Application of System of Linear Equations 2021

APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS
ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE
HoChiMinh City University of Technology

Faculty of Applied Science, Department of Applied Mathematics
HCMC — 2020.
(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 1 / 29

OUTLINE
1 NETWORK ANALYSIS

OUTLINE
1 NETWORK ANALYSIS
2 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Network Analysis
DEFINITION 1.1
A network is a set of branches through which
something "flows".

Network Analysis
DEFINITION 1.1
A network is a set of branches through which
something "flows".
EXAMPLE 1.1
The branches might be electrical wires through which
electricity flows, pipes through which water or oil
flows, traffic lanes through which vehicular traffic
flows,...

Network Analysis
DEFINITION 1.2
In most networks, the branches meet at points, called
nodes or junctions, where the flow divides.

Network Analysis
DEFINITION 1.2
DEFINITION 1.3
There if generally some numerical measure of the rate
at which the medium flows through a branch.

Network Analysis
DEFINITION 1.2
DEFINITION 1.3
There if generally some numerical measure of the rate
at which the medium flows through a branch. For
example, the flow rate of electricity is measured in
amperes, the flow rate of water or oil in gallons per
minute, the flow rate of traffic in vehicles per hour,...

Network Analysis
FLOW CONSERVATION AT EACH NODE.

The rate of flow into any node is equal to the rate of
flow out of that node.

Network Analysis
FLOW CONSERVATION AT EACH NODE.

The rate of flow into any node is equal to the rate of
flow out of that node.
EXAMPLE 1.2
Find the flow rates and directions of flow in the
branches

Network Analysis
Solution. We will assign arbitrary directions to the

unknown flow rates x 1 , x 2 , and x 3 . We need not be
concerned if some of the directions are incorrect,
since an incorrect direction will be signalled by a
negative value for the flow rate when we solve for the
unknowns.

Network Analysis
Node Flow In Flow Out

A 30 = x1 + x2
B x2 + x3 = 35
C 60 = x 3 + 15
D x 1 + 15 = 55

Network Analysis
These conditions produce the linear system


 x 1 + x 2 = 30 
 x 1 = 40

 
 x + x = 35
2 3
⇒ x 2 = −10

 x 3 + 15 = 60 
 x = 45
 3
x 1 + 15 = 55


Network Analysis
These conditions produce the linear system


 x 1 + x 2 = 30 
 x 1 = 40

 
 x + x = 35
2 3
⇒ x 2 = −10

 x 3 + 15 = 60 
 x = 45
 3
x 1 + 15 = 55

The flow in branch x 2 is into node A .

Network Analysis
EXAMPLE 1.3 (DESIGN OF TRAFFIC PATTERNS.)

The following network shows a proposed plan for the
traffic flow around a new park that will house the
Liberty Bell in Philadelphia. The plan calls for a
computerized traffic light at the north exit on Fifth
Street, and the diagram indicates the average number
of vehicles per hour that are expected to flow in and
out of the streets that border the complex. All streets
are one-way.

Network Analysis

Network Analysis
1
How many vehicles per hour should the traffic
light let through to ensure that the average
number of vehicles per hour flowing into the
complex is the same as the average number of
vehicles flowing out?

Network Analysis
1
How many vehicles per hour should the traffic
light let through to ensure that the average
number of vehicles per hour flowing into the
complex is the same as the average number of
vehicles flowing out?
2
Assuming that the traffic light has been set to
balance the total flow in and out of the complex,
what is the average number of vehicles per hour
that will flow along the streets that border the
complex?

Network Analysis
Solution. Let x denote the number of vehicles per

hour that the traffic light must be let through, then
the total number of vehicles per hour that flow in
and out of the complex will be
Total Flowing In Flowing Out

500 + 400 + 600 + 200 = x + 700 + 400
x + 1100 = 1700 ⇒ x = 600.

Network Analysis
To avoid traffic congestion, the flow in must equal

the flow out at each intersection.

Network Analysis
Intersection Flow In Flow Out

A 400 + 600 = x1 + x2
B x2 + x3 = 400 + x
C 500 + 200 = x3 + x4
D x1 + x4 = 700
Because the total flow in and out of the complex are

equal, so x = 600.

Network Analysis
We obtain
 

 x 1 + x 2 = 1000 
 x 1 = 700 − t

 x + x = 1000 
 x = 300 + t
2 3 2
⇒

 x 3 + x 4 = 700 
 x 3 = 700 − t
 
x 1 + x 4 = 700 x4 = t
 
The average flow rates must be non-negative since

we have assumed the streets to be one-way.
Therefore, 0 É t É 700 ⇒ 0 É x 1 É 700; 300 É x 2 É 1000;
0 É x 3 É 700; 0 É x 4 É 700.

Electrical Circuits Definition
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
DEFINITION 2.1
A battery is a source of electric energy, and a resistor is
an element that dissipates electric energy.

THEOREM 2.1 (OHM’S L AW )

If a current of I amperes passes through a resistor
with a resistance of R ohms, then there is a resulting
drop of E volts in electrical potential
E = IR (1)

DEFINITION 2.2
A typical electrical network will have multiple
batteries and resistors joined by some configuration of
wires. A point at which three or more wires in a
network are joined is called a node (or junction
point). A branch is a wire connecting 2 nodes, and a
closed loop is a succession of connected branches that
begin and end at the same node.

