Chapter 11 - Radiation Heat Transfer

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM
CHAPTER 11
RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
1. General concept of radiation
2. The laws of thermal radiation
3. Radiation between two infinite parallel planes
4. Radiation of convex object in enclosure
1
Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
2
1. General concept of radiation:
A body at temperature T → thermal heat→ a part of heat

transfer to thermal radiation → emitted in intermedia matter
→ other bodies → absorbed→ converted into heat
A body is always emitted energy and

absorbed energy from other bodies
3
Radiation heat transfer: energy transfer across a

system boundary due to a temperature difference ,
by the mechanism of photon emission or
electromagnetic wave emission.
Classification of type of radiations
Type of radiation Wavelength, , m

Cosmic rays 0,05.10-6
Gamma rays (0,5  1,0).10-6
Rônghen rays (X rays) 10-6  20.10-3
Ultraviolet rays 20.10-3  0,4
Visible rays 0,4  0,8
Infrared rays 0,8  400
Radio waves 0,2mm  X km
4
Radiation, absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity:

Tiaradiation
Incident tôù
i
Reflected
Thaønh phaà
n
radiation
phaûn xaï Qo: total radiation (incident radiation) (W);
Qo
QR
QA: absorbed radiation;
QR: reflected radiation;
Thaø nh phaà
Absorbed n QD: transmitted radiation;
radiation QA
haáp thuï
QD Qo = Q A + Q R + Q D
Transmitted
Thaønh phaàn
xuyeân qua
radiation
A = 1 black body
QA QR QD R = 1 white body
+ + = A + R + D =1 D = 1 transparent body
Qo Qo Qo
Gray body: D = 0 and A + R = 1
(opaque body)
5
➢ The hemispherical spectral emissive power E [W/m2]

is the energy emitted per unit time per unit area per unit
wavelength interval ( →  +d)
dE
E = (W/m3)
d
➢ The hemispherical total emissive power E [W/m2]
is the total emitted energy flux on the range of  = 0  

E =  E   d (W/m2)
0
Radiation energy Q (W):
Q =  E  dF (W)
F
6
➢ Radiosity: Ehd
Is defined as the total energy leaving a surface per unit area and per unit time
Consider a radiation incident E2 upon a gray body (A + R = 1)
A1*E2 - The radiosity of gray body emitted:

=
+ Ehd = E1 + (1-A1)E2
E2 (W/m2)
body 1
= (Ehd : radiosity of from gray body
E1 + (1-A1)E2
E1
- The net exchange between surfaces:

q = E1 – A1E2 = Ekq (W/m2)
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2. The laws of thermal radiation:

➢ Planck’s law: describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation
emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature T: Eo = f(,T)
C1  −5
E o = C2 ( T ) W m3
e −1
Where C1, C2
C1 = 0,3742.10−15 W.m 2
C2 = 1,4388.10−2 m.K
 – wavelength, m
T – absolute temperature, K
Blackbody emissive power as a
function of wavelength and temperature
8
➢Stefan – Bolztmann’s law:

describes the power radiated from a black body in terms of its temperature
- The hemispherical emissive power of black body:
4
 T 
E o = Co   (W/m2)
 100 
Where Co = 5,67 W/m2.K4

- With gray body:
4 4
 T   T 
E = C  = C o  (W/m2)
 100   100 
where  = C/Co (0 <  < 1): emissivity
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➢Kirchhoff’s law:
Relationship between absorptivity A and emissivity 
Black body Gray body

Consider two flat, infinite planes:
Eo T1
To A1 – black body: temperature To, emissive
Ao=1
A1.Eo power Eo
(1-A1).Eo
– gray body: temperature T1, emissive
E1 power E1, absorptivity A1
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The net radiant flow (the heat flux exchange) between two surfaces:
q = E 1 − A1 E o
Suppose that two surfaces are at exactly the same temperature (To = T1) then q = 0:
E1
E1 − A 1E o = 0 = Eo
A1
Replace gray body 1 by the other gray bodies:
E1 E2 En
= == = Eo = f (T )
A1 A 2 An
4
 T 
C 
E
=  100 
==A
4 A=
E0  T 
C0  
 100  11
3. Radiation between two infinite parallel planes:

➢ Two infinite parallel planes :
Plate 1: temperature T1, absorptivity A1.
Plate 2: temperature T2, absorptivity A2.
Area: F1 = F2 = F
The net radiant flow between two surfaces:
Q12 = Q1hd – Q2hd
Could be rewrite:
q12 = E1hd – E2hd

Where:
E1hd = E1 + (1 − A1 )E 2 hd  (1)

E 2 hd = E 2 + (1 − A 2 )E1hd  (2)
12
From (1) and (2): E1hd and E2hd

E1 + (1 − A1 )E 2 
E1hd =
A1 + A 2 − A1A 2  A 2 E1 − A 1E2
 q12 =
 A 1 + A 2 − A 1A 2
E 2 + (1 − A 2 )E1 
E 2 hd = 
A1 + A 2 − A1A 2 
Stefan – Boltzmann’s law:

