Unit No 1

A fluid is a substance which is capable of flowing. It has no definite shape of its own, it
takes the shape of containing vessel.
Fluid Properties:
1. Density or Mass Density (ρ): It is defined as mass per unit volume at standard temperature and
pressure. Its unit is kg/m3 and dimension is [M L-3]. Density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
Density=

2. Specific Weight or Weight Density (w): It is defined as weight per unit volume at standard
temperature and pressure. Its unit is N/m3 and dimension is [M L-2 T-2]. Specific weight of
water is 9810 N/m3.

Specific weight =

Relation between specific weight and density :

Specific Weight (w) = Density (ρ) x Acceleration due to gravity (g)

3. Specific Gravity (S): It is the ratio of specific weight of liquid to the specific weight of water.
It has no unit and dimension is [M0 L0 T0]. Specific gravity of water is 1.

Specific Gravity =

Specific gravity of liquid =

Problem: Calculate density, specific weight and specific gravity of a liquid weighing 44 kN
having volume 6 m3. (747.5 kg/m3, 7333.3 N/m3, 0.747)

Problem: One litre of crude oil weighs 9.6N. Calculate its specific weight, density and specific
gravity. (9600N/m3, 978.6kg/m3, 0.978)

4. Viscosity or Dynamic Viscosity (μ): It is defined as the property of a fluid which offer
resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over another layer of fluid. It is the resistance
to flow of fluid. Its unit is N-s/m2 or poise. Its dimension is [M L-1 T-1].
1 poise = 0.1 N-s/m2
When , ‘ ’ , m v v
other at different velocities (u and u+du), the viscosity together with the
relative velocity causes shear stress ( τ) acting between the fluid layer,
‘ ’.

m v v v .
represent the rate of shear strain or rate of shear deformation or velocity gradient.
5. Kinematic Viscosity (υ): It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to the density of fluid. Its unit
is m2/s or stoke (cm2/s).
1 stoke = 1 x 10-4 m2/s
Kinematic Viscosity =
 EFFECT of TEMPERATURE ON VISCOSITY
Viscosity of liquid decreases with increase in temperature. This is due to the
reason that in liquids the shear stress is due to the intermolecular cohesion which decreases with
increase in temperature.
Viscosity of gases increases with increase in temperature. This is due to the
reason that in gases the shear stress is due to exchange of momentum of the molecules. The
molecular activity increases with rise in temperature and so does the viscosity of gases.

Newton’s Law of Viscosity:

T () fluid element layer is directly proportional to the
rate of shear strain . The constant of proportionality is called viscosity.

TYPES OF FLUID
a) N F :T N ’ v .F v
does not change with the rate of deformation. Eg. water, kerosene, oil etc.

b) Non-Newtonian Fluid: Fluids which do not follow the linear relationship between shear
stress and rate of deformation are called as Non- Newtonian fluids. Eg. mud flow, blood.

c) Plastic Fluid: It is Non-Newtonian fluid which requires initial yield stress to cause a
continuous deformation. An ideal plastic has a definite yield stress and constant linear
relation between shear stress and rate of shear strain. Eg. sewage sludge and drilling mud.

A thyxotropic substance , which is Non-Newtonian fluid has a non linear

relationship between the shear stress and rate of
shear strain beyond initial yield stress. Eg. Printer
ink.

d) Ideal Fluid: The fluid has zero viscosity and is

incompressible.
 Cohesion: Cohesion means intermolecular attraction between molecules of the same liquid. It
enables a liquid to resist small amount of tensile stresses. Cohesion is a tendency of the liquid to
m mb .“ ” b
free surface.
Adhesion: Adhesion means attraction between the molecules of a liquid and the molecules of
solid boundary surface in contact with the liquid. This property enables a liquid to stick to another
body. Capillary action is due to both cohesion and adhesion.
Surface Tension: It is defined as the tensile force acting
on the surface of the liquid in contact with the gas or on the
surface of the two immiscible liquids such that the surface
behaves as a membrane under tension. Example: rain drops,
rise of sap in tree, collection of dust on water surface, bird
can drink water from pond. The unit is N/m and dimension is
[MT-2].
Surface tension is caused by the force of cohesion at the free surface. A liquid molecule in the
interior of liquid mass is surrounded by other molecules all around and is in equilibrium. At the free
surface of the liquid, there is no liquid molecule above the liquid surface to balance the force of the
molecules below it. Therefore there is a net inward force on the molecule. The force is normal
(perpendicular) to the liquid surface. At the free surface a thin layer of molecules is formed, it is
because of this film that small needle can float on the free surface.
 1 Pressure inside bubble

2 Pressure inside liquid jet

6. Capillarity: It is the phenomenon by

which liquid rises into a thin glass
tube above or below its general level.
It is due to the combined effect of
cohesion and adhesion of liquid
particles.
For equilibrium,
Upward surface tension force =
Weight of water colun in the tube

Angle θ 90° θ 90° for mercury in glass.

