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 INDEX

Topic Name

 Aim
 Introduction
 Apparatus required
 Procedure
 Observation
 Calculation
 Result
 Precautions
 Bibliography

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 Topic

Ohm'slaw

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 Aim

” TO find resistivity of wires of different metal using

Ohm’s law”

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 Introduction

Ohm's law states that the current through aconductor between two
points is proportional to the potential difference across the two points.

Introducing the constant proportionality, the resistance, one arrives

at the usual mathematical equation thatdescribes thisrelationship

I=V/R

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 I=V/R

where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V

is the voltage measured across the conductor in units of volts, and
R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More
specifically, Ohm's lawstates that the R in this relation is constant,
independent of the current.Ohm's law is an empirical relation which
accurately describes the conductivity of the vast majority
ofelectrically conductive materials over many orders of magnitude of
current.However some materials do not obey Ohm's law, these are
called non-ohmic.

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 RESISTANCE
Electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its
opposition to the flow of electric current. The inverse quantity is
electrical conductance, and is the ease with which an electric
current passes.
Electrical resistance shares some
conceptual parallels with the notion of mechanical friction. The SI
unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while electrical
conductance is measured in siemens

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 RESISTIVITY

Electrical resistivity (also called specific electrical resistance or

volume resistivity)is a fundamental property of a material that
quantifies how strongly it resists or conducts electric current .A low
resistivity indicates a material that readily allows electric current.
Resistivity is commonly represented by the Greek letter ρ (rho).The
SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-meter (Ω ·m)

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APPARATUS REQUIRED

(1) 4 Wires of different metals with respective length

(2) A battery eliminator
(3) D.C Voltmeter
(4) A.C Ammeter
(5) A rheostat
(6) One plug key
(7)Thick connecting wires
(8)Sandpaper

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 PROCEDURE

1. Arrange the various components of the circuit

accordingly with a plug out of one−way key
2. Rub the ends of connecting wire with a sand paper
3. Ensure the ammeter connected in a series with the
resistance wire with its positive terminal towards the
positive of battery. Also ensure the voltmeter
connected in parallel to resistance coil R in such a
manner that the current enters at its positive end.
4. Connect the rheostat such that its lower terminals
and the upper terminals are used.
5. Insert the plug−in key K.
6. Adjust the rheostat so that small current flows
through the circuit and record the readings of
ammeter and voltmeter.

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 7.Shift the rheostat contact to shift the current and take
the readings again.
8.Cut the resistance wire at the ends just coming out of
voltmeter. Stretch it along the meter and measure its
length
9.Observations recorded.

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 OBSERVATIONTABLES

IRONWIRE

Current Voltage Resistance

150mA 0.20V 1.3Ω
200mA 0.25V 1.001Ω
300mA 0.30V 1.0Ω

ALUMINUMWIRE

Current Voltage Resistance

200mA 0.10V 0.5Ω
300mA 0.20V 0.66Ω
400mA 0.30V 0.75Ω

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MANGANIN WIRE

current Voltage Resistance

150mA 0.20V 1.3Ω
200mA 0.30V 105Ω
300mA 0.40V 1.3Ω

COPPER WIRE

Current Voltage Resistance

150mA 0.10V 0.5Ω
200mA 0.20V 0.54Ω
300mA 0.30V 0.6Ω

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 CALCULATIONS
FORIRONWIRE
Length of wire = 21cm

Thickness = 0.54x 10-2 m

Area =0.28 x 10-6m2
Mean resistance = (0.5+0.66+0.75)
3
=1.1Ω
Resistivity =RA/L
=10.5*108Ωm
FORALUMINUMWIRE
Length of wire = 68 cm Thickness
= 0.66 x 10-2 m
Area =0.28x 10-6m2
Mean resistance =(0.5+0.66+0.75)
3

=0.63Ω
Resistivity =RA/L
=2.7x1o-8Ωm

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FOR MANGANIN WIRE
Length of wire =57 cm Thickness
=0.66x10-2m
Area =0.19 x 10-6m2
Mean resistance = (1.3+1.5+1.3)
=1.36Ω
Resistivity =RA/L
=48.2x10-8Ω

FOR COPPER WIRE

Length of wire = 48 cm Thickness
= 0.49x10-2 m

Area =0.19x10-2m2
Mean resistance =(0.5+0.54+0.60)
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=0.54Ω
Resistivity =RA/L=1.7x10-8Ωm

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 RESULT

The resistivity of wires is:

1. For iron =10.5x10^-8Ωm

2. For aluminum =2.7x10^-8Ωm

3. For manganin =4.82x10^-8Ωm

4. For copper =1.7x106-8Ωm

NOTE: the graph between potential drop and the current through
the conductor is a straight line.

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 PRECAUTIONS

• Connection should be tight

• Short circuiting should be avoided

• The plug should be inserted only while taking observation

otherwise current will cause unnecessary heating in the circuit

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• https://google.co.in
• https://en.wikipedia.org
• https://quoro.in
• NCERTCLASS12
• Labmanualphysics12th

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