AE 51

THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER FOR

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Chapter 1
BASIC CONCEPTS

Engr. Ysmael Alongan B. Mangorsi

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, the student must be able to:

 identify the unique vocabulary associated with thermodynamics

 identify different dimensions and their associated units in SI and English systems
 convert one unit to another unit using conversion values and dimensional analysis
 explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such as system, state, state postulate,
equilibrium, process, and cycle
 delineate the boundary between a system and its surroundings
 discuss properties of a system and define density, specific gravity, and specific weight
 review concepts of temperature, temperature scales, pressure, and absolute and gage
pressure
 use a step-by-step approach in solving thermodynamic problems
WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS?
• “Thermodynamics … as the science of energy.” (Cengel and Boles, 2014)
• “Thermodynamics is a science in which the storage, the transformation, and
the transfer of energy are studied” (Potter and Sommerton, 1995)
• “The field of thermodynamics is concerned with the science of energy
focusing on energy storage and energy conversion processes. (Borgnakke
and Sonntag, 2013)
THERMODYNAMICS
Therme (Greek
word for heat)
Dynamis (Greek
word for power)
BASIC LAWS IN THERMODYNAMICS
• Conservation of Energy Principle (CoE)
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed
• 1st Law of Thermodynamics
• An expression of CoE principle
• Energy is a thermodynamic property
• 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
• Energy has quality as well as quantity, and actual processes occur in the direction of
decreasing quality of energy.
• Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• 3rd law of Thermodynamics
• states that the entropy of a perfect crystal is zero at absolute zero
• Establishes the absolute zero temperature

Energy is neither created nor
destroyed. It only changes forms
(CoE Principle)
Heat flows in the direction of decreasing
temperature (2ND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS). A cup of hot coffee
left on a table eventually cools, but a cup
of cool coffee in the same room never gets
hot by itself. The high-temperature energy
of the coffee is degraded (transformed into
a less useful form at a lower temperature)
once it is transferred to the surrounding air
SOME IMPORTANT PERSONS IN THE FIELD OF THERMODYNAMICS
AND HEAT TRANSFER
• Isaac Newton
• Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen
• Developed the first successful steam engine during 1697 and 1712 respectively
• Lord Kelvin
• Coined the term thermodynamics in a publication in 1849
• 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
• William Rankine
• Written the first thermodynamics textbook in 1859
• Rudolph Clausius
• Clausius definition of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
• Sadi Carnot
• Proposed the Carnot cycle
• Max Planck
• 3rd Law of Thermodynamics
CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS

• study of thermodynamics that • based on the average behavior

does not require a knowledge of of large groups of individual
the behaviour of individual particles
particles
• provides a direct and easy way
to the solution of engineering
problems
 THERMODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS IN ABE

AGRICULTURAL POWER

INTERNAL COMBUSTION IN ENGINE POWERS A FARM TRACTOR BIOMASS ENERGY SOURCES

 THERMODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS IN ABE
CROP PROCESSING

COLD STORAGE OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

RICE DRYING USING MECHANICAL DRYER

 THERMODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS IN ABE
AGROMETEOROLOGY AND AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES

WATER CYCLE POWERED BY THE HEAT FROM THE SUN HEAT MANAGEMENT IN A GREENHOUSE
IMPORTANCE OF DIMENSIONS AND THEIR
UNITS
• Dimensions
• Primary/Fundamental
• Secondary/Derived
• Units of Dimensions
• English
• SI
DIMENSIONS AND CORRESPONDING UNITS
Dimension Sample SI units Sample English units

Mass Grams, kg lbm, slug

Length cm,meters, km Inch, foot, mile

Force Newton, kN lbf

Pressure Pascals, kPa psi

Energy N-m, joules, kJ, calorie British thermal unit (Btu)

Power Watts, kW Btu/hr

• Force
F = ma (𝑀 ∗ 𝐿𝑇 −2 )
• Units used are N, kgf, lbf
Methodology for Solving Thermodynamics Problems
(taken from Moran and Shapiro, Fundamentals of Eng’g Thermodynamics)
Convert the following.

