RADIATION

Total number of questions in this chapter are :

(i) In chapter Examples ....................... 14

(ii) Solved Examples ....................... 17

Total no. of questions ....................... 31

1. HEAT TRANSFER (v) Radiation does not affects the medium
through which it travel.
The process of transmission of heat is by way of
(vi) For point source , radiation energy obeys
(i) conduction (in solids) inverse square law i..e
(ii) convection (in liquids and gases) (a) For point source intensity at a point is
(ii) radiation (through vacuum in the form of inversely proportional to the square of the
electromagnetic waves 1
distance of point from the source I  2
(i) Conduction - The process in which the r
material takes an active part by molecular (b) For line source , intensity at a point is
action and energy is passed from one particle inversely proportional to the distance of the
to another is called conduction. It is 1
predominat in solids. point from the source I 
r
(ii) Convection - The transfer of energy by actual
4. INTERACTION WITH MATTER
motion of particles of medium from one place
to another is called conection. It is Q Qr
predominant in fluids (liquids and gases)
Qa
(ii) Radiation : Quickest way of transmission of
heat is known as radiation. In this mode of Qt
energy transmission, heat is transferred from (i) Due to incident radiations on the surface of
one place to another without affecting the a body following phenomena occur, by which
intervenning medium. the radiation is divided into three parts
(a) Reflection of radiation (b) Absorption of
2. NATURE OF RADIATION
radiation(c) Transmission of radiation
(i) Radiation is electromagnetic wave (0 to  (ii) If the reflected, absorbed an transmitted parts
wavelength) and travels with velocity of light are Qr, Qa an Qt respectively then from the
(ii) Radiation travels in straight line law of conservation of energy
(iii) Radiation can travel through vacuum Q = Qr + Q a + Q t
(iv) Radiation obeys the laws of reflection, Q Qr Qa Qt
or = + +
ref raction , interf erence, dif f raction, Q Q Q Q
polarization etc Where Q is the total incident radiation.
(all optical phenomena) 1 = r + a + t

3. SPECTRUM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE OR RADIATION

(i) Maxwell on the basis of his electromagnetic theory proved that all radiations are electromagnetic
waves and their sources are vibrations of charged particles in atoms and molecules.
(ii) The spectrum of electromagnetic waves has an infinte spread and the different parts are given
different names.

