HEAT TRANSFER

Unit VI

Radiation Heat
Transfer

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation heat transfer is defined as, “ the transfer of

energy across a system boundary by means of an
electromagnetic mechanism which is caused solely by a
temperature difference.
Conduction and convection requires medium but radiation
does not require medium.

Rate of heat transfer by conduction and convection varies

as temperature difference to the first power whereas
radiant heat exchange between two bodies varies as
temperature difference to the fourth power.
The emission of the thermal radiation depends upon the
nature, temperature and state of the emitting surface.

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Total emissive power:-

• It is defined as total amount of radiation
emitted by a body per unit area and time.
Monochromatic emissive power:-
• it is defined as the rate of energy
radiated per unit area of the surface per
unit wavelength.
Emissivity :-
• It is defined as the ratio of the emissive
power of the any body to the emissive
power of the black body.
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer
Black body: For
perfectly absorbing α = 1, τ = 0, ρ = 0, such a body is called a black body, which
body, neither reflects nor transmits any part of the incident radiation but
absorbs all of it. In practice perfectly black body does not exist.
Opaque Body: For
opaque body, τ = 0, α + ρ = 1, such a body is called opaque body which does
not transmits but only absorbs or reflects the incident radiation.

White body: For

white body, ρ = 1, α = 0, τ = 0, such a body is called white body which
reflects all radiation falling on it.

Grey body: if the radiative

properties ρ ,α ,τ of a A grey body is also defined as one whose absorptivity of a surface
body are assumed to be
uniform over the entire does not vary with temperature and wavelength of the incident
wavelength spectrum, then
such a body is called grey
radiation.
body.

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

• Every surface emits electromagnetic waves

continuously in all possible directions due to
its temp.

• These electromagnetic waves carry energy

when they propagate and transfer thermal
energy when they impinge on a substance/
body. This kind of energy transfer is called
Heat Transfer by RADIATION.

• Heat transfer by emissions of radiation is

explained by two theories:

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Wave Theory or Maxwell’s

Classical Theory
• Radiation emissions propagate in the form of
waves. Since waves propagate through some
medium, this theory assumes that Universe is
filled with a hypothetical medium ETHER.
• Waves travel with the speed of light
• Every wave possesses certain amount of
energy, a part of which is transferred on
being impinged by some object in its route
of travel

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation

Thermal Radiation
(100μm to 0.1μm)

Solar (3-0.1μm)
Radiation
λ(μm) Visible Light(0.78-0.38)

104 103 102 101 100 10-1 10-2 10-3

1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017

ν(freq) Infrared
(1000-0.7μm)
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

2.Quantum Theory or Planck’s

Theory
• Radiation emissions are in the form of
series of entities known as quanta.
•
• Each quanta possesses certain amount
of energy, which is proportional to its
frequency of emission.
• • Quanta moves with the speed of light
and releases its energy on being
impinged by some object in its route
of travel
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Properties of Surface
Reflectivity (ρ):
Fraction of total energy falling on the surface,
which is reflected
Absoptivity (α):
Fraction of total energy falling on the surface,
which is absorbed
Transmissivity (𝜏):
Fraction of total energy falling on the surface,
which is transmitted (through)

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝜌 + 𝛼 + 𝜏 = 1
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Some Definitions

Black Body:
A body which absorbs all incident energy and
does not transmit and reflects at all, is called
Black Body. It is also the highest emitter of
radiation

𝜏 = 0; 𝜌 = 0; 𝛼 = 1; 𝜀 = 1
Examples: Surface coated with lamp black,
milk, ice, water, white paper etc

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

White Body:
A body which reflects the entire radiation
falling on it, is called White Body
𝜏 = 0; 𝛼 = 0; 𝜀 = 0; 𝜌 = 1
Gray Body:
The body having same value of
emissivity at all wavelengths , which is
equal to average emissivity, is known as
Grey body.
Generally, all engg metals are grey bodies,
for which ε=α, when in thermal equilibrium
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Emissive Power (q):

It is the rate, at which the radiant flux is

emitted from the surface at certain
temp
Monochromatic Emissive Power (qλ):
It is the rate, at which radiant flux is
emitted with a specific wavelength at
certain temp; it is λ dependent emissive
power

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Emissivity (ε):
It is the ratio of emissive power of a
surfaceto that of black body when both at
same temp 𝑞
𝜀=
𝑞𝑏
Monochromatic Emissivity (𝜀𝜆 ):
It is the ratio of monochromatic emissive
power of a surface to that of black body
when both are at same temp for same given
wavelength 𝑞𝜆
𝜀𝜆 =
𝑞𝑏 𝜆
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiosity (J):
It is the net energy leaving the surface.
It consists of the radiant energy emitted and
energy reflected out of the incident radiation
from the surface.
J= ε1qb + (1-ε1)G

Irradiation (G):
It is the net energy incident/falling on the
surface (need not necessarily be absorbed)

