Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

AERO-3B

By
C.Suresh
Assistant Professor
SIMCRASH Centre
Module-1: BASIC CONCEPTS AND
PROPERTIES
Fluid – definition, distinction between solid and fluid ‐ Units
and dimensions ‐ Properties of fluids ‐ viscosity, relationship
between stress and strain rate for Newtonian fluids,
incompressible and compressible flows, Hydrostatics:
Buoyancy, forces on submerged bodies. Pressure
measurements by manometers and pressure gauges.
Todays Class
What you will be learning
• Basic concepts

• Definitions

• Solid, Fluid and gases

• Properties of fluids
Outcomes
• Basic definitions
• Difference between solid, fluid and gas
• Properties of fluids and its importance
BASIC CONCEPTS
Fluid mechanics
Fluid mechanics is the science and technology of fluids either at rest (fluid
statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics) and their effects on boundaries such
as solid surfaces or interfaces with other fluids

Definition of a fluid:
A substance that deforms continuously when subjected to a shear stress
Consider a fluid between two parallel plates, which is subjected to a shear
stress due to the impulsive motion of the upper plate

No slip condition: no relative motion between fluid and boundary, i.e., fluid in
contact with lower plate is stationary, whereas fluid in contact with upper
plate moves at speed U.
Fluid deforms, i.e., undergoes rate of strain θ due to shear stress τ

Newtonian fluid: τ ∝θ = rate of strain

τ = μθ
µ = coefficient of viscosity

Such behavior is different from solids, which resist shear by static

deformation (up to elastic limit of material)

Elastic solid: τ ∝ γ = strain

τ=Gγ
G = shear modulus
Both liquids and gases behave as fluids
Liquids: Closely spaced molecules with large intermolecular forces
Retain volume and take shape of container

Gases: Widely spaced molecules with small intermolecular forces Take

volume and shape of container
Are you Learning?
Continuum Hypothesis
• In this course, the assumption is made that the fluid behaves as a
continuum, i.e., the number of molecules within the smallest region
of interest (a point) are sufficient that all fluid properties are point
functions (single valued at a point).
 Properties of Fluids
Fluids are characterized by their properties such as viscosity µ and density
ρ, which we have already discussed with reference to definition of shear
stress τ= μθ and the continuum hypothesis.

1. Kinematic: Linear (𝑉) and angular (𝜔⁄2) velocity, rate of strain (𝜀𝑖j),
Vorticity (𝜔), and acceleration (𝑎)
2. Transport: Viscosity (𝜇), thermal conductivity (𝑘), and mass
diffusivity (𝐷)
3. Thermodynamic: Pressure (𝑝), density (𝜌), temperature (𝑇), internal
energy (𝑢), enthalpy (ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑝⁄𝜌), specific heat (𝐶𝑣, 𝐶𝑝, 𝛾 = 𝐶𝑝⁄𝐶𝑣, etc.)
4. Miscellaneous: Surface tension (𝜎), vapor pressure (𝑝𝑣), etc.
Properties are further distinguished as being either extensive or
intensive.
Extensive properties: depend on total mass of system, e.g., m and W
Intensive properties: independent of amount of mass of system, e.g., p
(force/area) and ρ (mass/volume)
Self learning before next class
• Specific weight=weight of the fluid/volume of the fluid, w=ρg
• Specific gravity= density of given liquid/density of standard liquid
• Variation of density with respect to temperature
• Units and dimensions
Viscosity
Elasticity (i.e., compressibility)
Increasing/decreasing pressure corresponds to contraction/expansion
of a fluid. The amount of deformation is called elasticity: 𝐸v = bulk
modulus of elasticity
Vapour Pressure and Cavitation
• When the pressure of a liquid falls below the vapor pressure it evaporates,
i.e., changes to a gas.
• If the pressure drop is due to temperature effects alone, the process is
called boiling.
• If the pressure drop is due to fluid velocity, the process is called cavitation.
• Cavitation is common in regions of high velocity, i.e., low p such as on
turbine blades and marine propellers.
Surface Tension and Capillary Effects
• At the interface of two immiscible fluids (e.g., a liquid and a gas),
forces develop to cause the surface to behave as if it were a stretched
membrane.
• Molecules in the interior attract each other equally, whereas
molecules along the surface are subject to a net force due to the
absence of neighbour molecules.
• The intensity of the molecular attraction per unit length along any line
in the surface is call the surface tension and is designated by the
Greek symbol 𝜎.
•
Surface Tension
Numerical
Calculate the specific weight, density and specific gravity of one litre of
liquid which weights 7N.
Hint
Volume=1lit=1/1000 cubic meter
w=W/V
ρ=m/V [W=mg]
S= ρliquid/ ρwater
Numerical
• Calculate density, specific weight and weight of one litre of petrol of
specific gravity =0.7
 Newton’s law of viscosity

