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Properties Of Fluids-Cont.
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Viscosity (m)
Viscosity measures a fluids ability to
resist shear stress
Real Experiment:
One moving shaft inside another
hollow shaft filled with oil.
In the case the thickness of oil film is
equal to:
L = Ri − Rs
Results:
F = applied force
A = contact area
L = thickness of the fluid layer 4
V = the velocity of the moving plate
Hypothetical Experiment:
Where:
v = Velocity of the moving plate (varies linearly from 0 at the
stationary surface to maximum at the contact surface between
the moving plate and oil).
A = Contact area between the moving plate and oil.
F = Applied force to the moving plate.
L = Thickness of oil layer 5
L & A = constants v & A = constants L & v = constants
F&v F&L F&A
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Where μ is the proportional constant.
By observation:
F = μA v/L
F\A = μ v/L
τ = μ v/L
Assumptions:
• Small gap thickness
• v is not too large
v/L = Δv/ΔL = Slope of the velocity distribution (assuming linear
distribution)
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VISCOSITY
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The ideal fluid, with no viscosity (μ = 0), falls on the horizontal axis,
while the true elastic solid plots along the vertical axis. A plastic that
sustains a certain amount of stress before suffering a plastic flow
corresponds to a straight line intersecting the vertical axis at the yield
stress.
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Consider a fluid layer of thickness within a small gap
between two concentric cylinders, such as the thin layer of
oil in a journal bearing. The gap between the cylinders can
be modeled as two parallel flat plates separated by
a fluid. Noting that torque is T=FR (force times the moment
arm, which is the radius R of the inner cylinder in this
case), the tangential velocity is V =ωR (angular velocity
times the radius), and taking the wetted surface area of the
inner cylinder to be A=(2πRL) by disregarding the shear
stress acting on the two ends of the inner cylinder, torque
can be expressed as
V
F A m A
l
where L is the length of the cylinder and n is the number of revolutions per
unit time, which is usually expressed in rpm (revolutions per minute). Note
that the angular distance traveled during one rotation is 2π rad, and thus the
relation between the angular velocity in rad/min and the rpm is ω = 2πn .
.
Therefore, two concentric cylinders can be used as a viscometer, 13
a device that measures viscosity.
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