Radiation Frequency Wavelength range

Cosmic rays >1021 Hz < 10–13m
Gamma rays 1018 to 1021 Hz 10–13 to 10–10m
X-rays 1016 to 1019Hz 10–11 to 10–8m (0.1A° to 100A°)
Ultraviolet rays 0.75 x 1015 to 2 x 106Hz 1.4 x 10–8 to 4 x 10–7m (140A° to 4000A°)
Visible rays 4 x 1014 to 7.5 x 1014 Hz 4 x 10–7 to 7.8 x 10–7m (4000Aº to 7800Aº)
Infrared rays (heat) 3 x 1011 to 4 x 1014 Hz 7.8 x 10–7 to 10–3 (7800Aº to 3 x 105Aº)
Microwaves 3 x 108 to 3 x 1011 Hz 10–3m to 0.1m
Radio waves 104 to 3 x 109 Hz 0.1m to 104 m
 (iii) r =  reflection coefficient or reflecting power
Qa
a=  absorption coefficient or absorptive
Q
power
Qt
t =  transmission coef f icient or
Q amount of radiation incident over it.
transmitting power
(iv) If a = 0, t = 0, then r = 1. Such a surface
is a total or perfect reflector.
(v) If r = 0, t = 0, then a = 1, Such a surface
is a total absorber and is called a black body
(vi) If r = 0, a = 0, then t = 1. The surface is then
perfectly transparent and the substance is
called diathermanous.
5. DEFINITIONS
(i) Reflecting power or refracting coefficient
(r) : Ratio of amount of radiation reflected by
the surface to the amount of heat incident
over it
(ii) Transmitting power or transmitting
coefficient (t) : Ratio of amount of radiation
transmitted by the surface to the amount of
heat incident over it
(iii) Absorption power or absorption
coefficient (a) : Ratio of amount of radiation
absorbed by the surface to the amount of
heat incident over it
Note :– (a) A radiation incident over a surface is
either refracted , transmitted or absorbed , so
a + t + r = 1
(b) The reflecting , refracting and transmitting
powers of a surface depends on nature of
surface as well as on the wavelength of
radiation falling on them
(iv) Emissive power (e) : Emissive power is
defined as the amount of heat radiated by
unit area of the surface in one second at a
particular temperature. It's unit is Joule/m2 or
watt-sec/m 2
(v) Spectral emissive power (e) : Amount of
heat radiated by unit area of the body in one
second in unit spectral region at a given
wavelength. It's unit is watt/m 2-AºC–1. Its
value depends on temperature, (wavelength
and nature of surface)
(vi) Total emissive power (e) : Emissive power
obtained for total range of spectrum is related
to total emissive power as follows e = z
0
e  d .
(vii)Spectral absorptive power : Like emissive
power , the absorptive power of the surface
also depends on the wavelength of radiation
incident on it. It is defined as the ratio of
radiation absorbed by the surface in unit
spectral region at a given wavelength to the
Note :– Absorption power and spectral absorptive
power for perfect black body is taken as one
(viii)Emissivity or relative emissive power (E):
Ratio of emissive power of a body at a given
temperature to the emissive power of a black
body at the same temperature. It has no units.
6. IDEAL BLACK BODY
(i) Total absorber is said to be ideal black body
(ii) a = 1
(iii) For lamp black and platinum black a = 1 ,
therefore both can be assumed to be ideal
black body
(iv) Ferry's black body is practical example of
black body
(v) For a black body , a = 1 ,t = 0 and r = 0
(vi) When black body is heated , it radiates all
the radiations absorbed by it.
(vii) The perfect black body is only an ideal
conception The body which completely
absrobs the radiation of all wavelengths
incident on it and there is no reflection and
transmission is called a perfectly black body.
Black body emits radiations of all wavelengths
on heating and it is a good emitter. The nature
of radiations emitted by the block body
depends only on the temperatrue. It does not
depend on its nature, size, mass etc.
7. LAWS OF RADIATION
(A) Prevost’s theory of heat exchange
(i) Mutual exchange of heat between any object
and it's surroundings occurs according to
their temperatures
(ii) This process is continuous
(iii) A body at high temperature emits more
radiations and absorbs less. Therefore it
experiences cooling. While the body at low
temperature absorbs more heat and
experiences heating
(iv) At absolute zero temperature the radiated
energy is zero
 (v) The rate of radiation of energy from a body  E = (E – E0) = (T 4 – T 40)
depends upon it's area , it's temperature and where T is the temperature of the body and
the nature of surface. This doesnot depends T0 is temperature of the surroundings.
upon temperature difference between body If the surface has an area A, the net rate of
and its surroundings loss of heat by radiation will be -
(vi) If temperature of body be TB and temperature
of surroundings be TS , Then dQ
= A(T4 – T40)J/s-m 2
dt
(B) Kirchoff’s law
(B (i) The ratio of spectral emissive power (e) to If A is the surface area of the body, e its
spectral absorptive power (a) is the same for emissivity, then amount of radiation emitted
all bodies at a given temperature and is per second -
equal to the spectral emissive power of a dQ
blackbody at that temperature. thus = Ae (T4 – T40) Joule
dt
E (body) but dQ = msd cal
a  (body) =E  (black body) for different where m - mass of the body and s-specific
objects - heat in cal/kg-ºC.

 e  e  e  d Ae
  =    =    = ...... = E  ms = (T4 – T04) cal/s
a  a  a  dt J
  1   2   3 

