EXPERIMENT - 5

MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF
D.C SHUNT GENERATOR

Aim:
To Conduct:
No-Load Test on DC Shunt Generator
To understand:
Basic principle of operation of DC Shunt Generator under No-Load condition
practically.
To Observe
The behavior of the DC Shunt Generator under No-Load condition
To Determine:
a. Residual Voltage (Er)
b. Generated Armature Voltage at No-Load (Eo)
c. Shunt Field Current (If)
To Calculate
a. Critical Field Resistance (Rc)
b. Critical Speed (Nc)
To draw:
No-Load Armature Generated Emf (Eg verses the Shunt Field Exciting Current (If)

Name Plate Details:

S.No Parameters DC Shunt Motor

1 Manufactured Benn Electricals Private Limited

2 Cooling Air Cooled

3 Insulation Class B
4 Ambient Temperature 45ºC
5 Speed 1500r.p.m
6 Rated Power 3.0kW
7 Rated Line Voltage 220V
8 Rated Line Current 13.6A
9 Field Excitation Rated voltage 220V
10 Field Excitation Current 1.0A

Parameters DC Shunt Generator

S.No
 1 Manufactured Benn Electricals Private Limited

2 Cooling Air Cooled

3 Insulation Class B
4 Ambient Temperature 45ºC
5 Speed 1500r.p.m
6 Rated Power 3.0kW
7 Rated Line Voltage 220V
8 Rated Line Current 13.6A
9 Field Excitation Rated voltage 220V
10 Field Excitation Current 1.0A
Apparatus Required:
For DC Shunt Motor Side

S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

Wire Wound /Double
1 Rheostat 28Ω/8.5A 1
Tube
2 Rheostat 300Ω/1.7A Wire Wound /Single Tube 1
3 Tachometer (0-9999) r.p.m Digital Contact Type 1
4 Three Point Starter 220V/10A Manual 1
5 Connecting Wires Coil Type 10A Required

For DC Shunt Generator Side

S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity
1 Rheostat 300Ω/1.7A Wire Wound /Single Tube 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V Moving Coil 2
3 Ammeter (0-2)A Moving Coil 1
4 Connecting Wires Coil Type 10A Required
Theory:
Shunt Wound DC Generators:
The field windings are connected in parallel with armature conductors as shown
in figure (A). In these types of generators the armature current I a divides in two parts.
One part is the shunt field current I sh flows through shunt field winding and the other
part is the load current IL goes through the external load. Under no-Load Condition So
Ia = If (under No-Load).

Figure (A)
1) Magnetic (or) Open Circuit Characteristic of Shunt Wound DC Generator
These characteristics are also known as No-Load Characteristics (or) Open
Circuit Characteristics. The Magnetization Characteristics shows the relation between
the No-Load Armature Generated Emf (Eg) and the Shunt Field Exciting Current (If)
at a given fixed speed (N).This is same as B-H curve of the material used for the pole
construction. In a Dc generator at any given speed, the induced emf in the armature
is directly proportional to the flux per pole.

Eg = (ϕZNP)/(60A)
Where ϕ is the flux per pole in Weber, Z is the number of conductors in the armature,
N is the speed in RPM, P is the number of poles and A is the number of parallel paths
A is 2 for wave winding and A is P for lap winding.
The Magnetization Characteristics varies in proportionally with the rotational
speed (N) of the armature. The shape of these characteristics is practically same for
all generators whether separately excited (or) self-excited Due to the residual
magnetism in the poles, some Emf is generated even when Shunt Field Exciting
Current If is zero. Hence, the curve starts a little way up. The slight curvature at the
lower end is due to magnetic inertia. It is seen that the first part of the curve is
practically straight. This is due to the fact that at low flux densities, reluctance of iron
path being negligible (due to high permeability), total reluctance is given by the air gap
reluctance, which is constant. Hence, the flux and consequentially the generated emf
are directly proportional to the exciting current. However, at high flux densities, where
m is small, iron path reluctance becomes appreciable and straight relation between
Eo and If no longer holds good, i.e., saturation of poles start. Here in the diagrams
shown in Fig (B) & (C) the magnetic characteristic curve for various speeds are drawn.
Due to residual magnetism the curves start from a point A slightly up from the origin
O. The upper portions of the curves are bending due to saturation. The external load
resistance of the machine needs to be maintained greater than its critical value
otherwise the machine will not excite or will stop running if it is already in motion. In
Fig (B) AB, AC and AD are the slopes which give critical resistances at speeds N 1,
N2 and N3. Here, N1 > N2 > N3.

