TURBOMACHINERY

Chapter 2
Centrifugal Pumps
By:- yonael m.
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 Definition
 Water pumps are devices designed to convert mechanical energy to
hydraulic energy.
 They are used to move water from lower points to higher points with
a required discharge and pressure head.
 This chapter will deal with the basic hydraulic concepts of water
pumps
 Pump Classification
1. Turbo-hydraulic (kinetic) pumps

a) Centrifugal pumps (radial-flow pumps)

b) Propeller pumps (axial-flow pumps)

c) Jet pumps (mixed-flow pumps)

2. Positive-displacement pumps

a) Screw pumps

b) Reciprocating pumps
This classification is based on the way by
which the water leaves the rotating part of the
pump.

 In radial-flow pump the water leaves the

impeller in radial direction,

 while in the axial-flow pump the water leaves

the propeller in the axial direction.

 In the mixed-flow pump the water leaves the

impeller in an inclined direction having both

radial and axial components
 Radial Flow - a centrifugal pump in which the pressure is

developed wholly by centrifugal force.

 Mixed Flow - a centrifugal pump in which the pressure is

developed partly by centrifugal force and partly by the lift of the

vanes of the impeller on the liquid.

 Axial Flow - a centrifugal pump in which the pressure is

developed by the propelling or lifting action of the vanes of the

impeller on the liquid.
 Schematic diagram of basic
elements of centrifugal pump
Schematic diagram of axial-flow pump
arranged in vertical operation
Screw pumps.
 In the screw pump a revolving shaft fitted with blades
rotates in an inclined trough and pushes the water up the
trough.
 Reciprocating Pumps
• In the reciprocating pump a piston sucks the fluid into a
cylinder then pushes it up causing the water to rise.
 Centrifugal Pumps

 Broad range of applicable flows and heads

 Higher heads can be achieved by increasing the diameter or the

rotational speed of the impeller

Flow Expansion
Discharge
Casing
Suction Eye Impeller
Impeller
Vanes
Centrifugal Pump:
 Centrifugal pumps (radial-flow pumps) are the most used

pumps for hydraulic purposes. For this reason, their hydraulics

will be studied in the following sections.

 Main Parts of Centrifugal Pumps

1. Impeller:

 which is the rotating part of the

centrifugal pump.

 It consists of a series of
backwards curved vanes (blades).

 The impeller is driven by a shaft

which is connected to the shaft of
an electric motor.
Main Parts of Centrifugal Pumps
2. Casing
 Which is an air-tight passage surrounding the impeller

 designed to direct the liquid to the impeller and lead it away

 Volute casing. It is of spiral type in which the area of the flow

increases gradually.
3. Diffuser
 The stationary blade passages have an increasing cross-sectional
area Volute

Impeller Suction
 Principle of Operation of Centrifugal Pumps
 Whirling motion is imparted to the liquid by an impeller
 As the impeller rotates, the fluid that is drawn into the blade
passages at the impeller inlet or eye is accelerated as it is forced
radially outwards.
 The static pressure at the outer radius is much higher than at the
eye inlet radius.
 The water coming out of the impeller is then lead through the
pump casing under high pressure

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 The fluid has a very high velocity at the outer radius of the impeller
 to recover this kinetic energy by changing it into pressure energy,
diffuser blades mounted on a diffuser ring may be used
 As the fluid moves through them, diffusion action takes place and
hence the kinetic energy is converted into pressure energy.
 The fluid moves from the diffuser blades into the volute casing.
 It collects water and conveys it to the pump outlet.

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17
 A centrifugal pump impeller with the velocity triangles at inlet and
outlet is as shown below
Inlet to impeller Outlet from impeller

 The velocity C1 at the inlet to the rotor can be resolved into three
components
 Ca1—Axial velocity in a direction parallel to the axis of the rotating
shaft.
 Cr1 — Radial velocity in the direction normal to the axis of the
rotating shaft.
 Cw1 — whirl or tangential velocity in the direction normal to a
radius.
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 Cont …
 Exit velocity C2 can be resolved into three components: that is,

Ca2, Cr2, and Cw2.

