Kendriya

vidhyalaya
no.1
(afs) jodhpur
Physics
Investigatory project
2018-2019

Submitted to:- Submitted bY:-

name-
class-
roll no.-
 Kendriya Vidhyalaya
No.1 (AFS) Jodhpur

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that XYZ , a student of class
XII-B has successfully completed the research on the project
“LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTANCE” under the guidance
of Mr. XYZ (Physics Teacher) during the academic year
2016-17 in fulfillment of Physics practical examination
conducted by AISSCE.

Signature of internal examiner Signature of external examiner

Signature of principal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people
have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who have
been concerned with project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this
project with success. Then I would like to thank my principal sir
Mr.XYZ and my physics teacher Mr.XYZ, whose valuable
giudance has been the one that helped me patch this project and
make it proof success, their suggestions and their instructions has
served as the major contribution towards the completion of the
project.
I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents who helped
me to carry out this project successful and for their valuable
advice and support, which I received from time to time. Last but
not the least I would like to thanks my classmates who have
helped me a lot, without their support my efforts would have been
in vain.

INTRODUCTION
In the society, sometimes street lights glow in day time. In mines
area people face many difficulties due to absence of light in the
nights. In frontier and hilly areas, people face many problems due
to damaged street lights. So to solve these problems we have
created an electronic circuit using an electronic device known as
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). This circuit automatically stops
the flow of current through the Bulb or LED when light falls on
LDR. It means the lights will glow in night time and during
daytime they will be automatically off. Due to use of it, we can
solve above problems and can also save electricity and men's
power.
A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a
device whose resistivity is a function of the incident
electromagnetic radiation. They are made up of semiconductor
materials having high resistance. LDR are devices whose
resistance decreases when light falls on them and increases in
dark. When it is kept in dark, its resistance become very high. It
can be as high as 1012 Ω and if the device is allowed to absorb
light its resistance decreases drastically.

PRINCIPLE
This project is based on Light
Dependent Resistance (L.D.R.). LDR is a resistance, in which
opposing power of current depends on the presence of quantity of
light present, i.e. the resistance of LDR increases or decreases,
according to quantity of light which falls on it.
Photo conductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the
materials conductivity is increased when light is absorbed by the
material when light falls i.e. when the photons fall on the device,
the electrons in the valence band of semiconductor material are
excited to the conduction band. These photons in the incident
light should have energy greater than the band gap of the
semiconductor material to make the electron jump from the
valence band to the conductor band. Hence when light having
enough energy strikes on the device, more and more number of
electron are excited to the conductor band which results in large
number of charge carriers. The result of this process is more and
more current starts flowing through the device when circuit is
closed and hence it is said that the resistance of the device has
been decreased.

Light Dependent

CONSTRUCTION OF LDR
The structure of a light dependent resistor consists of a light
sensitive material which is dependent on an insulating substrate
such as ceramic. The material is deposited in zigzag pattern in
order to obtain a desired resistance and power rating. This zigzag
area separates the metal deposited area in two regions. Then the
ohmic constants are made on the either sides of the area. The
resistance of these contacts should be as less as possible to make
sure that the resistance mainly changes due to effect of light only.
Material normally used are cadmium sulphide, cadmium selenide,
indium antimonide and cadmium sulphonide. The use of lead and
cadmium is avoided as they are harmful to the environment.
Types of LDR: based on the material used they are classified as:
1) Intrinsic LDR: These are made of pure semiconductor
material such as silicon or germanium.
2) Extrinsic LDR: These are semiconductor material doped
with impurities which are called as dopants. This reduces the
band gap by creating a new energy band above valence band
and less energy is required in exciting the electrons.

ADVANTAGES
  Accuracy of this circuit is more than accuracy of other

circuits.
 Parts of the circuit are easily available.
 Circuit is not so costly.
 It can be used to stop the wastage of electricity.
 This circuit saves the men's power.

 Available in different sizes with different specifications.

 Easy to design and implement them in a circuitry.

 By using this Automatic system for street light controlling,

we can reduce energy consumption because the manually

operated street lights are not switched off properly even the

sunlight comes and also not switched on earlier before

sunset.

 It can be used for security purposes.

USES
 They are often used as light sensors.
 They are used when there is a need to detect absence or

presence of light like in camera light meter.