d
(ii) Kirchoff's law tells that if a body has a high  Rate of fall of temperature =
emissive power , it should also have high dt
absorptive power to have the E/a ratio same
Ae
(iii) Black body is the best radiator and hence = (T4 – T04)ºC/s
msJ
best absorber
(a) ratio of rates of colling is -
(iv) According to this law , the specif ic
wavelength radiated at higher temperature are 2
dQ1 / dt  r1   T14  T04 
then absorbed by the body at low temperature    
=  T4  T 4 
dQ 2 / dt  r2   2 0 
(v) Kirchoff's law successfully explains the
concept of fraunhoffer's lines. When sunlight (b) rate of fall of temperatue will be -
emitted by photosphere passes through
chromosphere and is received on earth, then dQ1 / dt  r2   T14  T04 
dark lines are obtained in it's continuous    
= r   T4  T 4 
dQ 2 / dt  1  2 0 
spectrum. These lines can be explained in
form of absorption spectrum. These are said (iii) Rate fall of temperature , then , is given by
to be fraunhoffer's lines.
d Ae ( T 4  T04 )
= c/second
8. STEFAN’S LAW dt msJ
(i) Energy emitted per second by unit area of a (iv) This law is valid only for energy radiated and
black body at absolute temperature T is not for total energy loss
proportional to fourth power of absolute (v) This law is true for only ideal black body
temperature E  T 4 or E =  T4. 8.1 Special problem :–
where ,
(a) Two metallic spheres of radii r1 and r2 are
 = stefan's constant kept at same temperature and same
 = 5.67 × 10–8 joule/m 2 second K4 surroundings
(ii) Dimensions of stefan's constant = [ML2T–2–4] (i) which will have higher rate of cooling ? (r1 > r2)
(ii) which will have higher rate of loss of
Net rate of loss heat by radiation
temperature ?
= amount of radiation emitted per second -
amount of radiation absorbed per second
 Ex.3 A bulb made of tungsten filament of surface
dQ A ( T 4  T04 ) are a 0.5cm2 is heated to a temperature
Answer : = rate of cooling  r2
dt J 3000k when operated at 220V. The emissivity
 sphere with radius r1 will have higher rate of of the filament is  = 0.35 and take
 = 5.7 × 10–8 mks units. Then the wattage
loss of energy or rate of cooling
of the bulb is ..... (calculate)
d A ( T 4  T04 ) A ( T 4  T04 ) (A) 81W (B) .81W
W hile = = (C) 81.2W (D) 8.12 W
dt msJ VdsJ
Sol. (A)
where V = volume
The emissive power watt/m2 is
d 1 E = T 4
   sphere with radius r2 will have
dt r Therefore the power of the bulb is
higher rate of loss of temeprature P =  x area (Watts)
(b) If all of T , T0 , m , s, v, d are same then rate  P = AT 4
of loss of temperature or cooling will be  P = 0.35 × 0.5 × 10–4 × 5,7 × 10–8 × (3000)4
maximum in the surface with maximum
 P = 80.8W
surface area
Hence correct answer is (A)
Stefan’s law Ex.4 The emissive power of a body at temperature
T(k) is E. Then the graph between logeE and
Ex.1 Two copper spheres A and B of the same logeT isof the form
surface finish are taken. Sphere B weight
half as A. Both are heated to the same
temperature and let in a room to cool by

logeE
logeE
(A) (B)
radiation only. What is the ratio of initial rate
of loss of heat of A and B.
(A) 1.59 (B) 15.9 logeT logeT
(C) .159 (D) 159
1
Sol. It is given that m B = m

logeE
2 A
logeE

(C) (D)
so the ratio of initial rate of loss of heat is
given by
logeT logeT
(dQ / dt ) A rA2 Sol. (C)
2/3 = 1.59
(dQ / dt)B = rB2  = (B) For a body the emissive power is given
by E = T 4
Hence the correct answer is (A) Taking log on both sides
loge = loge () + logeT 4
Ex.2 A black body emits 10 watts per cm 2 at  loge = 4 logeT + loge()
327ºC. The sun radiates 105 watt per cm 2. since loge() is some constant value,
Then what is the temperature of the sun ? we may write above equation as
(A) 5000K (B) 6000K y = mx + c
(C) 7000K (D) 8000K This is equation of straight line with
Sol. (B) positiv e slope. Thus the correct
4 representation is by curve in
Esun  Tsun 
Hence the correct answer is (C) .
 E =  
body  Tbody  Ex.5 n the above example, if the temperature of
1/ 4 the filament falls to 2000k due to a drop of
Tsun  10 5  mains voltage, then what will be the wattage
 T =  
body  10  of the bulb?
 T sun = 6000K (A) 15W (B) 16W
(C) 17W (D) 18W
Hence correct answer is (B)
Sol. (B) (a) Temperature difference should not exceed
Now the power of the bulb will be such that 350C
(b) Loss of heat should only be by radiation
4
P2  T2  (c) This law is an extended form of stefan -
=  
P1  T1  Boltzman's law ,
therefore body should behave as black -body
4
 2 dQ d K
Thus P2 = P1 ×   = – K ( – 0) or =– ( – 0)
 3 dt dt ms
Imp. Formulla to find the specific heat of any liquid
16
 P2 = 80.8 x from this law (on basis of Newton's law of cooling)
81