Fig(B) Fig(C)
2) Critical resistance
It is that maximum value of the field resistance, above which the machine fails to excite
i.e. there, will be no build up of the voltage. This resistance corresponds to the straight-
line position of the magnetization characteristic because the magnetic circuit does not
OFFer any appreciable reluctance to the magnetic flux.
3) Critical speed
It is that speed for which the given shunt field resistance will represent critical field
resistance (or) it is that minimum value of the speed of the machine below which the
machine fails to excite.
Precautions:
1. DC supply mcb connected to main supply panel board related to corresponding
experiment table should be at OFF Position.
2. DC supply mcb connected to experiment table should be at OFF Position.
3. DPST switch connected to experiment table panel board to supply power to motor
starter and also SPST Switch on Generator side should be kept in OFF position
before conduction of experiment.
4. Always use starter of proper rating and initially kept 3-Point Starter in OFF position.
5. Take care while using 3-Point starter to start the motor.
6. Make sure that motor field rheostat and armature rheostat both are minimum
position and field rheostat on generator side must be on maximum position before
conduction of the experiment.
7. Avoid loose connections and never touch the live terminal during the experiment.
8. Make proper contact when measuring the speed with Tachometer.
9. Take the reading without parallax error.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON DC mcb at Main Supply MCB Panel related to concerned experiment
table.
3. Switch ON DC mcb connected to experiment table and then close DPST switch
on panel board of the experiment table.
4. Start the DC shunt motor by using 3-point starter by moving the starter arm from
starter OFF Position to ON Position and must see that the motor starter arm must
be Magnetically locked at ON Position.
5. If the motor runs below rated speed brought motor to its rated speed by moving
field rheostat from minimum position to towards maximum position and armature
rheostat from maximum position to minimum position till motor runs at rated speed.
6. Stop varying Motor’s field and armature rheostats and note down generator
armature voltage (Vres) which represents the residual voltage of the generator
when SPST switch is in open condition.
7. Close SPST switch and excite generator’s field winding in steps by moving
external field rheostat gradually from maximum position to towards minimum
position and note down corresponding readings of generator’s field current(If) and
no-load armature voltage (Eo) at each step by maintaining constant speed till the
generator reaches is rated generated voltage (or) field current.
8. Gradually reduce generator field current and make it to zero finally by moving
generator’s external field rheostat gradually from minimum to towards maximum
position and open SPST switch.
9. Bring back the Motor field and armature rheostats towards minimum and
maximum positions respectively and switch OFF DPST switch on DC Motor side
to disconnect the DC Motor from the 220V DC Supply.
10. Switch OFF DC MCB connected to experiment table and then open DPST switch
on panel board of the experiment table.
11. Switch OFF DC MCB at Main Supply Switch Board.

Observation Table:
At Rated Speed N = 1500r.p.m.
S.No Field Current (If) No Load Generated
Voltage (Eo)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Model Graph:

X-Axis : Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) in Volts

Y-Axis : Shunt Field Current in Amps

Calculations:
To find critical field resistance:
1. Plot the magnetization curve.
2. Draw the tangent such that it touches most of the linear part of the curve. This line
is the Critical field resistance line (DF).
3. The slope of the above line gives the Critical field resistance.
Slope of DF = ( EF/ DE) =_____Ω

To find critical speed:

1. Draw the constant field resistance line Rf. i.eRf = (220)/() = _______Ω
2. From point ‘A’ draw a line on to the Critical field resistance line.
3. Now the Critical speed, Nc = (HI / GI) ×N,
Where N is the rated speed of DCgenerator i.e., 1500 r.p.m.
Nc = ( HI / GI ) x (Rated Speed) = ( / ) x ( 1500 ) = _______r.p.m

Result:
After safe and successful conduction of No-Load Test on DC Shunt Generator
Understood:
Basic principle of operation DCShunt Generator under No-Load condition practically.
Determined:
1) Residual Voltage (Er)
2) Generated Armature Voltage at No Load (Eo)
3) Shunt Field Current (If)
 Calculated
1) Critical Field Resistance (Rc)
2) Critical Speed (Nc)
Drawn
No-Load Armature Generated Emf (Eg verses the Shunt Field Exciting Current (If)
Observed:
1. The behavior of the DC Shunt Generator under No-Load condition practically
2. The curve starts somewhat above the origin. The voltage at zero excitation is due
to residual magnetism of the field, which is necessary for building up the voltage of
self excitation generator.
3. The voltage increases rapidly at first and then changes a little in value at higher
excitations indicating the effect of the poles saturation.
4. The generated Emf becomes constant when field core is saturated.
5. The generator builds up the voltage only when the speed is more than critical speed
and field circuit resistance is less than the critical field resistance.