Chapter 2 - The First Law of Thermodynamics

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM
CHAPTER 2
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

AND PROCESSES OF IDEAL GAS
1. Work
2. Heat
3. Heat capacity
4. The First law of thermodynamics
5. Processes of Ideal gas

1
Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
Work and heat are energy transfer mechanisms between a system

and its surrounding.
- Work
- Heat
Work and heat are called transfer variables.
These describe changes in the state, do not describe the state
2
1. What is work?
WORK is defined as a force F acting through a displacement dx
2
W   F  dx
1
Work is done by a system if the sole effect on the surroundings

could be the raising of a weight.
Work is a form of energy in transit, ie. it is energy transferred
across a system boundary
Joule(J)  N  m
Power
 J
W  Watt( W)
sec 3
Example of work crossing the boundary of a system.
Example of work crossing the boundary of a system (electrical work)

4
 Boundary work or displacement work:

Work Done at the Moving Boundary of a Simple Compressible System (Close system)
P
A: piston area 1
(b)
p: gas pressure dx (a) Wb = area(122’1’)
V: gas volume Piston 2
1' 2' v
a force F acting on piston area: F = p.A
The work done when the piston moves up a distance dx:
Wb  F.dx  p.A.dx  p.dV

V2
Wb   p.dV
V1
+ W is work done by a system when dV > 0 (expansion)

- W is work done on a system when dV < 0 (compression) 5
 Flow work
Work is needed to push the fluid into or out of the boundaries of a control
volume if mass flow is involved. This work is called the flow
work (flow energy).
Flow work is necessary for maintaining a continuous flow through a
control volume. This is the work done by fluid to enter or leave a system
G : mass flow rate

F : volume flow rate
v : specific volume
F : area
 :velocity
Wf = p2v2 – p1v1
6
 Other work (especially shaft work for open system )
Based on the analysis of energy for open

system, the shaft work could be defined:
dws = – vdp
ws = area (122’’1’’)
p2
w s    vdp
STEAM
TURBINE
p1
7
2. What is heat?
- Heat is defined as the form of energy that is transferred
between two systems (or a system and its surroundings) by
virtue of a temperature difference.
2
- Heat is path function 1 Q 2   Q
1
Q (kJ): the amount of heat transferred during the process between two states
q (kJ/kg): heat transfer per unit mass
+ Q is heat transferred to a system (energy entering)

- Q is heat transferred from a system (energy leaving)
Heat is transferred by three mechanisms: conduction, convection and radiation

8
3. Specific heat
δq = Cdt
while:
δq : the amount of heat

dt : the differential change in temperature
C: specific heat capacity
The specific heat is defined as the energy

required to raise the temperature of a unit
mass of a substance by one degree
9
Classified specific heat:

According to the unit of mass:
- Specific heat on mass basis, C (J/kg.K): consider on 1kg
- Specific heat on volume basis, C’ (J/m3tc.K): consider on 1 m3 at standard condition
- Specific heat on molar basis, C (J/kmol.K): consider on 1 Kmol
relationship between them:
C = C = 22,4.C’
According to the process:
- Specific heat at constant pressure, Cp

Cp, C’p, Cp
- Specific heat at constant volume, Cv
Cv, C’v, Cv
10
 Table of average specific heat of ideal gas

average specific heat of ideal gas (kcal/kmol.K)
Ideal gas µcp, kcal/kmol.K µcv, kcal/kmol.K k = cp/cv
Monoatomic gas 5 3 1,667
Diatomic gas 7 5 1,400
Polyatomic gas 9 7 1,286
average specific heat of ideal gas (kJ/kmol.K)

Ideal gas µcp, kJ/kmol.K µcv, kJ/kmol.K k = cp/cv
Monoatomic gas 20,9 12,6 1,667
Diatomic gas 29,3 20,9 1,400
Polyatomic gas 37,7 29,3 1,286
Monoatomic gas: Ar, Ne, He,…

Diatomic gas: O2, N2, H2, CO, air,…
Polyatomic gas (three or more than three atoms): CO2, SO2, CH4, C2H2, C2H4,… 11
Specific heat of mixture of ideal gas?

