PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

NAME : SHANTANU SINGH

CLASS : 12TH ‘C’
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA PITAMPURA ,DELHI
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
PITAMPURA ,DELHI

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SHANTANU SINGH student of class 12TH C

has successfully completed the project under the guidance of
Mr V.K. ROY (Subject Teacher ,physics) During the academic
year 2017-18 .

Signature of physics teacher

(Mr V.K. Roy)

Signature of principal
 OBJECTIVE
TO

 VERIFY FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC

INDUCTION.

 OBSERVE THE CHANGE IN CURRENT AND

VOLTAGE PRODUCED BY THE GENERATOR WITH
CHANGE IN SPEED OF ROTOR i.e CHANGE IN
ELECTRIC FLUX.

 PLOT THE GRAPH OF THE OBSERVATION.

 TO FIND THE EFFICIENCY OF THE GENERATOR.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many

people have best owned upon me their blessings and the
heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the
people who have been concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this

project with success. Then I would like to thank my physics
teacher Mr. V.K. Roy , whose valuable guidance has been the
ones that helped me patch this project and make it full proof
success his suggestions and his instructions has served as
the major contributor towards the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have
helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of the
project.
 CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THEORY & WORKING
3. COMPONENTS  Field
 Armature
OF AC GENERATOR  Prime mover
 Rotor
 Stator
 Slip rings

4. DIAGRAM AC GENERATOR
5. MATERIAL REQUIRED
6. CONSTRUCTION & PROCEDURE
7. DIAGRAMS
8. OBSERVATIONS
9. GRAPHS
10. EFFICIENCY
11. RESULTS
12. USES
13. LOSSES IN AN AC GENERATOR
14. BIBLIOGRAPHY & REFRENCES
 INTRODUCTION
 An electric generator is a device that converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy.

 A generator forces electric current to flow

through an external circuit. The source of
mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or
turbine steam engine, water falling through a
turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion
engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank,
compressed air, or any other source of
mechanical energy.

 Generators provide nearly all of the power for

electric power grids
THEORY & WORKING
1.The strong magnetic field is produced by a current
flow through the field coil of the rotor.

2. The field coil in the rotor receives excitation through

the use of slip rings and brushes.

3. Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the

slip rings to provide the continuous connection between
the field coil and the external excitation circuit.

4. The armature is contained within the windings of the

stator and is connected to the output.

5. Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution, one

complete cycle of AC is developed.

6. A generator has many turns of wire wound into the slots

of the rotor.

7. The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AC

generator is dependent on the field strength and speed of
the rotor.

8. Most generators are operated at a constant speed;

therefore, the generated voltage depends on field
excitation, or strength.
COMPONENTS OF AN AC
GENERATOR

 Field

 Armature

 Prime mover

 Rotor

 Stator

 Slip rings
 Field
 The field in an AC generator consists of
coils of conductors within the generator that
receive a voltage from a source (called
excitation) and produce a magnetic flux.
 The magnetic flux in the field cuts the
armature to produce a voltage. This voltage
is ultimately the output voltage of the AC
generator.

Armature
 The armature is the part of an AC
generator in which voltage is produced.
 This component consists of many coils of
wire that are large enough
 Prime Mover
 The prime mover is the component that is used to
drive the AC generator.
 The prime mover may be any type of rotating
machine, such as a diesel engine, a steam turbine,
or a motor.

Rotor
 The rotor of an AC generator is the rotating
component of the generator, as shown in Figure 1.
 The rotor is driven by the generator’s prime mover,
which may be a steam turbine, gas turbine, or diesel
engine. Depending on the type of generator, this
component may be the armature or the field.
 The rotor will be the armature if the voltage output is
generated there; the rotor will be the field if the field
excitation is applied there.
 Stator
 The stator of an AC generator is the part that is stationary.
 Like the rotor, this component may be the armature or the
field, depending on the type of generator.
 The stator will be the armature if the voltage output is
generated there; the stator will be the field if the field
excitation is applied there.