7. Compressibility: It is the property of a fluid by virtue of which it undergoes change in volume

under the action of external pressure. Compressibility is expressed by its bulk modulus which is
given by,

Compressibility is inverse of bulk modulus.

dP is increase in pressure; dV is decrease in volume; V is original volume.

Elasticity of fluids is measured in terms of bulk modulus of elasticity (K) which is defined
as the ratio of compressive stress to volumetric strain. Compressibility is the reciprocal of bulk
modulus of elasticity.

8. Vapour Pressure: All the liquids have a tendency to evaporate or vaporize. Molecules are
continuously projected from the free surface to the atmosphere. These ejected molecules are in
gaseous state and exerts their own pressure on the liquid surface. This pressure is known as
vapour pressure of liquid. The pressure at which liquid vaporizes is known as vapour pressure.
1. A plate 0.05mm distant from a fixed plate moves at 1.2m/s and requires a force of 2.2N/m² to
maintain this speed. Find the viscosity of the fluid between the plates. (9.16 x 10-5N-s/m2)
2. A plate having an area of 0.6m² is sliding down the inclined plane at 30º to the horizontal with a
velocity of 0.36m/s. There is a cushion of fluid 1.8mm thick between the plane and the plate.
Find the viscosity of the fluid if the weight of the plate is 280N. (1.167N-s/m2)
Solution:

3. A square plate of size 1m x 1m and weighing 350N slides down an inclined plane with a
uniform velocity of 1.5m/sec. The inclined plane is laid on a slope of 5 vertical to 12 horizontal
and has an oil film of 1mm thickness. Calculate the dynamic viscosity of oil.(0.0897 Ns/m2)
(Refer R.K. Bansal)
4. An oil film of thickness 1mm is used for lubrication between a square plate of size 0.9m x 0.9m
and an inclined plane having an angle of inclination 20°. The weight of the square plate is 400N
and it slides down the plane with a uniform velocity of 0.2m/s. Calculate the dynamic viscosity
of oil.(12.42 poise)
5. The space between two square flat plates is filled with oil. Each side of the plate is 720mm. The
thickness of the oil film is 15mm. The upper plate, which moves at 3 m/s requires a force of
120N to maintain the speed. Determine (i) the dynamic viscosity of the oil. (ii) Kinematic
viscosity of the oil if the specific gravity of oil is 0.95. (1.157 N-s/m2, 1.217x 10-3 m2/s)
6. Two plates are placed at a distance of 0.15mm apart. The lower plate is fixed while the upper
plate having surface area 1.0m2 is pulled at 0.3m/sec. Find the force and power required to
maintain this speed, if the fluid separating them is having viscosity 1.5 poise. (W 16) (300 N,
90W)
7. The velocity distribution for flow over a plate is given by u=2y-y² where u is the velocity in m/s
at a distance y meters above the plate. Determine the velocity gradient and shear stress at the
boundary and 0.15m from it. Take dynamic viscosity of fluid as 0.9N-s/m².(2s-1,7s-
1
,1.8N/m2,1.53N/m2)
8. The velocity distribution for flow over a plate is given by u=6y-y² ≤ 3m where u is the
velocity in m/s at a distance y meters above the plate. If the coefficient of dynamic viscosity is
1.8Pa-s, determine the shear stress at y=0 and at y=3m. (10.8 N/m2, 0 N/m2) (S-14)