Newtonian fluid= obey Newton’s law of viscosity

Non-Newtonian fluid= Does not obey Newton’s law of viscosity

Variation of viscosity with temperature
• Viscous force is due to Cohesive force and molecular momentum
transfer.

Liquids
• Viscosity decreases with increase in temperature
• Cohesive forces are predominant
Gases
• Viscosity increases with increase in temperature
• Molecular momentum transfer is predominant
Numerical
• A plate 0.025mm distant from a fixed plate, moves at 60 cm/s and
requires a force of 2N /m2 to maintain this speed. Determine the fluid
viscosity between the plates.
Numerical
• A flat plate of area 1.5x106 mm2 is pulled with a speed of 0.4m/s
relative to another plate at a distance of 0.15mm from it. Find the
force and power required to maintain this speed, if the fluid
separating them is having viscosity as 1 poise.
 Numerical
The dynamic viscosity of an oil, used for lubrication between a shaft and
sleeve is 6 poise. The shaft is of diameter 0.4m and rotates at 190 rpm.
Calculate the power lost in the bearing for a sleeve length of 90mm. The
thickness of the oil film is 1.5 mm.
Hint
F=shear stress x area(πDL)
T=FxD/2
Power lost=2 πNT/60
Numerical
Determine the bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid, if the pressure of
the liquid is increased from 70N/cm2 to 130N/cm2. The volume of the
liquid decreases by 0.15%.
Surface Tension on liquid droplet
Tensile force due to Surface tension acting on circumference
=σ x circumference
= σ x πd
Pressure force on the area=P X πd2/4

P X πd2/4 = σ x πd

P=4 σ/d
Surface Tension- cont…
Surface Tension on hollow bubble
P=8 σ/d
Surface Tension on liquid jet
P= (σ x 2L)/(L x d)
 Numerical
The pressure outside the droplet of water of diameter 0.04 mm is
10.32N/cm2. Calculate the pressure within the droplet if surface tension
is given as 0.0725N/m of water.
Capillarity
Weight of liquid in tube for height h= surface tension force on the tube
Numerical
Calculate the capillary rise in a glass tube of 2.5 mm diameter when
immersed vertically in water and mercury. Take surface tension =0.0725
N/m for water and 0.52N/m for mercury. Contact angle for
mercury=130 deg. and specific gravity of mercury as 13.6
Pressure
Pascal’s Law
Pressure or intensity of pressure at a point in a static fluid is equal in all
directions.

FAB=P x AreaAB

Weight of element=mass x g
= volume x density x g
= area x thickness x density x g
Pressure variation at rest (Hydrostatic Law)
• The rate of increases of pressure in a vertically downward direction
must be equal to the specific weight of the fluid at that point
Numerical
A hydraulic press has a ram of 30cm diameter and a plunger of 4.5cm
diameter. Find the weight lifted by the hydraulic press when the force
applied at the plunger is 500N.
Numerical
An open tank contains water upto a depth of 2m and above it an oil of
sp.gr. 0.9 for a depth of 1m. Find the pressure intensity at the interface
of the two liquids and at the bottom of the tank.

Pa=8829 N/m2

Pb=28449N/m2
Pressure System
Absolute Pressure
Pressure measured with reference
to absolute vacuum pressure.
Gauge Pressure
Pressure measured in which the
atmospheric pressure is taken as datum.
Vacuum Pressure
Pressure below the atmospheric pressure
Differential pressure
The difference in pressure between two points of measurement
Pressure measurement
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