The specific heat of mixture is defined as the energy required for mixture to raise
the temperature of a unit mass of mixture by one degree
n
C v  g1C v1  g 2C v 2  ...  g n C vn   g i C vi
i 1
n
Cp  g1Cp1  g 2Cp 2  ...  g n Cpn   g i Cpi
i 1
n
C hh   g i Ci
i 1
12
Comparison of Heat and Work
Heat and work are both transient phenomena

Heat and work are both boundary phenomena
Heat and work are both path functions and inexact differentials
+Q is heat transferred to a system (energy entering);
+W is work done by a system (energy leaving)
The addition of heat causes the

volume to increase under a constant
external force, and work is done
13
4. The First Law of Thermodynamics

First law of thermodynamics states that Energy can neither be created nor be
destroyed but it can be converted from form to another. It is the law of
conservation of energy.
Like, work  heat; heat  work
The law of conservation of energy
E  Q  W
With thermodynamics system E  U  KE  PE
(Internal energy, kinetic energy, potential energy)
- The energy of a system exists. (Internal energy U)
- The net change of the energy of a system is always equal to the net transfer of
energy across the boundary as heat and work. ( The conservation of energy ) 14
The First Law of Thermodynamic for closed system
E  Q  W
The change of total energy of a system
E  U  KE  PE  U
For stationary system
U  m(u 2  u1 )
KE 
1
2
 
m 22  12  0
PE  mg z 2  z1   0
So, the energy conservation could be rewritten
U  Q  W
dU  dQ  dW
du  dq  dw
du  dq  pdv 15
The First Law of Thermodynamic for opened system

E  Q  W  Q  ( Wcontrolvolume  Wflow )
E  Q  Wcv  Wf
The change of total energy of a system
E  U  KE  PE  U
For single stream of steady flow system
m in  m out  m
U  U 2  U1  m(u 2  u1 )
KE 
1
2

m 22  12  0 
PE  mg z 2  z1   0 Work flow
U 2  U1  Q  Wcv  (p 2 V2  p1V1 )
Q  Wcv  ( U 2  p 2 V2 )  ( U1  p1V1 )
Q  Wcv  I 2  I1
16
Q  Wcv  I 2  I1  I
dQ  dWcv  dI
dq  dw cv  di
For steady flow devices:
• The control volume is constant, so no boundary work Wb
• The flow work Wf , the work required to push mass in and out of
control volume is also taken care of by using Enthalpy I
• Wcv represents the work done on control volume, with the steady
flow devices such as turbines, compressors, pumps transmit power
through a shaft, can call shaft work wcv = ws = vdp
di  dq  vdp 17
5. Processes of Ideal gas

- A thermodynamic process is any process that involves heat energy
moving within a system or between systems  determine energy
especially heat and work
- A thermodynamic process is a passage of a thermodynamic system
from an initial to a final states of thermodynamic equilibrium 
find out the relation of p,v,T between states
For the ideal gas:

du = Cv.dT; di = Cp.dT
So that the first law of thermodynamics can be written:
du = dq – pdv => dq = Cv.dT + pdv
di = dq + vdp => dq = Cp.dT – vdp
18
Polytropic process
Cn = const
The heat could be determined with polytropic specific heat: dq = Cn.dT
From the first law of thermodynamics
dq = Cp.dT – vdp  Cn.dT = Cp.dT – vdp

dq = Cv.dT + pdv  Cn.dT = Cv.dT + pdv
C n  C p dT   vdp


 C n  C v dT  pdv
Dividing equations we can get:
Cn  Cp  vdp Cn  Cp
 n
Cn  Cv pdv
put
Cn  Cv
With ideal gas, specific heat Cn, Cp, Cv = const, => the value of n = const.
19
 vdp
  n  const  vdp + npdv = 0
pdv
Device equation with pv

dp dv
n 0
p v
Take an integral,
ln p + n.ln v = const  ln (pvn) = const
Equation of polytropic process
 pvn = const
 p1/nv = const
20
Relation of p, v, T at initial and final states

Relation between p and v
From polytropic process equation: pvn = const  p1v1n = p2v2n
n
p 2  v1 
1
   v 2  p1  n
p1  v 2    
v1  p 2 
Relation between T and p – T and v

From the ideal gas equation of state pv = RT,
T2 p 2 v 2
p2v2 = RT2  .
p1v1 = RT1 T1 p1 v1
1 n 1

T2 p 2  p 2  n
T2  p 2  n
 .     
T1 p1  p1  T1  p1 
n 1 n
T2 v 2  v 2  T v 
 .   2   2 
T1 v1  v1  T1  v1 
21
Define heat and work

Boundary work
p1v1   v1  
n 1
wb  1    
n 1   v2  
wb 
R
T1  T2  (J/kg)
  n 1
With G kg
Wb  Gw b 
GR
T1  T2   1 GRT1  GRT2  Wb 
1
p1V1  p 2 V2  (J)
n 1 n 1 n 1
Shaft work
Ws 
n.GR
T1  T2   n.Wb
n 1
Heat
q = Cn (T2 – T1)
Cn  Cp Cp
From n And specific heat ratio k
Cn  Cv Cv
nk
 Cn  Cv
n 1
nk nk
q  Cv T2  T1  Q  G.C v T2  T1  (kJ)
n 1 n 1 22
Cn  Cp
n
Cn  Cv
23
– Isobaric process (quá trình đẳng áp ): p = const (n = 0)