9. If the velocity distribution of a fluid over a plate is given by , where u is the

velocity in meter per second at a distance y meters above the plate, determine the shear stress at
y = 0.15 meter. Take dynamic viscosity of the fluid as 8.5 x 10-4 N-s/m2. (S 17)
10. A fluid has an absolute viscosity of 0.048Pa-s and a specific gravity of 0.913. For flow of such
a fluid over a solid flat surface, the velocity at a point 75mm away from the surface is 1.125m/s.
Calculate the shear stresses at the solid boundary and also at points 25mm, 50mm and 75mm
away from the surface in normal direction, if the velocity distribution across the surface is (i)
linear (ii) Parabolic with vertex at the point 75mm away from the surface. (0.72 N/m2, 0.96
N/m2, 0.48 N/m2, 1.44 N/m2)
11. The velocity distribution of flow over a plate is parabolic with vertex 30cm from the plate,
where the velocity is 180cm/s. If the viscosity of the fluid is 0. 9N-s/m². Find the velocity
gradients and shear stresses at distances of 0, 15cm and 30cm from the plate.(12s-1,6 s-1,0s-1,
10.8 N/m2, 5.4 N/m2, 0 N/m2) (S 16)
12. A 400 mm diameter shaft is rotating at 200 rpm in a bearing of length 120mm. If the thickness
of oil film is 1.5mm and the dynamic viscosity of the oil is 0.7N-s/m². Determine :(i) Torque
required to overcome friction in bearing. (ii) Power utilized in overcoming viscous resistance.
Assume a linear velocity profile. (58.9 N-m, 1.23 kW)
13. A 150mm diameter shaft rotates at 1500 rpm in a 200mm long journal bearing with 150.5mm
internal diameter. The uniform annular space between the shaft and the bearing is filled with oil
of dynamic viscosity 0.8 poise. Calculate the power dissipated as heat. (26.63N-m, 4.18kW)
14. A stationary bearing of length 30cm and internal radius of 8.025cm has been used to provide
lateral stability to 8cm radius shaft rotating at a constant speed of 200 rpm. The space between
the shaft and bearing is filled with a lubricant having viscosity 2.5poise. Find the torque
required to overcome the friction in bearing. Take the velocity profile as linear.
15. The dynamic viscosity of oil used for lubrication between a shaft and sleeve is 6 poise. The
shaft is of diameter 0.4m and rotates at 190rpm. Calculate the power lost in the bearing of the
sleeve length of 90mm. The thickness of the oil film is 1.5mm.(S-18) (716.5 W)
16. An oil of viscosity 5 poise is used for lubrication between a shaft and sleeve. The diameter of
shaft is 0.5m and it rotates at 200 r.p.m. Calculate the power lost in the oil for a sleeve length of
100mm. The thickness of oil film is 1.0 mm. (W 13)
17. Determine the torque and power required to turn a 10cm long, 5cm diameter shaft at 500 rpm in
a 5.1cm diameter concentric bearing flooded with a lubricating oil of viscosity 100 centipoise.
18. A vertical cylinder of diameter 180mm rotates concentrically inside another cylinder of
diameter 181.2mm. Both the cylinders are 300mm high. The space between the cylinders is
filled with a liquid whose viscosity is unknown. Determine the viscosity of the fluid if a torque
of 20N-m is required to rotate the inner cylinder at 120rpm.(6.96 poise)
19. Two large fixed parallel plates are 12mm apart. The space between the surfaces is filled with oil
of viscosity 0.972 N-s/m². A flat thin plate 0.25m² area moves through the oil at a velocity of
0.3m/s. Calculate the drag force. (i) When the plate is equidistant from both the planes and (ii)
When the thin plate is at a distance of 4mm from one of the plane surface. (24.3N, 27.3N)
20. Fig shows a central plate of area 6m² being pulled with a
force of 160N. If the dynamic viscosities of the two oils
are in the ratio of 1:3 and the viscosity of top oil is 0.12
N-s/m². Determine the velocity at which the central plate
will move.(0.333m/s)

21. A metal plate 1.25m x 1.25m x 6mm thick and weighing 90N is
placed midway in the 24mm gap between the two vertical plane
surfaces as shown in fig. The gap is filled with an oil of specific
gravity 0.85 and dynamic viscosity 3 N-s/m². Determine the force
required to lift the plate with constant velocity of
0.15m/s.(168.08N) [Consider Buoyancy]
22. A square metal plate 1.8m side & 1.8mm thick weighing 60N is to be lifted through a vertical
gap of 30mm of infinite extent. The oil in the gap has a specific gravity of 0.95 and viscosity of
3 N-s/m². If the metal plate is to be lifted at a constant speed of 0.12m/s, find the force and the
power required.(27.05W)