 They are used in street lights to prevent wastage of energy

during day time.

 It may be used in alarm clocks.

 It may be used in burglary alarm circuits.

 They are used in light intensity meter.

 May be used for counting the packages moving on a

conveyor belt.

 It can be used in frontier areas.

 It can be used in mine areas to automatically glow light at

night.
 They may be used in houses to prevent wastage of

electricity.

BRIEF DISCRIPTION Of
COMPONENTS
 TRANSISTOR:-

When a thin slice of p-type is sandwiched between two

blocks of n-type, then n-p-n transistor is formed. It consists
of emitter, base, and collector. In the project, common
emitter n-p-n transistor ( BC-547 & SL-100) is used.

 diode:-
A diode is a component that only allows electricity to flow
one way. It can be thought as a sort of one way street for
electrons. Because of this characteristic, diode are used to
transform or rectify AC voltage into a DC voltage. Diodes
have two connections, an anode and a cathode. The cathode
is the end on the schematic with the point of the triangle
pointing towards a line. In other words, the triangle points
toward that cathode. The anode is, of course, the opposite
end. Current flows from the anode to the cathode.

 CARBON RESISTOR:-

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component

that implements electrical resistance as a circuit
element. Resistors may be used to reduce current flow, and,
at the same time, may act to lower voltage levels within
circuits.. A carbon resistor has generally four rings or bands
A,B,C and D of different colors corresponding to the value
of resistance.

 RELAY:-
Relays are switches that open and close circuits
electromechanically or electronically. They control
one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in
another circuit.
  TRANSFORMER:-

A transformer is a device that changes (transforms) and

alternating potential difference (voltage) from one value to
another value be it smaller or greater using the principle of
electromagnetic induction. A transformer consists of a soft
iron coil with two coils wound around it which are not
connected to one another

 . CAPACITOR:-

Capacitor is a device which stores the electrical energy in

electric field. It blocks the DC.

 LDR:- (Light Depending Resistance)

It is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the

brightness of light which is falling on it. It has resistance of
about 1mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of
only about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated. It
responds to a large part of light spectrum.

 Bulb:-
It is a device which converts electrical energy into light
energy. When current passes through it, it glows.

WORKING
The circuit of LDR is an electronic circuit built with LDR,
relay, Darlington pair, diode, & resistors shown in the below circuit
diagram. A voltage supply is given to the load. The required DC
voltage of the LDR circuit is supplied from a bridge rectifier
circuit or a battery. This circuit changes the AC supply into a DC.
The bridge rectifier circuit uses a step-down transformer to step-
down the voltage from 230v into 12v. The diodes are connected in
the form of a bridge used to alter the AC voltage into DC.
The voltage regulator is used to change the 12v DC-6v DC, and
then, this DC voltage is supplied to the entire circuit. A 230v AC
supply for both the bridge rectifier and the load is to be kept
continuously for continuous operation of the light sensor circuit.
In the morning time, LDR has a low resistance around 10Ω. Thus,
the power supply flows through the LDR & ground through the
variable resistor and resistor as shown in the below light sensor
circuit. This is due to the resistance offered by the light dependent
resistor in the daytime or when the light falls on the LDR, then it is
less compared to the resistance of the remaining part of the sensor
circuit. We know that current always flow in the path of low
resistance. Therefore, the relay coil does not get sufficient supplies
to get strengthened. Hence, the light is switched off in the daylight.

LIGH
T
OFF

DAR
K
ON
In the same way, during the night time, the resistance of the LDR
increases to a high value (20MΩ). Thus, due to the high resistance
of the resistor, the flow of current is low or almost zero. Now, the
flow of current through the low-resistance lane, such that it
increases the base voltage of Darlington pair to reach more than
1.4V. As the Darlington pair transistor is triggered, the relay coil
acquires enough supply to get energized, and hence, the light
switches in the night time.

Bibliography

 Physics NCERT textbook for class XII.

 Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia.

 Comprehensive Lab Manual of Physics.

 Allprojectreports.com

 Automatic night light lamp –

www.slideshare.com

INDEX
Topic

1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Introduction
4. Principle
5. Construction of LDR
6. Advantages
7. Uses
8. Brief Description of Components
9. Working
10. Bibliography