 P2 = 15.96

Hence the correct answer is (B)
1
9. NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
2 Water
tL
F
G d I
 Jis directly
tw
Liquid
(1) Rate of cooling of a body Hdt K t
proportional to excess of temperature or ( W  m  s)(1   2 ) ( W w  m w ) ( 1   2 )
t = tw
F
G d I
 J ( –  ) L O
Hdt K 0 1
or S = m Mt 
(W  m w )  W P
Where 0 = temperature of surroundings
 Ntw
w
Q
Suffix l and w stand for liquid and water
d respectively
 = temperature of body or = k ( – 0)
dt W w : water equivalent of calorimeter with water
W : water equivalent of calorimeter with water
(2) Let there be d loss of heat due to dQ loss
dQ d Newton’s law
of heat , then = ms
dt dt Ex.6 0.15 kg of water is filled in caloriemeter of
d copper with water equivalent .01kg. It's rate
 ms = – k ( – 0)
dt of cooling is 88 x 10-3 kcal/min. If xanthate
d k oil is filled in place of water at the same
or =– ( – 0) temperature and of same volume. Now find
dt ms
the rate of cooling and rate of fall of
(3) If temperature decreases from 1 to 2 in
temperature. (density of xanthate oil
 2  1 k F
1   2
G  0
IJ = 800 kg/m 3 , sp heat of xanthate oil
time 't' then
t
= –
ms t H K = .42 kcal/kg0C)
d 1 d 1 Sol. Since both liquids are cooled under same
(4) Here,  and  conditions,
dt m dt s
9.1 Limitation of Newton’s Law :– rate of cooling will be same

dQ d
dQ Now, rate of cooling = = (ms + W)
dt dt
dt = 88 × 10–3 kcal /min
or Here, m = 0.15 × 10–3 × 8 × 102 = .12 kg
d W = .01
dt
d 1 dQ
(  0 )  = = 1.4570C/min
dt ms  W dt
Ex.7 Two liquids of same volume are cooled under
same conditions from 650C to 500C. Time 12
– k (56 – 26) ........ (5)
taken are 200sec and 480sec. If ratio of their 10
specific heats is 2 : 3 then find the ratio of Divide (4) by(5) to get
their densities.
(neglect the water equivalent of calorimeter) 42   42    52
=
12 2(56  26)
Fm s  w I
Sol. From Newton's law of cooling G
H t JK
1 1

1
1
  = 36.7ºC
Hence the correct answer is (B)
Fm s  w I Ex.9 A liquid takes 30 seconds to cool from 95ºC
– )= G t JK(
2 2 2
to 90ºC and 70 seconds to cool from 55 to
(1 2H 2
1 - 2)
50ºC. Find the room temperature and the time
here w1 = w2 = 0 it will take to cool from 50ºC to 45ºC
(A) 81 sec (B) 82 sec
m1s1 m2s2 (C) 83 sec. (D) 84 sec.
t1 = t2 Sol.(D)
From the first data
Vd1s1 Vd2 s 2
 t1 = t2 95  90  95 x 90 
= k   0  ........ (1)
30 2 
d1 t1s 2 200 3 5 From the second data
 d = t s = × =
2 2 1 480 2 8
55  50  55  50 
= k    0  ........ (2)
Ex.8 A metal ball cools from 62ºC to 50ºC in 10min 70 2 
and to 42ºC the next to minutes. What will
be its temperature at the end of next ten Dividing (1) and (2) we get
minutes ? 7 92.5   0
= 52.5  
(A) 3.67ºC (B) 36.7ºC 3 0
(C) .376ºC (D) 367ºC 0 = 22.5º ........ (3)
Sol. (B) Let the time taken in cooling from 50ºC to
45ºC is t, then
1   2  1   2 
Use = K   0  ....... (1) 50  45  50  45 
t 2  = k   0  ........ (4)
t 2 
to get the following equations Using 0 = 22.5ºC, and dividing (1) by (2) we
62  50  62  50  get
= K    0  and
10 2  t  92.5  22.5 
=    t = 84 sec.
30  47.5  22.5 
50  42  50  42 
=   0  ....... (2) Hence the correct answer is (D)
10 2 
Divide 2 by 1 and Solve to get 0 10.SPECTRUM OF RADIATIONS EMITTED BY
BLACK-BODY
8 46   0
= 56   (i) To study this spectrum , prism of rock salt
12 0 is used which absorbs minimum heat
 0 = 26 ........ (3) radiations otherwise prism of grass etc absorb
Let after the next 10 min the temperature heat radiations.
falls to then (ii) Spectral range of radiation energy emitted by
black body depends on its temperature , not
42    42    on shape, volume, mass etc.
= K   26 ....... (4)
10 2  (iii) At different temperature it gives difference
energy distributions as shown
From (3) using value of 0 = 26 we get
 1649k
Wien’s law
1449k
 Ex.10 A black body at 2000K emits radiation with
E 1259k
m = 1250nm. if for the radiation coming from
1095k
the star SIRIUS  m is 71nm, then the
temperature of this star is ....
 (A) 3521.1K (B) 352.11K
(C) 35.21K (D) 35, 211K
T3>T2>T1
 Sol.(D) Using wien's displacement law
E T3 T2 (  m )1
T2 =
T1 ( m )2
T1
O m m2 m3 2000  1250  10 3
 T2 =
 71 10 9
(iv) We can canclude from the fig  T2 = 35, 211K
 m 5    m 4   m3   m2   m1 Hence the correct answer is (D)