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Planck’s Law
Planck’s law is based on Quantum theory and it
gives the relationship among monochromatic
Emissive power of black body, the absolute Temp
of the surface and corresponding Wavelength and
is given as:
2πC1 2
qbλ = C2ൗ
W/m ;
λ5 . e λT − 1
whereC1 = 0.596x10−16 & C2 = 0.014387

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Planck’s Law
Plot shows the following:

• qbλ at certain temp first increases with λ,

attains some max value and then decreases

• For specific wavelength,

qbλ of black surface increases with temp
• Most of the thermal radiations lie in wavelength
region from 0.3 to 10 μm
• Wavelength (λm) , at which peak qbλ obtained,
decreases with increase in temp
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Wien’s Displacement Law

Wien’s Law gives the relationship between
the wavelengths (λm) , at which peak (qbλ )
monochromatic emissive power is obtained
and the absolute temp and given as:
λm.T=0.0029 mK

Plot and above relation show that the value

of wavelength, at which peak/max
monochromatic emissive power is obtained,
decreases (displaces/shifts) with increase in
surface temperature of the black body.
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Derivation of Wien’s Law

2𝜋𝐶1
As per Planck’s law, 𝑞𝑏𝜆 = 𝐶2ൗ
𝜆5 𝑒 𝜆𝑇 −1
𝐶2 𝐶2
𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 =𝑥⇒𝜆=
𝜆𝑇 𝑥𝑇

2𝜋𝐶1
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑞𝑏𝜆 =
𝐶2 5
5 5 𝑒𝑥 − 1
𝑥 𝑇
This eqn expresses
2𝜋𝐶1 . 𝑥 5 . 𝑇 5 . 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 −1
𝑂𝑟 𝑞𝑏𝜆 = qbλ of black body as
𝐶2 5 a function of x
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Derivation of Wien’s Law

For obtaining the wavelength (λm) for specified temp,
at which max qbλ occurs, we have to differentiate this
equation wrt x and equate it to zero.
𝑑 2𝜋𝐶1 . 𝑥 5 . 𝑇 5 . 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 −1
∴ =0
𝑑𝑥 𝐶2 5

2𝜋𝐶1 𝑇 5 𝑑 5 𝑥 −1
𝑂𝑟 5 . 𝑥 . 𝑒 −1 =0
𝐶2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 5 𝑥 −1
𝑂𝑟 𝑥 𝑒 −1 =0
𝑑𝑥
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer
Derivation of Wien’s Law
𝑑 5 𝑥 −1
𝑥 𝑒 −1 =0
𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝑒𝑥 − 1 −1
. 5𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 . −1 . 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 −2
. 𝑒𝑥 = 0

5𝑥 4 𝑥5. 𝑒 𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
=0
𝑒 −1 𝑒 −1

𝑥4 𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 5− 𝑥 =0
𝑒 −1 𝑒 −1

5𝑒 𝑥 − 5 − 𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 5−𝑥 −5=0
𝑂𝑟 = 0 ⇒ 𝑒
𝑒𝑥 − 1
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Derivation of Wien’s Law

𝑊𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 ⥂ 𝑒 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 − 5 = 0

This eqn is satisfied by putting x=4.96

𝐶2
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑥 = 4.96 =
𝜆𝑇

0.014387
∴ 𝜆𝑚 𝑇 = = 0.0029
4.96

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝜆𝑚 𝑇 = 0.0029𝑚𝐾

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer
Stefan Boltzmann’s Law
Emissive power of a black body is directly
proportional to fourth power of its
absolute temperature:
𝑞𝑏 ∞𝑇 4 𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑏 = 𝜎𝑇 4 ;
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝜎 = 5.67𝑥10−8 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 4
Kirchhof’s Law
When a surface is in thermal equilibrium
with its surroundings, the emissivity of the
surface is equal to its absorptivity
𝑇ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝛼 = 𝜀
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Solid Angle
Solid angle subtended by
surface A2 at surface dA1
(elementary surface)
is numerically equal to the
area on a surface of sphere
with unit radius and centre
at elementary area, which
is cut by conical surface
having its base as perimeter
of A2 and vertex at dA1
Solid angle is measured in Steradians (Sr) and
denoted by symbol ω 𝐴2
∴ 𝑑𝜔 = 2
𝑟
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer
Solid Angle Between Two Elementary Areas

Solid Angle subtended

by elementary area dA2
at dA1 can be given as:
𝑑𝐴2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽2
𝑑𝜔 =
𝑟2

Similarly, solid angle 𝑑𝐴1 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽1

𝑑𝜔 =
subtended by area dA1 𝑟2

at dA2 can be given as:

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Intensity of Radiation Radiation Heat Transfer

• Intensity of radiation emitted by a surface is equal to

the radiant energy passing in a specified direction
per unit solid angle
• Intensity of radiation varies in different directions
and is max in the direction normal to the surface I I
Lambert Cosine Law:
Intensity of radiation in any direction is proportional
to the Cosine of the angle made by that direction
with the normal.
That is, I=InCosβ; where In is the intensity (max) in
the normal direction and β is the angle made by that
direction with the normal
𝜎𝑇 4
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑞 = 𝜋𝐼𝑛 ⇒ 𝐼𝑛 =
𝜋
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Shape Factor/Geometric Factor