1. 5 km = __ meters 7. 11 lbf = __ kg
2. 5 km = __ feet 8. 6 kgf = __ N
3. 5 km = __ miles 9. 10 kN = __ lbm-ft/s2
4. 25 kg = __ grams 10. 1.1 atm = __ kPa
5. 25 kg = __ lbm 11. 1.1 atm = __ psi
6. 7.5 slugs = __ kg 12. 7.5 slugs = __ kg
 THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM
• System
• Region/space/matter to be studied
• Surroundings
• Region/matter outside the system
• Boundary
• Imaginary surface that separates the
system from the surroundings
• Can be fixed or movable
• Types of system
• Open
• Closed
• Isolated
Closed system (control mass)
• mass cannot cross the boundary but energy can
• Fixed mass

Closed system with a moving boundary

Open System (control volume)
• mass and energy can flow to and out of the system
 PROPERTY
• characterisitic of a system
• Thermodynamic properties can be divided into two general classes: intensive and
extensive
Extensive Property Intensive Property
• Changes with mass • does not change with mass
• Examples are • Examples are
• Volume (V) • Density
• Mass (M) • Temperature
• Enthalpy (H) • Pressure
• Internal energy (U) • Extensive properties per unit mass
like specific heat, specific volume (v),
specific internal energy (u), specific
enthalpy (h) and etc.
Density (ρ)
• defined as mass per unit volume
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝜌= ൗ 3
𝑉 𝑚
Where
m = mass
V = volume
Specific volume (v)
• defined as reciprocal of density
1 𝑚3
𝑣= ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝜌
Specific gravity (SG)
• defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some standard
substance at a specified temperature (usually water at 4°C, for which 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
1000 kg/m3)
𝜌𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠
𝑆𝐺 =
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
State – set of properties describing condition
of a system
Thermodynamic equilibrium
• To reach thermodynamic
equilibrium, system must be in
• Thermal equilibrium (temperature
is same throughout)
• Mechanical equilibrium (pressure
is same throughout)
• Chemical equilibrium (no chemical
reactions)
 STATE POSTULATE

• The state of a simple compressible system is completely

specified by TWO independent, intensive properties.
• Two properties are independent if one property can be
varied while the other one is held constant
• PROCESS
• Any change from one state to another
• Path is the series of states through
which a system passes
during a process
• Quasiequilibrium process - a process
proceeds in such a manner that the
system remains infinitesimally close
to an equilibrium state at all times
• CYCLE
• A process with identical end states
ANALOGY

Juan in Aggie New Bldg

(A) is in a different
location (state) if he is
in AE Dept (B).

The RED line and the

WHITE line are all
examples of paths
(process paths) from A-
B.
Types of Processes
• Isothermal Process
• Temperature is constant, T =c
• Isobaric process
• Pressure is constant, P = c
• Isometric/isochoric process
• Volume is conctant, V = c
Steady flow process Transient flow
• process during which a fluid • Changes with time
flows through a control volume
steadily; no change in time
• Turbines, nozzles, and etc.

Uniform process
• no change in location
Temperature • Temperature scales
• measure of “hotness” or “coldness” • Celsius
• Fahrenheit
• Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• Kelvin
• if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium • lowest temperature on the Kelvin scale
with a third body, they are also in thermal is absolute zero, or 0 K
equilibrium with each other • T(K) = T(oC) + 273.15
• serves as a basis for the validity of • Rankine
• T(R) = T(oF) + 459.67
temperature measurement
• triple point of water (the state
at which all three phases of water
coexist in equilibrium) is 273.16 K
Pressure
• Units in kPa, psi, atm or mmHg
• can be measured using a manometer
• atmospheric pressure can measured using barometer
What is gage pressure, atmospheric pressure
and absolute pressure?
Pressure varies with depth

z2

Δz = z2 – z1

NOTE: For a given fluid, the vertical distance Δz z1

(h)is sometimes used as a measure of pressure,
and it is called the pressure head
Pressure in a liquid at rest
increases linearly with Under hydrostatic conditions, the pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal
distance from the free surface plane in a given fluid regardless of geometry, provided that the points are
interconnected by the same fluid.
Pascal’s law

- pressure applied to a confined fluid

increases the pressure throughout by
the same amount
• Manometer
• Used to measure pressure

(since pressure in a fluid does not vary in the

horizontal direction within a fluid, the pressure at
point 2 is the same as the pressure at point 1 )
Thus,
EXAMPLE: Measuring Pressure with a Manometer
A manometer is used to measure the pressure of a gas in a tank. The fluid used has a specific gravity of 0.85, and
the manometer column height is 55 cm, as shown in Fig. 1–56. If the local atmospheric pressure is 96 kPa,
determine the absolute pressure within the tank.

ANS: P = 100.6 kPa

In stacked-up fluid layers at rest, the
pressure change across each fluid
layer of density ρ and height h is ρgh.
THERMODYNAMICS TRIANGLE