 The change in magnitude of the axial velocity components

through the rotor gives rise to an axial force

 The change in magnitude of the radial velocity components

produces radial force.

 Neither has any effect on the angular motion of the rotor.

 The whirl or tangential components Cw produce the rotational

effect.

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 Cont ….
 The unit mass of fluid entering at section 1 and leaving in any

unit of time produces:

 The angular momentum at the inlet: Cw1r1

 The angular momentum at the outlet: Cw2r2

 Therefore, the rate of change of angular momentum = Cw1r1

– Cw2r2

 Under steady flow conditions, using mass flow rate m, the

torque  exerted by or acting on the rotor will be:

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 Cont….


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 Cont…
 where, W is the energy transferred per unit mass and U1 and U2 are the
rotor speeds at the inlet and the exit respectively
 Where Cw is the component of absolute velocity in the tangential
direction. E is referred to as the Euler head and represents the ideal or
theoretical head developed by the impeller only.
 The flow rate is:

 Cr is the radial component of absolute velocity and is perpendicular to

the tangent at the inlet and outlet and b is the width of the blade
 The work done on the water by the pump consists of the following
three parts:
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 Cont…
 The part (C22 – C12 )/2 represents the change in kinetic energy of the
liquid.
 The part (U22 – U12 )/2 represents the effect of the centrifugal head
or energy produced by the impeller.
 The part (V22 - V12 )/2 represents the change in static pressure of the
liquid, if the losses in the impeller are neglected.
SLIP FACTOR
 There is no assurance that the actual fluid will follow the blade
shape and leave the impeller in a radial direction.
 There is usually a slight slippage of the fluid with respect to the

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blade rotation.
 Fig. Velocity triangle at impeller outlet with slip.

• Where, from figure above β2’ is the angle at which the fluid
leaves the impeller, and β2 is the actual blade angle, and Cw2 and
Cw2‘ are the tangential components of absolute velocity
corresponding to the angles β2 and β2’, respectively. Thus, Cw2 is
reduced to Cw2’ and the difference Cw is defined as the slip.
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 Cont…

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 The effect of impeller shape
There are three main categories of impeller due type of impeller’s
vane, which are used in the centrifugal pumps as;
 Backward vanes, β2 < 900
 Radial vanes, β2 = 900
 Forward vanes, β2 > 900

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  For backward-curved vanes, the value of Cw2 (whirl
component at outlet) is much reduced. Thus, such rotors
have a low energy transfer for a given impeller tip speed

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Volute or Scroll Collector
 A volute or scroll collector consists of a circular passage of
increasing cross-sectional area
 The advantage of volute is its simplicity and low cost.
 The cross-sectional area increases as the increment of discharge
increases around the periphery of the impeller, if the velocity is
constant in the volute, then the static pressure is likewise constant
and the radial thrust will be zero

Fig. volute or scroll collector

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

29


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

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 vanes are used to diffuse the outlet kinetic energy of the fluid at a

much higher rate than is possible by a simple increase in radius, and

hence it is possible to reduce the length of flow path and diameter.

 The vane number, the angle of divergence is smaller, and the diffuser

becomes more efficient, but greater is the friction.

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 Examples
1. A fluid passes through an impeller of 0.22m outlet
diameter and 0.1m inlet diameter. The impeller is
rotating at 1250 rpm, and the outlet vane angle is set
back at an angle of 220 to the tangent. Assuming that the
fluid enters radially with velocity of flow as 3.5 m/s,
calculate the head imparted to a fluid.
2. A centrifugal pump impeller runs at 1400 rpm, and
vanes angle at exit is 250. The impeller has an external
diameter of 0.4m and an internal diameter of 0.2 m.
Assuming a constant radial flow through the impeller at
2.6 m/s, calculate (1) the angle made by the absolute
velocity of water at exit with the tangent, (2) the inlet
vane angle, and (3) the work done per kg of water
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3. A centrifugal pump runs at a tip speed of 12 m/s and a flow
velocity of 1.5 m/s. The impeller diameter is 1.2m and delivers
3.8m3/min of water. The outlet blade angle is 280 to the tangent
at the impeller periphery. Assuming that the fluid enters in the
axial direction and zero slip, calculate the torque delivered by
the impeller.
4. The impeller of a centrifugal pump has outer diameter of 1.06m
and speed is 56 m/s. The blades are backward curved and they
make an angle of 200 with the wheel tangent at the blade tip. If
the radial velocity of the flow at the tip is 7.5 m/s and the slip
factor is 0.88. Determine (1) the actual work input per kg of
water flow and (2) the absolute velocity of fluid at the impeller.