Slip Rings
 Slip rings are electrical connections that are used to
transfer power to and from the rotor of an AC generator.
 The slip ring consists of a circular conducting material that
is connected to the rotor windings and insulated from the
shaft. Brushes ride on the slip ring as the rotor rotates.
The electrical connection to the rotor is made by
connections to the brushes.
 Slip rings are used in AC generators because the desired
output of the generator is a sine wave.
 In a DC generator, a commutator was used to provide an
output whose current always flowed in the positive
direction.
 FIGURE 1

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
OF AC GENERATOR
 Material required
 MOTOR 1 (AC/DC) : FOR PROVIDING
TORQUE TO GENERATOR

 MOTOR 2 (DC) : FOR GENERATING

ELECTRICITY

 LED LIGHTS : FOR USING AS LOAD

 CONNECTING WIRES

 BATTERY ELIMINATOR :FOR PROVIDING

DIFFERENT VOLTAGES
 VOLTMETER : FOR TAKING READINGS

 AMMETER :FOR TAKING READINGS

 M-SEAL : FOR JOINING PARTS
 BALL PEN’S REFILL : FOR JOINING AXLES OF
THE TWO MOTORS
 CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION IS DONE IN THE FILLOWING STEPS

 JOIN THE TWO MOTORS USING THREE PEN’S REFIL

PIECES AND M-SEAL AS SHOWN IN DIAGRAM 1.
 NOW CONNECT THE LED BULBS AND BATTERY
ELIMINATOR AS SHOWN IN DIAGRM 2.
 CHECK THE WORKING OF THE SETUP.
 NOW , CONNECT VOLTMETER AND AMMETER AS
SHOWN IN DIAGRAM 3.

PROCEDURE
 SET THE BATTERY ELIMINATOR ON 2 VOLTS.
 OBSERVE THE VOLTMETER AND AMMETER
READINGS.
 NOW CHANGE BATTERY ELIMINATORS READING TO 4
VOLT FOR FURTHER READINGS.
 INCREASE VOLTAGE FURTHER TO TAKE SEVERAL
READINGS.
 DIAGRAMS
PEN’S REFILL

DIAGRAM 1
MOTOR
ARRANGING MOTORS
GENERATOR
MOTOR

BATTERY A
ELIMINATOR

GENERATING LED BULB

DRIVING
MOTOR
MOTOR

DIAGRAM 2 CHECKING THE ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION

A
AMMETER

LED LIGHT

DIAGRAM 3: FINAL SETUP V VOLTMETER

 OBSERVATIONS

LEAST COUNT
 VOLTMETER : 0.1 V
 AMMETER : 0.1 A

BATTERY ELIMINATOR GENERATOR

VOLTAGE CURRENT VOLTAGE CURRENT

INPUT INPUT OUTPUTS OUTPUT
( VOLTS ) (MILLI (VOLT ) (MILLI
AMPERES ) AMPERES)

2V 210 0.1 0

4V 60 0.3 260

6V 120 0.8 310

8V 190 1.3 380

10 V 250 2.1 410

12 V 340 2.8 490

 GRAPHS
VOLTAGE PRODUCED (V)

3
2.8
2.5
2 2.1
1.5
1.3
1
0.8
0.5
0.3
0 0.1
2 4 6 8 10 12 14

VOLTAGE IN BATTERY ELIMINATOR (V)

600
500
CURRENT (mA)

490
400 380 410
300 310
260
200
100
0 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
VOLTAGE IN BATTERY ELIMINATOR (V)
 EFFICIENCY

POWER INPUT POWER OUTPUT

( MECHANICAL ) ( ELECTRICAL )

1) Efficiency of an AC generator is the ratio

of the useful power output to the total
power input.

2) Because any mechanical process

experiences some losses, no AC
generators can be 100 per cent efficient.

3) Efficiency of an AC generator can be

calculated using Equation.