23. A v v µ’ & µ”
the two sides of the plate. The plate is pulled at the constant velocity v. Calculate the position of
plate so that: (i) The shear force on the two sides of the plate is equal (ii) The force required to
drag the plate is minimum.
24. In a measuring device the motion of the pointer mechanism is dampened by having a circular
disc turn (with a pointer) in a container of oil. In this way extraneous rotations are damped out.
What is damping torque for angular speed of 0.2 rps. If the viscosity of oil is 8centipoise?
Neglect effect of outer edge of rotating plate. Thickness of oil film=0.5mm. [Refer S-02 1(b)].
25. A vertical gap 2.2cm wide of infinite extent contains a fluid of viscosity 2 N-s/m2 and specific
gravity 0.9. A metallic plate 1.2m x 1.2m x 2 cm is to be lifted up with a constant velocity of
0.15 m/s, through the gap if the plate is in middle of the gap. Find the force required. The
weight of the plate is 40 N. (W 15) (101 N) [Similar W 18]
26. A lubricating oil of viscosity µ undergoes steady shear between a fixed lower plate and an
upper plate moving at speed v. The clearance between the plates is t. Show that a linear velocity
profile results if the fluid does not slip at either plate.
27. A circular disc of diameter D is slowly rotated in a liquid of large viscosity (µ) at a small
distance (h) from the fixed surface. Derive an expression of torque (T) necessary to maintain an

angular velocit (ω).

28. A 120mm disc rotates on a table separated by an oil film of 1.8mm thickness. Find the
viscosity of oil if the torque required to rotate the disc at 60rpm is 3.6 x 10 -4 N-m. Assume the
velocity gradient in the oil film to be linear.(0.0506 poise)

29. Calculate he capillary effect in millimeter in a glass tube of 4mm diameter, when immersed in
(i) water & (ii) mercury. The temperature of the liquid is 20ºC and the values of surface tension
of water and mercury at 20ºC in contact with air are 0.0735N/m and 0.51N/m respectively. The
θ=0º m θ=130º.T k 20ºC
equal to 9790N/m³.(7.51mm, -2.46mm)
30. A soap bubble 62.5mm diameter has an internal pressure in excess of the outside pressure of
20N/m². What is tension in the soap film?(0.156N/m)
31. If the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the air bubble of diameter 0.01mm
is 29.2kPa, what would be the surface tension at air-water interface?(0.073N/m)
32. Determine the minimum size of glass tubing that can be used to measure water level, if the
capillary rise in the tube is not to exceed 0.3mm. Take surface tension of water in contact with
air as 0.0735 N/m.(100mm)
33. A U tube is made up of two capillaries of bores 1.2mm and 2.4mm respectively. The tube is
held vertical and partially filled with liquid of surface tension 0.06N/m and zero contact angles.
If estimated difference in the level of two menisci is 15mm.Determine the mass density of the
liquid.

34. Derive an expression for v σ

θb v W . IF
b v σ =0.073N/m θ=0º? T k W=1mm.
35. A single column U tube manometer made of glass tubing having a nominal inside diameter of
2.4mm, has been used to measure pressure in a pipe or vessel containing air. If the limb opened
to atmosphere is 10 % oversize, find the error in mm of mercury in the measurement of air
pressure due to surface tension effects. It is stated that mercury is the manometric fluid for
σ = 0.52N/m n =140º.
36. In order to form a stream of bubbles, air is introduced through a nozzle into a tank of water at
20º C. If the process requires 3mm diameter bubbles to be formed, by how much the air
pressure at the nozzle must exceed that of the surrounding water? What would be the absolute
pressure inside the bubble of the surrounding water is at 100.3kN/m². Take surface tension of
20ºC, σ =0.0735N/m.
 FLUID KINEMATICS

Fluid Kinematics is the branch of fluid mechanics which deals with the study of velocity
and acceleration of the particles of fluid in motion and their distribution in space without
considering any force or energy involved.

TYPES OF FLUID FLOW

1) Steady and Unsteady Flow: The type flow in which the fluid characteristics like velocity,
pressure, density etc. at a point do not change with time is called steady flow.
Mathematically,

Where ( ) is a fixed point in a fluid field where these variables are being measured with
respect to time.
Example: Flow of water in a pipeline due to centrifugal pump being run at uniform rotational
speed.