(a) Some energy E is always obtained at Ex.11 W hen the temperature of the body is
any temperature and at each wavelengths
increased , the frequency corresponding to
(b) Maximum energy Emax is obtained at a maximum emission, changes such that :
particular wavelength  m at a constant Vm T
temperature (A) Vm = T (B) VmVm = TT
(c) Value of  m decreases with increase in T
temperature. This is called ' Weins (C) Vm = (D) Vm = TT
T
displacement Law'.
Sol.(A) By wien's law the frequency corresponding
1
(d) According to weins law , m  or  m to minimum emissivity is given by
T
T = b where Vm
= b' or Vm = b' T
b = Wein's constant T
b = 0.293 cmk or b = 2.93 × 10–3 mk Vm T
 Vm = b' T   =
(e) At any temperature the area between m T
curve and  axis gives the total energy Hence the correct answer is (A)
emitted at that temperature. This is in
accordance with the fact that E  T 4. Ex.12 At 1600K maximum radiation is emitted at a
(f) (E)max  T 5 wavelength of 2M. Then the corresponding
(g) Wein's law in form of frequency can be wavelength at 2000K will be -
m c (A) 1.6m (B) 16m
written as m  T or =
T b (C) 160m (D) .16m
where c is velocity of light
Sol.(A) Using m T1 = m T 2
1 2
m1 m 2
 T = T  m T1
1
1 2  m =
2 T2
(h)
2  10 6  1600
  1  m =
  m 
2 2000
m  T  m = 1.6 m
2
Hence the correct answer is (A)
T
11. SOLAR CONSTANT
S
The amount of normal incident heat radiations  T4 = 2
R 
per minute on a unit area placed at average  s 
 d 
distance between sun and earth is said to be 1/ 4
soalr constant denoted by S.  2 x 4.2 x 10 4 
 T =  8 2 2
 60 x 5.7 x 10 x(16 x ) / (60 x180) 
T 4 4  R 2 T 4 r 2
S = 2 or S =  T = 5806K.
4 d d2
Hence the correct answer is (C)
Unit : Joule/m2-second or watt /m 2
S = 1.94 calorie/cm 2-minute 12. CHANGE OF COLOUR OF A SUBSTANCE
R = radius of sun WITH TEMPERATURE
 2 calorie/cm2-minute = 1358 watt/m2 When a body is heated continuously , the
d = distance between sun and earth
maximum emitted wavelengths shift to right of
electromagnetic spectrum. Change of colour will
Solar Constant be as follows -
Ex.13 Solar constant for earth is 2 cal/minute/cm 2
Temperature (nearly)
if the distance of the planet mercury from the
Colour
sun is 0.40 times the distance of the earth
from the sun, the Solar constant for the planet 5250C Mild red
mercury in cal/minute/cm 2 will be – 9000C Cherry red
(A) 12.5 (B) 25 10000C Orange red
(C) 0.32 (D) 2 12500C Yellow
 Rs 
2 Very high temperature Blue
Sol.(A) For earth S = 2 =   T 4
 d
2
 Rs 
For mercury S' =   T 4
 d
2
S'  d
=  
S  d' 
2 2
S' = 2 = = 12.5 cal/cm 2/mt
(0.4) 0.16
Hence correct answer is (A)

