted (in
Celsius) grams)
-21.3 275
-19.4 275
-18.1 265
-15.3 270
-13.7 260
-6.7 245
-4.6 220
-1.7 200
0 225
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Conclusion
Magnetic materials should maintain a balance between temperature and
magnetic domains (the atoms’ inclination to spin in a certain direction). When
exposed to extreme temperatures, however, this balance is destabilized;
magnetic properties are then affected. While cold strengthens magnets, heat can
result in the loss of magnetic properties. In other words, too much heat can
completely ruin a magnet. Excessive heat causes atoms to move more rapidly,
disturbing the magnetic domains. As the atoms are sped up, the percentage of
magnetic domains spinning in the same direction decreases. This lack of cohesion
weakens the magnetic force and eventually demagnetizes it entirely.
In contrast, when a magnet is exposed to extreme cold, the atoms slow down so
the magnetic domains are aligned and, in turn, strengthened.
Ferromagnetism
The way in which specific materials form permanent magnets or interact strongly
with magnets. Most everyday magnets are a product of ferromagnetism.
Para magnetism
A type of magnetism that occurs only in the presence of an external magnetic
field. They are attracted to magnetic fields, but they are not magnetized when the
external field is removed. That's because the atoms spin in random directions; the
spins aren’t aligned, and the total magnetization is zero.
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Aluminum and oxygen are two examples of materials that are paramagnetic at
room temperature.
Curie Temperature
Named for the French physicist Pierre Curie, the Curie Temperature is the
temperature at which no magnetic domain can exist because the atoms are
too frantic to maintain aligned spins. At this temperature, the ferromagnetic
material becomes paramagnetic. Even if you cool the magnet, once it has become
demagnetized, it will not become magnetized again. Different magnetic materials
have different Curie Temperatures, but the average is about 600 to 800 degrees
Celsius.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
❑ [Link]
❑ [Link]
❑ [Link]
❑ [Link]
❑ NCERT Physics book
❑ [Link]
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