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 Solution no 1:
 Since fluid enters in the radial direction, Cw1 = 0, 1 =
900, β2 = 220, Ca1 = 3.5 m/s = Ca2

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 Solution no 2

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 Cont….

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 Solution no 3:
The Euler head H = E = (U2Cw2 - U1Cw1)/g. Since Cw1 =
0, as there is no inlet whirl component, head H is given
by

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 Solution no 4:

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 Pump Performance Characteristics
 Typical experimental arrangement for determining the
head rise, ha, gained by a fluid flowing through a pump
 Using the energy equation with ha = hi-hL

p2  p1 V22 V12
ha   Z 2  Z1  
 2g 2g

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 Pump Performance Characteristics
The differences in elevations and velocities are small
p2  p1
ha 

The power gained by the fluid
Qha
Pf = water horse power

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 The overall pump efficiency is affected by the hydraulic losses in the
pump, and in addition, by the mechanical losses in the bearings and
seals.

 The overall efficiency arises from three source, the hydraulic efficiency,
ηh, the mechanical efficiency, ηm ,and the volumetric efficiency, ηv

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 Pump Performance Characteristics


Rising head curve

Capacity
Best efficiency points (BEP)
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 Pump Performance Characteristics


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 Pump Performance Characteristics
 As the discharge is increased from zero the brake horsepower
increases, with a subsequent fall as the maximum discharge is
approached.

 The efficiency is a function of the flow rate and reaches a maximum

value at some particular value of the flow rate, commonly referred to
as the normal or design flow rate or capacity for the pump.

 The performance curves are very important to the engineer

responsible for the selection of pumps for a particular flow system

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 Definition Of Heads


45
 definition of heads


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

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

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 When this occurs, vapor bubbles form; this phenomenon can cause a

loss in efficiency as well as structural damage to the pump.

 How to characterize the potential for cavitation. To characterize the

potential for cavitation, define the net positive suction head (NPSH)
as
Vs2 pv
ps
NPSH   
 2g 
The liquid vapor
The total head on the pressure head
suction side near the
pump impeller inlet

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 NPSHR and NPSHA
 Required NPSH, denoted NPSHR, that must be maintained, or
exceeded, so that cavitation will not occur. Since pressure lower
than those in the suction pipe will develop in the impeller eye, it
is usually necessary to determine experimentally, for a given
pump, the required NPSHR.

Available NPSH, denoted NPSHA, represents the head that

actually occurs for the particular flow system. This value can be
determined experimentally, or calculated if the system parameters
are known.
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For typical system
The energy equation applied between the free liquid surface and a point
on the suction side of the pump near the impeller inlet

patm Vs2
ps
 z1     hL
  2g

Head losses between the free

surface and the pump
impeller inlet.

ps Vs2 patm
   z1   hL The head available at
 2g  the pump impeller inlet
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 For proper pump operation
NPSHA ≥ NPSHR
System Characteristics and Pump Selection
For a typical flow system in which a pump is used
The energy equation applied
between points (1) and (2)

hp  Z 2  Z1   hL

All friction losses

and minor losses
The actual head gained
by the fluid from the
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pump.
  hp  Z 2  Z1  KQ2

hL  KQ 2 K depends on the pipe size

and lengths, friction factors,
and minor loss coefficients.

 The above equation which shows how the actual head gained by the
fluid from the pump is related to the system parameters.
 There is also a unique relationship between the actual pump head
gained by the fluid and flow rate, which is governed by the pump
design.
 Pipe friction increase due to wall fouling.
(A) (B) flow rate ↓
efficiency↓

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 Utilization of the system curve and the pump performance curve to
obtain the operating point for the system

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 To select a pump for a particular application, it is necessary to

utilize both the system curve, determined by the system equation,

and the pump performance curve.