EXAMPLE 2.1

EXAMPLE 2.1
This electrical network has 2 nodes and three closed

loops - 2 inner loops and 1 outer loop.

Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws
KIRCHHOFF’S L AWS
DEFINITION 2.3
As current flows through an electrical network, it
undergoes increases and decreases in electrical
potential, called voltage rises and voltage drops,
respectively.

The behavior of the current at the nodes and around

closed loops is governed by two fundamental laws:
THEOREM 2.2 (KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT L AW )
The sum of the currents flowing into any node is
equal to the sum of the currents flowing out.
THEOREM 2.3 (KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE L AW )

In one traversal of any closed loop, the sum of the
voltage rises equals the sum of the voltage drops.

In circuits with multiple loops and batteries there is

usually no way to tell in advance which way the
currents are flowing, so for consistency we will
always take the direction of travel for each closed
loop to be clockwise.

EXAMPLE 2.2

EXAMPLE 2.2
I 1 = I 2 + I 3.

EXAMPLE 2.2
I 1 = I 2 + I 3 . Clockwise closed-loop convention with

arbitrary direction assignments to currents in the
branches.

THEOREM 2.4 (CONVENTION FOR RESISTOR)

1
A voltage drop occurs at a resistor if the direction
assigned to the current through the resistor is the
same as the direction assigned to the loop.

THEOREM 2.4 (CONVENTION FOR RESISTOR)

1
A voltage drop occurs at a resistor if the direction
same as the direction assigned to the loop.
2
A voltage rise occurs at a resistor if the direction
opposite to that assigned to the loop.

THEOREM 2.5 (CONVENTION FOR BATTERY )

1
A voltage drop occurs at a battery if the direction
assigned to the loop is from + to - through the
battery.


1
battery.
2
A voltage rise occurs at a battery if the direction
assigned to the loop is from - to + through the
battery.


1
battery.
2
A voltage rise occurs at a battery if the direction
assigned to the loop is from - to + through the
battery.
Those currents whose directions were assigned

correctly will have positive values and those whose
directions were assigned incorrectly will have
negative values.

EXAMPLE 2.3
Determine the currents I 1 , I 2 , and I 3 in the following
circuit.

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT L AW
Using the assigned directions for the currents,

Kirchhoff’s current law provides one equation for
each node.
Node Current In Current Out

A I1 + I2 = I3
B I3 = I1 + I2

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE L AW
Voltage Rises Voltage Drops

Left Inside Loop 50 = 5I 1 + 20I 3
Right Inside Loop 30 + 10I 2 + 20I 3 = 0
Outside Loop 30 + 50 + 10I 2 = 5I 1

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE L AW
Voltage Rises Voltage Drops

Left Inside Loop 50 = 5I 1 + 20I 3
Right Inside Loop 30 + 10I 2 + 20I 3 = 0
Outside Loop 30 + 50 + 10I 2 = 5I 1
Solving the following linear system


I1 + I2 − I3 = 0 
 I1 = 6


 
 5I 1 + 20I 3 = 50
⇒ I 2 = −5

 10I 2 + 20I 3 = −30 
 I = 1.
 3
5I 1 − 10I 2 = 80

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Application of System of Linear Equations 2021

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Application of System of Linear Equations 2021

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE

HoChiMinh City University of Technology

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 1 / 29

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 2 / 29

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 2 / 29

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 3 / 29

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 3 / 29

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 4 / 29

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 4 / 29

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 4 / 29

FLOW CONSERVATION AT EACH NODE.

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 5 / 29

FLOW CONSERVATION AT EACH NODE.

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 5 / 29

Solution. We will assign arbitrary directions to the

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 6 / 29

Node Flow In Flow Out

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 7 / 29

These conditions produce the linear system

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 8 / 29

These conditions produce the linear system

The flow in branch x 2 is into node A .

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 8 / 29

EXAMPLE 1.3 (DESIGN OF TRAFFIC PATTERNS.)

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 9 / 29

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 10 / 29

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 11 / 29

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 11 / 29

Solution. Let x denote the number of vehicles per

Total Flowing In Flowing Out

x + 1100 = 1700 ⇒ x = 600.

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 12 / 29

To avoid traffic congestion, the flow in must equal

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 13 / 29

Intersection Flow In Flow Out

Because the total flow in and out of the complex are

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 14 / 29

The average flow rates must be non-negative since

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 15 / 29

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 16 / 29

THEOREM 2.1 (OHM’S L AW )

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 17 / 29

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 18 / 29

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 19 / 29

This electrical network has 2 nodes and three closed

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 19 / 29

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 20 / 29

The behavior of the current at the nodes and around

THEOREM 2.3 (KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE L AW )

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 21 / 29

In circuits with multiple loops and batteries there is

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 22 / 29

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 23 / 29

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 23 / 29

I 1 = I 2 + I 3 . Clockwise closed-loop convention with

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 23 / 29

THEOREM 2.4 (CONVENTION FOR RESISTOR)

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 24 / 29

THEOREM 2.4 (CONVENTION FOR RESISTOR)

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 24 / 29

THEOREM 2.5 (CONVENTION FOR BATTERY )

(HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS HCMC — 2020. 25 / 29