Ex.14 Earth receiv e energy at the rate of

2 cal/minute/cm 2 from sun. if angular
diameter of sun is 32' and it is assumed as
a black body, then the temperature of the
surface of sun is
(A) 5723K (B) 5773K
(C) 5800K (D) 5925K
2
 Rs 
Sol.(C)  S =   T 4
 d

2  4.2  10 4
 S = J/m2/S
60
Rs 1
= angular diameter of sun
d 2
 16  16 
= 61' =  60  = x rad
60 180
 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 In a solar spectrum dark lines (fraunhofer Sol.(B) Energy spectrum of radiation emitted by a
lines) are obtained due to black body is continuous
(A) absorption (B) reflection Hence the correct answer is (B)
(C) emission (D) transmission
Sol.(A) Fraunhorfer lines are obtained due to the Ex.6 If the rate of emission of radiation from a
absorption of certain characteristic radiations. body is equal to the rate of absorbing, then
Hence the correct answer is (A) the temperature of the body will be -
(A) less than the temperature of the
Ex.2 Fraunhofer lines are explained by surrounding
(A) Provosts theory of heat exchanges (B) greater then the temperature of the
(B) Newton's law of cooling surrounding
(C) Stefan's law (C) equal to the temperature of the
(D) Kirchoft's law surrounding
Sol.(D) Fraunhofer lines are explained on the basis (D) nothing can be said
of Kirchhoff's law.
Sol.(C) The temperature of the body will be equal to
Hence the correct answer is (D)
the temperature of surrounding
Ex.3 The nature of radiation emitted by a black Hence the correct answer is (C)
body depends only on -
Ex.7 For the analysis of spectral energy of thermal
(A) the shape of a body
(B) the nature of a body radiations emitted by a body the prism used
made of
(C) the temperature of a body
(D) the medium (A) quartz (B) crown glass
(C) flint glass (D) rock salt
Sol.(C) The nature of radiations emitted by a black
body depends only upon the temperature of Sol.(D) For the analysis of spectral energy of radiation
the body prism of rock salt is used because it does
Hence the correct answer is (C) not absorb thermal radiation. All other absorbs
thermal radiations and spectrum is not
Ex.4 Two identical balls of wax are attached on obtained.
the outer surface of two tin sheets. The inner Hence the correct answer is (D)
surface of P is coated with lamp black and
that of Q is polished. If a source of heat is Ex.8 If the temperature of a body is increased by
placed between P and Q then which ball will 50%, then the increase in the amount of
melt first radiation emitted by it will be :
(A) Q ball (A) 500% (B) 400%
(B) P ball (C) 200% (D) 100%
(C) both simultaneously Sol.(B)  Percentage increase in the amount of
(D) nothing can be predated radiations emitted
Sol.(B) As the black surfaces are good absorbers of
E2  E1 . T1 )4  T14
(15
heat. Hence the P will melt first.  × 100 = × 100
Hence the correct answer is (B)
E1 T14
E2  E1
Ex.5 Energy spectrum of radiations emitted by a  E1 × 100 = [(1.5)4 – 1] × 10
black body is
(A) line spectrum E2  E1
(B) continuous spectrum E1 × 100 = 400%
(C) bond spectrum
Hence the correct answer is (B)
(D) line and continuous spectrum
Ex.9 A blackened platinum wire of length 5cm and Sol.(B) in the steady state the heat received from
perimeter 0.02cm is maintained at sun will be equal to heat radiated out. Heat
atemperature of 300K. Then at what rate the received from sun will be on one side only
wire is losing its energy? and it will radiate from both sides.
2
(Take s = 57 × 10–8 units)  Rs  Rs 1
 A   T4 = 2AT4, =
(A) 4.62 W (B) 0.462W  d d 216
(C) 46.2W (D) 4620W T 6000
Sol.(C) The rate of radiation heat loss is  T' = 1/ 2 1/ 4 = = 343K
