HEAT TRANSFER BY RADIATION

Dr. S. S. Bhusnoor
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering,
Vidyavihar, Mumbai – 400 077

Email: Siddappabhusnoor@somaiya.edu
Mobile: 9920534514

Prof. S S Bhusnoor, Dept. of Mech. Engg, KJSCE

March 1, 2024 1/35
 HEAT TRANSFERRED BY
RADIATION
Radiation heat transfer is defined as the transfer of heat across a system
boundary by means of electromagnetic waves which is caused by a
temperature difference.

Driving forces: Heat transfer by radiation is driven by differences in

emissive power (proportional to T4), not just temperature differences
(convection & conduction).

Examples

i. Heat dissipation from the filament of a vacuum tube

ii. Heat leakage through the evacuated walls of thermos flask
iii. Heat leakage from furnaces, combustion chambers
iv. Solar energy incident upon the earth
v. Heat liberation during nuclear explosions
vi. Space application
 Radiation Energy:
1. Thermal energy emitted by matter as a result of vibrational and rotational
movements of molecules, atoms and electrons.
2. The energy is transported by electromagnetic waves (or photons).
3. Radiation requires no medium for its propagation, therefore, can take
place also in vacuum.
4. All matters emit radiation as long as they have a finite (greater than
absolute zero) temperature.
5. The rate at which radiation energy is emitted is usually quantified by the
modified Stefan-Bolzmann law:
EAemitted  T b
4

where the emissivity, є, is a property of the surface characterizing how effectively the surface
radiates compared to a "blackbody" (0< є <1 ). E=q/A (W/m2) is the surface emissive power. 
is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant ( =5.67x10-8 W/(m2K4)). Tb is the absolute surface temp. (in
 Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum

Thermal radiation spectrum range: 0.1 to 100 mm

It includes some ultraviolet (UV) radiation and all visible (0.4-0.76 mm)
and infrared radiation (IR).
 SURFACE EMISSION PROPERTIES

i) Total emissive power (E)

At a given temperature, the total amount of heat emitted by a surface in all

the directions over entire wavelength per unit area, per unit time is called
the emission power (E).
Surface Emission Properties (Contd…)
Radiosity: (contd…)

• ε·Eb ρ·G G

J ≡ ε·Eb + ρ·G

Prof. S S Bhusnoor, Dept. of Mech. Engg, KJSCE

March 1, 2024 7/35
Absorptivity, Reflectivity and Transmissivity
Absorptivity, Reflectivity and Transmissivity

Irradiation (G)

transmitivity

reflectivity absorptivity
 Concept of Different Bodies

i. Black Body: A black body is an object that absorbs all the radiant
energy reaching its surface from all the directions with all
wavelengths. : A black, or ideal surface, will have no surface resistance:

ii. White Body: If all the incident radiation falling on the body are
reflected, it is called a white body.
iii. Gray Body: A gray body is defined as a body whose Absorptivity of
a surface does not vary with variation in temperature and
wavelength of the incident radiation.
iv. Opaque body: When no irradiation is transmitted through the
body, it is called opaque body.
v. Transparent body: When all the irradiation is transmitted
through the body, it is called transparent body.
Real Surfaces: Thus far we have spoken of ideal surfaces, i.e. those
that emit energy according to the Stefan-Boltzman law: Eb = σ·Tabs4

Real surfaces have emissive powers, E, which are somewhat less than
that obtained theoretically by Boltzman. To account for this reduction,
we introduce the emissivity, ε.
E

Eb

Prof. S S Bhusnoor, Dept. of Mech. Engg, KJSCE

March 1, 2024 11/35
 Monochromatic emissive power E

All surfaces emit radiation in many wavelengths and some, including

black bodies, over all wavelengths.
The monochromatic emissive power is defined by:
dE = emissive power in the wave band in the infinitesimal wave band
between and d

dE  E  , T d
•The monochromatic emissive power of a blackbody is given by:

2hc 2 1
E  , T  
5 hc
e kT
1

h = 6.625 X 10-27 erg-sec (Planck Constant)

K = 1.38 X 10-16 erg/K (Boltzmann Constant)
C = Speed of light in vacuum
 Emissivity
1. A black body is an ideal emitter.
2. The energy emitted by any real surface is less than the energy
emitted by a black body at the same temperature.
3. At a defined temperature, a black body has the highest
monochromatic emissive power at all wavelengths.
4. The ratio of the monochromatic emissive power Eλ to the

monochromatic blackbody emissive power Ebλat the same

temperature is the spectral hemispherical emissivity of the surface.
E
 ( ) 
Eb
 Regular and Diffuse Reflection
Regular Reflection: Diffused Reflection:
If the angle between the reflected beam In this case the incident
and normal to the surface equals the radiation beam is reflected in
angle made by the irradiation with the all the directions.
same normal then it is called regular or
specular reflection
 Laws of Radiation
Stefan Boltzmann law: The emissive power of black body is proportional to
fourth power of its absolute temperature.