The type flow in which the fluid characteristics like velocity, pressure, density etc. at a point
changes with time is called unsteady flow.
Mathematically,

Example: The flow in a pipe whose valve is being opened or closed gradually. Liquid falling
under gravity out of an opening in the bottom of the vessel. Wave motion of large bodies of
water in tidal flow.

2) Uniform and Non-uniform Flow: The type of flow in which

the velocity at any given time does not change with respect to
space is called uniform flow.
Mathematically,
 Example: Flow through a straight pipe of uniform diameter.
Non-Uniform flow: The type of flow in which the velocity at any given time changes with respect
to space is called uniform flow.
Mathematically,

Example: Flow through a non-prismatic conduit. Flow through a uniform diameter pipe-bend or a
canal bend.

3) One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow:

One dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the flow parameter such as velocity is a
function of time and one space coordinate only.
u=f(x), v=0, w=0
Where u,v and w are velocity components in x,y and z directions respectively.
Example:Flow in a pipe where average flow paprameters are considered for analysis.
Two dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the flow parameter such as velocity is a
function of time and two space coordinates only.
u=f1(x,y), v=f2(x,y), w=0.
Example: Flow between parallel plates of infinite extent. Flow in the main stream of a wide river.
Three Dimensional Flow is that type of flow in which the flow parameter such as velocity is a
function of time and three space coordinates only.
u=f1(x,y,z), v=f2(x,y,z), w= f3(x,y,z).
Example: Flow in the converging or diverging pipe or channel. Flow in prismatic open channel in
which width and water depth are of the same order of magnitude.
4) Rotational and Irrotational Flow: A flow is said
to be rotational if the fluid particles while moving in
the direction of flow rotate about their mass centre.
Flow near solid boundaries is rotational flow.
Example: Motion of liquid in the rotating tank.
A flow is said to be irrotational if the fluid particles
while moving in the direction of flow does not
rotate about their mass centre. Flow outside boundary
layer is considered as irrotational flow. Rotational Ir-rotational
Example:Flow above the drain hole of stationary tank or wash basin.

5) Laminar and Turbulent flow: A laminar flow is one in

which path taken by the individual particles do not cross
one another and move along well defined paths. This type
of flow is also called stream lined flow or viscous flow.
Example: Flow through capillry tube, flow of blood in veins
and arteries and ground water flow.
Turbulent flow is that flow in which fluid particles move in a
zig-zag way. Example:High velocity flow in a conduit of large size.
6) Compressible and Incompressible flow: Compressible flow is that type of flow in which the
density of fluid changes from time to point to point. i.e. ρ≠constant.
Example:Flow of gases through orifices, nozzle, gas turbines.
Incompressible flow is that type of the flow in which density is constant for the fluid flow. i.e.
ρ=constant. Liquids are generally considered as incompressible. Example: Subsonic
aerodynamics.

TYPES OF FLOW LINES

1) Path Line: A path line is the path followed by a fluid
particles in motion. A path line shows the direction of
particular particle as it moves ahead.
2) Streamline: A streamline is defined as an imaginary line within the flow so that the tangent at
any point on it indicates the velocity at that point.
Streamlines do not intersect itself and two streamlines
cannot cross each other. There cannot be any
movement of the fluid across the streamline.
Streamlines spacing varies inversely as the velocity.
Converging of streamlines in any particular direction
shows accelerated flow in that direction. Whereas
pathline gives the path of one particular particle at
successive instants of time, a steamline indicates the direction of a number of particles at an
instant.
3) Streak Line: The streak line is a curve which gives an
instantaneous picture of a location of fluid particles, which
have passed through a given point. Example: Path taken by
a smoke coming out of chimney.

Stream Tube: A stream tube is a fluid mass bounded

by a group of streamlines. The contents of a
stream tube are known as current filament.
Example: Pipes and Nozzles.
Stream tube has finite dimension. As there
is no flow perpendicular to the streamline,
therefore there is no flow across the surface of the
stream tube. The stream tube surface functions as
if it is a solid wall. The shape of the streamtube
changes from one instant to another because of change in position of streamline.

VELOCITY POTENTIAL (Ø)

It is defined as a scalar function of space and time such that its negative derivative
with respect to any direction gives the fluid velocity in that direction.
ø=f(x, y, z, t) for unsteady flow.