(216) 2 14.7 x 1189
.
dQ  T' = 70ºC
= AT 4 (watts)
dt Hence correct answer is (B)
for blackened surface  = 1
Ex.12 In the above problem, if the heat capacity
and A = (2r)l = Perimeter x length (thermal capacity) of the sphere is 1000 cal/ºC
 A = 0.02 × 5 × 10–2 . Thus then what is the rate of cooling of the sphere ?
dQ (A) 55ºC/min (B) 55ºC/min
 = 0.02 × 5 ×10–4 × 5.7 × 10–8 × (3000)4 (C) 550ºC/min (D) 5.5ºC
dt
Sol.(D) The heat capacity of the sphere is
dQ ms = 1000 cal/ºC
 = 46.2W
dt the rate of colling
Hence correct answer is (C) . dQ 1  dQ 
= .  dt 
dt ms
Ex.10 A blackened sphere of radius 10cm at a
dQ 1
temperature 227ºC is placed in a chamber  = × 92.2
with blackened wall, maintained at 27ºC. dt 1000
Calculate the rate of loss of heat ? dQ
 = 0.0092ºC per second
(A) 9.224 cal/s (B) .9224 cal/s dt
(C) 922.4 cal/s (D) 92.24 cal/s dQ
 = 5.5 ºC/ min.
Sol.(D) Rate of heat loss dt
Hence the correct answer is (D)
dQ
= A (T4 – T04 )
dt Ex.13 A slab of stone of area 3600 sq cm. and
thickens 10cm is exposed on the lower
dQ surface to steam at 100ºC, block of ice is
 = 4 × 102 × 10–4 × 5.67 × 10–8 × (5004 – 3004 )
dt melted in one hour. The thermal conductivity
Solve it to get of stone is (in cal/cm-ºC) given (latent heat
of ice = 80 cal/gm)
dQ
 = 387.4 Joule/sec (A) 0.003 (B) 0.03
dt (C) 0.3 (D) none of these
dQ 387.4 KA(Q1  Q 2 )t
 = cal/sec Sol. (A) Q =
dt 4.2 x
dQ K x 3600 x100 x 3600
 = 92.24 cal/s.  4800 x 80 =
dt 10
Hence the correct answer is (D)  K = 0.003 cal/cm/ºC
Ex.14 Behaving like a black body sun emits
Ex.11 A blackened metal disc is held normal to the
maximum radiation at wavelength 0.48m.
sun's rays, Both of its surfaces are exposed
The mean radius of the sun is 6.96 x 108m.
to atmosphere if the distance of earth from
Stefan's constant is 5.67 × 10–8 wm–2 k–4
sun is 216 times the radius of sun and the and Wien's constant is 0.293 cm-k. The loss
temperature of sun is 6000K, the temperature of mass per second by the emission of
of the disc in steady state will be – radiation from sun is -
(A) 80ºC (B) 70ºC (A) 5.32 × 109kg/s (B) 6.24 × 1010 kg/s
(C) 60ºC (D) 50ºC (C) 8.65 × 10 kg/s (D) 2.46 × 1014 kg/s
12
Sol.(A) Using wien's law Ex.16 Which part of E- graph represents wien's –
2
b 0.293  10
T =  = = 6104 K
m 0.48  10 6
Energy given out by sun per second
E = AT 4
= 4 (6.96 × 108)2 × 5.67 × 10–8 (6104)4
 49.285 × 1025 J
Loss of mass per second
(A) OA part (B) BC part
E 49.285  10 25 (C) DE part (D) FG part
m = =
c2 9  1016 Sol.(A) Wien's law is valid for low wavelength region.
 m = 5.4 x 109kg/s Hence the part OA of curve represents wien's
law.
Hence correct answer is (A)
Hence the correct answer is (A)
Ex.15 If the E  curve for a black body at
Ex.17 50g of water and an equal volume of alcohol
temperature T is as shown in the figure,
(relative density 0.8) are placed one after the
then curve at temperature 2T will be other in the same calorimeter. They are found
to cool from 60ºC to 50ºC is 2 minutes and
 1 minute respectively if the water equivalent
E of the calorimeter is 2g then what is the
T specific heat of the alcohol?
 (A) 0.6 cal/gºC (B) 6.0 cal/gºC
(C) 60 cal/gºC (D) 600 cal/gºC
Sol.(A) Given t w = 2 min, talco = 1 min
(A)  (B) 
E mw = 50g, malco = 50 × 0.8 40g
E 2T 2T
Sw = 1 in cgs units, W = 2g
  Therefore,

1  t alco 
Salco = m  [m w  W ]  W 
 alco  tw 

(C) E 2T (D) E 1  1 [ 50  2]  2
2T   Salco =  
 40  2 

1 24
Sol.(C) Em  T5 and m  i.e. on increasing  Salco =
40
T
temperature m decrease and Em increases Salco = 0.6 cgs units = 0.6 cal/gºC
Hence the correct answer is (C)