4) Efficiency =(Output /Input )x 100

OR =(POWER OUT/POWER IN )*100
 EFFICIENCY OF GENERATOR
POWER = VOLTAGE * CURRENT
(WATT) (VOLT) (AMPERE)

EFFICIENCY = POWER OUTPUT * 100

POWER INPUT

POWER POWER
(INPUT) (OUTPUT) EFFICIENCY

0.42 0.00 0.00

0.24 0.078 32.50

0.72 0.248 34.44

1.52 0.494 32.51

2.50 0.861 34.31

4.08 1.372 33.62

AVREAGE EFFICIENCY=32.50+34.44+32.51+34.31+33.62
5
=33.476
 RESULTS

 WHEN THE AXLE OF GENERATING MOTOR IS

ROTATED , E.M.F. IS PRODUCED BY IT.
REASON: CHANGE IN FLUX THROUGH THE
WINDING OF MOTOR.
 THIS E.M.F. REMAINS IN THE CIRCUIT AS LONG
AS AXLE IS ROTATED.
HENCE , FARADAY’S LAW OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION IS VERIFIED.
 AS THE SPEED OF ROTOR IS INCREASED , THE
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT PRODUCED BY
GENERATOR ALSO GET INCREASED.
REASON : RATE OF CHANGE OF FLUX
INCREASES.
 THE CALCULATED EFFICIENCY OF
GENERATOR IS : 33.476
 USES

 Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind

generators, high speed gas turbine generators.

 Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems,

automotive starter generators.

 An ac generator, or 'alternator', is used to

produce ac voltages for transmission via the grid
system or, locally, as portable generators.

 All of our household appliances runs on ac

current. Ex: Refrigerator, washing machines,
oven, lights, fan etc.
 LOSSES IN AN
AC GENERATOR
1.) Internal Voltage Drop

 The load current flows through the armature in all AC

generators. The armature has some amount of
resistance and inductive reactance.

 The combination of these make up what is known as

the internal resistance, which causes a loss in a n AC
generator.

 When the load current flows, a voltage drop is

developed across the internal resistance.

 This voltage drop subtracts from the output voltage

and, therefore, represents generated voltage and
power that is lost and not available to the load.
 2.) Hysteresis Losses
 Hysteresis losses occur when iron cores in an AC
generator are subject to effects from a magnetic field.
 The magnetic domains of the cores are held in alignment
with the field in varying numbers, dependent upon field
strength.
 The magnetic domains rotate, with respect to the domains
not held in alignment, one complete turn during each
rotation of the rotor. This rotation of magnetic domains in
the iron causes friction and heat.
 The heat produced by this friction is called magnetic
hysteresis loss.
 After the heat-treated silicon steel is formed to the desired
shape, the laminations are heated to a dull red and then
allowed to cool.
 This process, known as annealing, reduces hysteresis
losses to a very low value.
 To reduce hysteresis losses, most AC armatures are
constructed of heat-treated silicon steel, which has an
inherently low hysteresis loss.
 3.)Mechanical Losses

 Rotational or mechanical losses can be caused by

bearing friction, brush friction on the commutator,
and air friction (called windage), which is caused
by the air turbulence due to armature rotation.
 Careful maintenance can be instrumental in
keeping bearing friction to a minimum.
 Clean bearings and proper lubrication are
essential to the reduction of bearing friction.
 Brush friction is reduced by ensuring: proper brush
seating, proper brush use, and maintenance of
proper brush tension.
 A smooth and clean commutator also aids in the
reduction of brush friction.
 In very large generators, hydrogen is used within
the generator for cooling; hydrogen, being less
dense than air, causes less windage losses than
air.
DRIVING
MOTOR

GENERATING
MOTOR

DRIVING GENERATING
MOTOR MOTOR

LED LIGHT
BIBLIOGRAPHY & REFRENCES

1. NCERT BOOK

2. INTERNET WEBSITES :

 www.google .com

 www. Wikipedia .com

 www. scribd,.com

 www. electricaleasy.com