Kirchhoff’s law: This law states that the ratio of total emissive power to
Absorptivity is constant for all substances which are in thermal equilibrium with
the surroundings.

Planck’s law: The spectral distribution of the radiation intensity of a black body is
given by,
Where C1=3.742x108 (W.mm4/m2) and
C2=1.439x104 (mm.K) are two constants.
Wien’s Displacement Law: Wien established a relationship between the
wavelength at which the maximum value of monochromatic emissive power occurs
and absolute temperature of black body. It is maxima of the Planck’s law
 Planck Distribution
1. At given wavelength, the emissive power increases with increasing
temperature
2. As the temperature increases, more emissive energy appear at
shorter wavelengths
3. For low temperature (>800 K), all radiant energy falls in the infrared
region and is not visible to the human eyes. That is why only very
high temperature objects, such as molten iron, can glow.
4. Sun can be approximated as a blackbody at 5800 K
 Angles and Terminologies

Angles and Arc Length

We are well accustomed to thinking
of an angle as a two dimensional L = r·α
•α •L
object. It may be used to find an arc
length:

Solid Angle
We generalize the idea of an angle and an arc
length to three dimensions and define a solid
angle, Ω, which like the standard angle has no
dimensions. The solid angle, when multiplied
by the radius squared will have dimensions of
length squared, or area, and will have the A = r2·dω
magnitude of the encompassed area.

•r
Differential solid angle is defined by a region between the rays of a sphere.
It is measured as the ratio of the element of areas dA n on the sphere to the square
of the sphere’s radius
dAn
d 
r2
 Angles and Terminologies (Contd…)

Differential Solid Angle due to Spherical Differential Volume

 Angles and Terminologies (Contd…)

Zenith Angle : 
zimuthal Angle : 

Vectors
Prof. S Sin Spherical
Bhusnoor, Geometry
Dept. of Mech. Engg, KJSCE
March 1, 2024 19/35
 Angles and Terminologies (Contd…)

Projected Area: The area, dA1, as seen from

the prospective of a viewer, situated at an
angle θ from the normal to the surface, will
appear somewhat smaller, as cos θ·dA1. •θ
This smaller area is termed the projected
area. Aprojected = cos θ·Anormal •dA1 •dA1·cos θ

Intensity of radiation : The ideal intensity, Ib, may now be defined as the
energy emitted from an ideal body, per unit projected area, per unit time, per
unit solid angle.
dq
I
cos   dA1  d
 •R·sin θ
Spherical Geometry: Since any surface will
emit radiation outward in all directions above
the surface, the spherical coordinate system
provides a convenient tool for analysis. The
three basic coordinates shown are R, φ, and θ, •dA2
representing the radial, azimuthal and zenith •θ
directions. •dA1 •R

In general dA1 will correspond to the emitting

surface or the source. The surface dA2 will •Δφ
•φ
correspond to the receiving surface or the
target. Note that the area proscribed on the
hemisphere, dA2, may be written as:

dA2  [( R  sin  )  d ]  [ R  d ]
dA2  R 2  sin   d  d ]
Recalling the definition of the solid angle, dA = R2·dω and we find that:
dω = R2·sin θ·dθ·dφ
 Relationship Between Emissive Power and Intensity of
Radiation

By definition of the two terms, emissive power for an ideal surface, E b,

and intensity for an ideal surface, Ib.
Eb  I b
hemisphere
 cos   d

Replacing the solid angle by its equivalent in spherical angles :

2 

 
2
Eb  I b  cos   sin   d  d
0 0



2
Integrate once, holding Ib Eb  2    I b  cos   sin   d
constant: 0


Integrate a second time. (Note 2 2
that the derivative of sin θ is sin 
Eb  2    I b     Ib
cos θ·dθ.) 2
0
Eb = π·Ib
Radiation Heat Exchange between Two Black Bodies
 SHAPE FACTOR
The shape factor may be defined as the fraction of radiative energy that is
diffused from one surface element and strikes the other surface directly with no
intervening reflections.
 Thank You