 The intersection of both curves represents the operating point for

the system.

 The operating point wanted to be near the best efficiency point

(BEP).

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 Pump Design and Efficiency


56
 Cont…
 and the hydraulic efficiency is defined as

 The hydraulic efficiency may be calculated from the

empirical equation

 where Q is in liters per second.

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 Volumetric Efficiency


58
Hence it also equals the ratio of the mass flow rates and can be
written as

Logan: correlated the volumetric efficiency according to

 The constants are given in table below; as a function of the

specific speed, with the flow rate in liters per second.

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 Mechanical Efficiency


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Q is given in liters per second and  in radians per second
The surface roughness of the flow passage is denoted by erms and its
value is in micrometers, with erms = 3.56 m

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 Specific Speed and Specific Diameter
 Specific speed is a useful pi term obtained by eliminating diameter

D between the low coefficient and the head rise coefficient

 Specific speed varies with flow coefficient just as the other

coefficients and efficiency.

 For any pump it is customary to specify a value of specific speed at

the flow coefficient corresponding to peak efficiency only.

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Figure of Cordier diagram for fans and pumps.

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Variation in specific speed with type of pump.

 Each family or class of pumps has a particular range of values of

specific speed associated with it.
 Pumps that have low-capacity, high-head characteristics will have
specific speed that are smaller than that have high-capacity, low-
head characteristics
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 Blade Loading Coefficient

 It is expressed interms of the reversible work rather than the

actual work

 Therefore, the loading coefficient is defined as

 Another way to size pumps is given by Cooper: - With a

specified flow rate and head rise across a pump, the rotational
speed is first chosen with the understanding that the higher the
speed, the more compact is the pump

 Once the rotational speed is fixed, the flow coefficient Φ =cr2/U2

65 can be obtained from the correlation

 A correlation for the blade-loading coefficient is

after the loading coefficient is determined, the blade speed is obtained

from

After that, the impeller radius is calculated from r2 = U2/

the absolute flow velocity determined from cr2 = ΦU2

where QR is the sum of the delivered flow Q and the leakage flow
QL
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 Examples
1. A pump is to be selected to pump water at the rate of 50
L/s. The increase in total head across the pump is to be
35 m. An electric motor, connected with a direct drive
and a rotational speed of 3450 rpm, provides the power
to the pump. Water is drawn from a pool at atmospheric
temperature and pressure. Its density is  = 998 kg/m3.
a) Estimate the pump efficiency, assuming erms = 3.56 m.
b) Calculate the pump diameter,
c) The power needed.

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 Solution (1)
a) The specific speed of this pump is

The efficiency is calculated as;

η=0.815
b) To determine the size of the pump, a Cordier diagram may be
consulted. The specific diameter is estimated to be Ds = 3.1 so that
the impeller diameter is

c) The power required is

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2. A pump handles water at the rate of 10 L/s with a head of
100 m across the pump. The power is provided by an
electric motor with shaft speed 3450 rpm. Water is at 20° C
with density  = 998kg/m3.
a) Calculate the specific speed of the pump.
b) Determine the flow coefficient and the blade-loading
coefficient,
c) Find the directions of the absolute velocity and the
relative velocity of water leaving the impeller,
d) Find the tip radius of the impeller,
e) Find the power needed.

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 Solution (2)
a) The specific speed of this pump is

b) The flow coefficient is determined from

and the blade loading coefficient is obtained from

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

71


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The overall efficiency is determined to be η = 0.66.
e) Hence the power to the pump is

Ex:-3 A three stage centrifugal pump has impellers 40cm in diameter and
2cm wide at outlet. The vanes are curved back at the outlet at 450 and
reduce the circumferential area by 10%. The manometric efficiency is
90% and the overall efficiency is 80%. Determine the head generated by
the pump when running at 1000r.p.m. delivering 50 liters per second.
What should be the shaft horse power?
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 End!

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