p1 = p2
v 2 T2
Relation between v and T 
v1 T1
Boundary work
w12 = p(v2 – v1), (J/kg)  W12 = p(V2 – V1) , (J)
Shaft work:
ws12 = 0
Heat:
Qp = Gqp = Gcp(t2 – t1) , (kJ)
Entropy :
T2
s  c p ln
T1
24
p 2 T2
 v 1 = v2 
p1 T1
Boundary work:
w12 = 0
Shaft work:
wkt12 = -v(p2 – p1), (J/kg)  Wkt12 = V(p1 – p2) , (J)
Heat:
qv = cv(t2 – t1) = u, (kJ/kg)
Qv = Gqv = Gcv(t2 – t1) , (kJ)

entropy T2
s  s 2  s1  c v ln
T1 25
p 2 v1

p1 v 2
Boundary work and shaft work
p v
w12  w s12  RT ln 1  p1v1 ln 2 (J/kg)
p2 v1
p1 v2
W12  Ws12  GRT ln  p1V1 ln (J)
p2 v1
Heat:
qT = u + w12 = CvT + w12  qT = w12 , (J/kg)
QT = W12 (J)
v2 p
Entropy : s  R ln  R ln 1
v1 p2
26
Cp
k
Cv
Relation between p, v, T
k 1
k k 1
p 2  v1  T2  p 2  k v 
        1 
p1  v 2  T1  p1   v2 
Boundary work:
w12 
R
T1  T2  (J/kg)
k 1
W12  G.w12 
GR
T1  T2   p1V1  p 2 V2 (J)
k 1 k 1
Shaft work: ws12 = k. w12

entropy : s = 0  s2 = s1 = const
27
Diagram p - v Diagram T - s
p n =pk T T nn =
n =n-=k n = -  = kk n = - 
n=1 n = -
n=1 n =n0 = 0
Q
n <n
1<1
Q
>
0
>
u
 u > 0 u
u
0
>
n=0 n0 = 0 n = 0
>
n =n1= 1
n=0 n = n1 = 1
0
u
u
Q < n =n0= 0  u < 0 u

0 n = 1n = 1
<
<
Q
0
<
1 <1n<< n
k<k
0
n = kn=k n =n+=
+
n = + n = + n n>>kk nn==k k
v v s s
Neùn NeùnGiaõn nôû Giaõn nôû QQ
<<00 QQ
> 0> 0
Quaù Quaù
trình ñaña
trình bieá nn
bieá
28
Summary for ideal gas processes
29
Be healthy and stay safe

See you on the next chapter!
30

Chapter 2 - The First Law of Thermodynamics

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HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

4. The First law of thermodynamics

5. Processes of Ideal gas

Work and heat are energy transfer mechanisms between a system

Work and heat are called transfer variables.

These describe changes in the state, do not describe the state

Work is done by a system if the sole effect on the surroundings

Example of work crossing the boundary of a system.

Example of work crossing the boundary of a system (electrical work)

 Boundary work or displacement work:

The work done when the piston moves up a distance dx:

Wb  F.dx  p.A.dx  p.dV

+ W is work done by a system when dV > 0 (expansion)

G : mass flow rate

 Other work (especially shaft work for open system )

Based on the analysis of energy for open

+ Q is heat transferred to a system (energy entering)

Heat is transferred by three mechanisms: conduction, convection and radiation

δq : the amount of heat

The specific heat is defined as the energy

Classified specific heat:

According to the process:

- Specific heat at constant pressure, Cp

 Table of average specific heat of ideal gas

Monoatomic gas 5 3 1,667

Diatomic gas 7 5 1,400

Polyatomic gas 9 7 1,286

average specific heat of ideal gas (kJ/kmol.K)

Monoatomic gas 20,9 12,6 1,667

Diatomic gas 29,3 20,9 1,400

Polyatomic gas 37,7 29,3 1,286

Monoatomic gas: Ar, Ne, He,…

Specific heat of mixture of ideal gas?

Comparison of Heat and Work

Heat and work are both transient phenomena

The addition of heat causes the

4. The First Law of Thermodynamics

Like, work  heat; heat  work

The law of conservation of energy

The First Law of Thermodynamic for closed system

The First Law of Thermodynamic for opened system

5. Processes of Ideal gas

For the ideal gas:

From the first law of thermodynamics

dq = Cp.dT – vdp  Cn.dT = Cp.dT – vdp

C n  C p dT   vdp

Device equation with pv

ln p + n.ln v = const  ln (pvn) = const

Equation of polytropic process

Relation of p, v, T at initial and final states

Relation between T and p – T and v

Define heat and work

– Isobaric process (quá trình đẳng áp ): p = const (n = 0)

Qv = Gqv = Gcv(t2 – t1) , (kJ)

Shaft work: ws12 = k. w12

Q < n =n0= 0  u < 0 u

Summary for ideal gas processes

Be healthy and stay safe

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