ø=f(x, y, z) for steady flow such that

TREAM FUNCTION (Ψ)

It is defined as the function of space and time, such that its partial derivative with respect to
any direction gives the velocity component at right angle to its direction.
 EQUIPOTENTIAL LINE
An equipotential line is one along which velocity potential is constant. i.e. Ø=constant

FLOW NET
A grid obtained by drawing a series of streamlines and equipotential lines is known as flow
net.
Use of flow net:
 To determine the velocity at any point in flow field if velocity at particular point is
known.
 To determine quantity of seepage and upward lift pressure hydraulic structure.

LOCAL AND CONVECTIVE ACCELERATION

Local acceleration is defined as the rate of increase in velocity with respect to time at a given point
in a flow field.
is local acceleration.

Convective acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity due to change of position of
fluid particle in a fluid flow.

1. The velocity vector in a fluid flow is given by: Find the velocity
and acceleration of fluid particle at (2, 1, 3) at t = 1. (51.26 units , 1568.9units)(S 14)
2. A Fluid flow field is given by . Prove that it is a possible
case of fluid flow. Calculate the velocity and acceleration at the point (2,1,3). (21.587units,
126.18units)
3. The velocity vector in a fluid flow is given by: V = 2x³i – 5x²y j + 4t k. Find the velocity and
acceleration of a fluid particle at (1,2,3) at time t = 1. (W 13)
4. A fluid flow field V= xy²i – 2yz²j – [zy² - (2z³/3)] k. Prove that it is the case of possible steady
incompressible fluid flow. Calculate the velocity and acceleration at the point (1, 2, 3).
5. The following cases represent the two velocity components, determine the third component of
velocity such that they satisfy the continuity equation: (i) u=x²+y²+z²; v = xy²-yz²+xy. (ii)
v=2y²; w= 2xyz. (S 15)

FLUID KINEMATICS

1. Explain the following terms: Pathlines, Stream lines, Stream function, Streak lines, Velocity
potential function, Flow net, Stream tube, Equipotential line, Vortex flow.
2. The velocity components in a two dimensional incompressible flow are: u = y³ + 6x – 3 x²y and
v = 3 xy² -6y - x³ (i) Is the flow continuous? (ii) Is the flow irrotational ? (iii) In case the flow is
irrotational, find potential function and stream function.
3. In a fluid flow, the velocity components are given by : u =3x +2y and v = 2 x-3y (i) State if the
flow is possible (ii) If possible, then check whether it is rotational or irrotational ? (iii) If the
flow is irrotational, find potential function and stream function.
4. In a two dimensional incompressible flow, the fluid velocity components are given by u=x-4y
and v= -y-4x. Show that the velocity potential exists and determine its form as well as stream
function.
5. The velocity potential in a two dimensional flow is given by the x : Φ= x²-y².
Determine: (i) Velocity components in the x and y directions. Check to see whether the velocity
components satisfy the condition of flow continuity and irrotaionality. (ii) Stream function and
flow rate between the stream lines (1,0) and (1,1). Also show that the stream lines and
equipotential lines intersect orthogonally at the point (1,1).
6. I m , v v b Φ=x(2 -1) ,
determine velocity at the point P(4,5). Determin v m Ψ P.
7. T v (Φ) v b x : Φ= - (xy³/3) -x² +(x³y/3) +y².
()F v m x .( ) Φ b
of flow. (iii) Deduce (stress) stream function for the given flow field.

8. T m m v b Ψ = ²-y-x². Calculate the velocity

P (4,5), v Φ.
9. The stream function for a two dimensional flow is v b Ψ = 8x . C v
P (4,5), v Φ.
10. A m v b Ψ = 3x² + (2+ ) ². F v
and determine its value at a point defined by the position vector r=i+2j-3k for t=2.
11. A m m b ‘x’ m v v b
expression: u=x/ (x²+ y²)3/2. U , m x ‘ ’
m v ‘v’. low rotational?
12. I Ψ=2x m v
function. Also find the velocity at a point (1,2).
13. The velocity components in a two dimensional incompressible flow fields are expressed as u =
y³/3 + 2x - x²y; v = xy²- 2y - x³/3. (i) Determine the velocity and acceleration at point P(x=1m,
y=3m). (ii) Is the flow physically possible? If so obtain an expression for the stream function.
(iii) What is the discharge between the stream lines passing through (1,3) and (2,3)? (iv)Is the
flow Irrotational? If so determine the corresponding velocity potential. (v) Show that each of
the stream and potential function satisfy Laplace equation.