Any Questions ?
View Factors-Integral Method

•Define the view factor, F1-2, as the fraction of energy emitted from
surface 1, which directly strikes surface 2.
I  cos 1  dA1  cos 2 dA2
F1 2 
q1 2

A2 A1   R 2

qemitted   I  A1
•dr
1 cos 1  cos 2  dA1  dA2
 
•D
F1 2  
A1 A2 A1   R2 •dAj

•A j •θ
•Example Consider a diffuse
circular disk of diameter D and area j
•L
Aj and a plane diffuse surface of •R •R
area Ai << Aj. The surfaces are • θi
parallel, and Ai is located at a
distance L from the center of Aj. •dAi
•dAi
Obtain an expression for the view
factor Fij.
 1 cos 1  cos 2  dA1  dA2
F1 2 
A1
  
A2 A1   R2
cos1  cos 2  dA2
•Since dA1 is a differential area F
1 2     R2
 R   2  r  dr
A2
2
L
L2  2  r  dr
F1 2  
A2  R 2 F12  
A2 R4
L2  2    d
•Let ρ2  L2 + r2 = R2. Then 2·ρ·dρ = 2·r·dr. F1 2  
A2 4
D
2  
 1 2
F1 2   2  L2    L2   2 2
2
A2  L    0
D
2
 4 1  2
D
F12   L2    2 
4  L  D 4  L2  D 2
2 2
L 0
 Reciprocity Ai  Fi  j  A j  F j i
•Example: Consider two concentric spheres
shown to the right. All radiation leaving the
outside of surface 1 will strike surface 2. Part of
the radiant energy leaving the inside surface of
object 2 will strike surface 1, part will return to
surface 2. Find F2,1 . Apply reciprocity. •1
2
2
A1 A1  D1 
A2  F2,1  A1  F1, 2  F2,1   F1, 2   
A2 A2  D2 
Large surfaces: Surfaces having a large surface area
will behave as black surfaces, irrespective of the actual
surface properties:
1    1   
   A         0
•Consider the case of an object, 1,
placed inside a large enclosure, 2. The
system will consist of two objects, so •1/(A1F1→2)
we proceed to construct a circuit with •J 1
two radiosity nodes. J2
•Now we ground both Radiosity nodes
through a surface resistance.

•1/(A1F1→2)
•(1-1)/(1A1) •(1-2)/(2A2)
•J 1
J2
• Eb1 T1 •
4
• Eb2 T24
R1 R12
R2
•Since A2 is large, R2 = 0. The view factor, F1→2 =
1
•(1-1)/(1A1) •1/(A1F1→2)
•J 1
J2
• 4 R1
• Eb1 T • Eb2 T24
R112

•Sum the series resistances:

•RSeries = (1-1)/(1A1) + 1/A1 = 1/(1A1)
•Ohm’s law:
•i = V/R
•or by analogy:
•q = Eb/RSeries = 1A1(T14 – T24)
•Returning for a moment to the coal grate furnace, let us assume that
we know (a) the total heat being produced by the coal bed, (b) the
temperatures of the water walls and (c) the temperature of the super
heater sections.
 •Apply Kirchoff’s law about node 1, for the coal bed:

J 2  J1 J 3  J1
q1  q 21  q31  q1   0
R12 R13

•Similarly, for node 2:

Eb 2  J 2 J 1  J 2 J 3  J 2
q 2  q1 2  q3 2    0
R2 R12 R23

•And for node

3: Eb 3  J 3 J 1  J 3 J 2  J 3
q3  q13  q 23    0
R3 R13 R23
•The three equations  1 1 1 1   
must be   
solved R12 R13   
 R12 R13   J1    q1 
simultaneously.  1 1 1 1 1 E
   J    b 2 
Since they are each  R      2  R 
R2 R12 R13 R23
linear in J, matrix  12
1 1 1 1
   
1   J 3   Eb 3 
2

methods may be     
 R3 
 R13 R23 R3 R13 R23 
used:
 •Surface 1: Find the coal bed temperature, given the
heat flow:
0.25
E b1  J 1   T14  J 1  q  R  J1 
q1    T1   1 1 
R1 R1  
•Surface 2: Find the water wall heat input, given the water wall
temperature:
Eb 2  J 2   T24  J 2
q2  
R2 R2

•Surface 3: (Similar to surface 2) Find the water wall heat

input, given the water wall temperature:

Eb3  J 3   T34  J 3
q3  
R3 R3