4
 T2 
4
 T  E2 =  2 Co 
E1 = 1Co  1  
 100   100 
Kirchhoff’s law: A = 
13
The net energy exchange between two surfaces:
Co  T1  4  T2  4 
q12 =   −   W m2
+ − 1 
1 1 100   100  
1  2
 T1  4  T2  4 
or Q12 = q12 F = F.12C o   −   W
 100   100  
1
Emissivity of system: 12 =
1 1
+ −1
1  2
14
Co  T1  4  T2  4 
q12 =   −  
+ − 1  100   100  
1 1
1  2
E o1 − E o 2
q12 =
 1 1  1 1
 −  +  − 
 1 2    2 2 
The radiation network

surface resistance of plate:
1 1 E o1 − E o 2
R = −  q12 =
 2 R 1 + R  2
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➢ Radiation between two infinite parallel planes with radiation shields:
consider the two parallel

infinite planes with a radiation
shield placed between them
radiation shield: Gray body,
emissivity c
The radiation network
 T1  4  T2  4 
C o   −  
 100   100   E 01 − E 02
q12 = q12 =
 1 1  1 1  1 1 R 1 + 2R c + R  2
 −  + 2 −  +  − 
 1 2    c 2    2 2 
16
Resistance:
 1 1  1 1  1 1
R 1 =  −  R c =  −  R 2 =  − 
 1 2   c 2   2 2 
In case: many shields with difference emissivity:
 T1  4  T2  4 
C o   −  

 100   100  
q12 =
 1 1 n  1 1  1 1
 −  +  2 −  +  − 
 1 2  i =1   ci 2    2 2 
 T1  4  T2  4 
C o   −  
 100   100  
q12 =
 1 1  n  2 
 + − 1 +   − 1
 1  2  i =1   ci 
17
4. Radiation of convex object in enclosure:

example: radiation in a furnace, radiation of objects in a room, in an
equipment …
Consider:
+ object 1: area F1, temperature T1, absorptivity A1,
+ object 2: area F2, temperature T2, absorptivity A2,
with F1  F2 : determine the rate of radiation heat Q12.
All radiation leaving the outside of

surface 1 will strike surface 2.
Part of radiant enrgy leaving the inside
surface of object 2 will strike surface 1,
part will return to surface 2
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Called 21: the percent of radiant energy from surface of object 2

will strike surface 1 (view factor)
The net energy exchange between surfaces:
Q12 = Q1hd −  21Q 2 hd
where
Q1hd = Q1 + (1 − A1 ) 21Q 2 hd 

 (1)
Q 2 hd = Q 2 + (1 − A 2 ) Q1hd + (1 − A 2 )(1 − 21 ) Q 2 hd 
Radiation energy of each object:
 1 
T
4

Q1 = E1F1 = 1C o   F1  (2)
 100  
4 
 T  
Q 2 = E 2 F2 =  2 C o  2  F2 
 100  
19
From (1) and (2) => Q1hd , Q2hd
Co   T1  4
 T2 
4

Q12 =  1
F  −  21 2 
F  
     
+ 21  − 1  
1 1 100 100
1  2 
Suppose that two surfaces are at exactly the same temperature

(T1 = T2 = T) then Q12 = 0 :
4 4
 T   T 
F1  − 21F2   =0
 100   100 
F1
 21 =
F2
The view factor 21 just only depend on the geometry of objects
20
The net energy exchange between two surfaces:
C o F1   T1   T2  
4 4
Q12 =   −  
1 F1  1   100   100  
+  − 1
1 F2   2 
put 12 =
1  T1  4  T2  4 
1 F1  1  Q12 = 12C o F1   −  
+  − 1
1 F2   2   100   100  
In special case:
• when F1 << F2 (so F1/F2  0)
 T1  4  T2  4 
Q12 = 1F1C o   −   = 1F1 (E1 − E 2 )
 100   100  
The emissivity of objects 2: 2 do not effect on the radiation heat transfer
• when F1  F2 (so F1/F2 = 1): Two infinite parallel planes

21
Be healthy and stay safe

See you on the next chapter!
22

Chapter 11 - Radiation Heat Transfer

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HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

1. General concept of radiation

2. The laws of thermal radiation

3. Radiation between two infinite parallel planes

4. Radiation of convex object in enclosure

1. General concept of radiation:

A body at temperature T → thermal heat→ a part of heat

A body is always emitted energy and

Radiation heat transfer: energy transfer across a

Classification of type of radiations

Type of radiation Wavelength, , m

Radiation, absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity:

➢ The hemispherical spectral emissive power E [W/m2]

Radiation energy Q (W):

A1*E2 - The radiosity of gray body emitted:

= (Ehd : radiosity of from gray body

- The net exchange between surfaces:

2. The laws of thermal radiation:

➢Stefan – Bolztmann’s law:

Where Co = 5,67 W/m2.K4

where  = C/Co (0 <  < 1): emissivity

Relationship between absorptivity A and emissivity 

Black body Gray body

3. Radiation between two infinite parallel planes:

q12 = E1hd – E2hd

From (1) and (2): E1hd and E2hd

Stefan – Boltzmann’s law:

The net energy exchange between two surfaces:

The radiation network

consider the two parallel

The radiation network

4. Radiation of convex object in enclosure:

All radiation leaving the outside of

Called 21: the percent of radiant energy from surface of object 2

From (1) and (2) => Q1hd , Q2hd

Suppose that two surfaces are at exactly the same temperature

The net energy exchange between two surfaces:

• when F1  F2 (so F1/F2 = 1): Two infinite parallel planes

Be healthy and stay safe

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