Shape factor is defined as the fraction of
energy emitted by one surface and directly
intercepted by the other.
1 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽1 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽2 𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟: 𝐹12 = නන
𝐴1 𝜋𝑟 2
𝐴 1 𝐴2

Shape Factor depends upon:

1. Shape and size of surfaces
2. Orientation of surfaces wrt each other
3. Distance between the surfaces
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Relations/ Theorems of Shape Factors

1. Reciprocal Relation: F12.A1=F21.A2
F11+F12+F13+………..+F1n=1
2. Enclosure Relation: If n no of surfaces F21+F22+F23+………..+F2n=1
form an enclosure, then: ………………………………………………
Fn1+Fn2+Fn3+………..+Fnn=1

3. Summation Relation:
Shape Factor F12 between two surfaces A1
and A2 is equal to the sum of shape
factors F13 & F14, if the two areas A3 & A4
together make up area A2
∴ 𝐹12 = 𝐹13 + 𝐹14 ; 𝐻𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟, 𝐹21 ≠ 𝐹31 + 𝐹41
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer
Relations/ Theorems of Shape Factors
4. Shape factor depends on geometry and
orientation of surfaces and it does not
change with temp.
5. Shape Factor wrt itself (F11, F22, F33…)
means radiation emitted by a portion of a
surface falling on the other portion of itself
directly
Example : Shape Factor for concave surface
Shape factor for convex or Flat surface wrt
itself is zero.

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer
Radiation Heat Exchange Between
Two Parallel Plates
Consider two grey opaque parallel plates
maintained at temperatures T1 & T2 having
emissivities ε1 & ε2 respectively
For grey bodies, absoptivity α = emissivity ε

T1,ε1

T2,ε2

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Heat Exchange Between Two Parallel Plates

Consider radiant flux q2 emitted by surface 2.
Out of q2, a fraction ε1q2 will be absorbed by surface 1
and rest (q2-ε1q2) will be reflected towards surface 2
Out of this, ε2(1-ε1)q2 will be absorbed by surface 2
and balance (1-ε1 )(1-ε2 )q2 will be reflected to 1
ε1q2

T1,ε1 (1-ε1)q2

T2,ε2 q2 (1-ε1)(1-ε2)q2

ε2(1-ε1)q2
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Heat Exchange Between Two Parallel Plates

Out of this, ε1(1-ε1)(1-ε2)q2 will be absorbed by surface 1 and
balance (1-ε1 )2(1-ε2 )q2 will be reflected back to 2

This process of absorption and reflection goes on indefinitely, the

quantities involved being successively smaller.
ε1q2 ε1(1-ε1)(1-ε2)q2 ε1(1-ε1)2(1-ε2)2q2 ε1(1-ε1)3(1-ε2)3q2

T1,ε1 (1-ε1)q2 (1-ε1)2(1-ε2)q2 (1-ε1)3(1-ε2)2q2

q2 (1-ε1)(1-ε2)q2 (1-ε1)2(1-ε2)2q2 (1-ε1)3(1-ε2)3q2

T2,ε2

ε2(1-ε1)q2 ε2(1-ε1)2(1-ε2)q2 ε2(1-ε1)3(1-ε2)2q2

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Heat Exchange Between Two Parallel Plates

Thus, total radiant flux absorbed by surface 1 out of
q2 emitted by surface 2 will be:
= 𝜀1 𝑞2 + 𝜀1 1 − 𝜀1 1 − 𝜀2 𝑞2 + 𝜀1 1 − 𝜀1 2 1 − 𝜀2 2 𝑞2
+𝜀1 1 − 𝜀1 3 1 − 𝜀2 3 𝑞2 +. . . . . . . . . . . . . ∞

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Heat Exchange Between Two Parallel

Plates
= 𝑞2 𝜀1 1 + 1 − 𝜀1 1 − 𝜀2 + 1 − 𝜀1 2 1 − 𝜀2 2 + 1 − 𝜀1 3 1 − 𝜀2 3 +. . . . . ∞
𝑞2 𝜀1 𝑞2 𝜀1
= =
1 − 1 − 𝜀1 1 − 𝜀2 1 − 1 − 𝜀1 − 𝜀2 + 𝜀1 𝜀2

𝑞2 𝜀1
=
𝜀1 + 𝜀2 − 𝜀1 𝜀2
Similarly, considering radiation flux q1 emitted by surface 1 and fraction out of
which absorbed by surface 2 can be given as:
𝑞1 𝜀2
=
𝜀1 + 𝜀2 − 𝜀1 𝜀2
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Heat Exchange Between Two Parallel Plates

Assuming T1 > T2 , net radiant flux absorbed by 2:
𝑞1 𝜀2 𝑞2 𝜀1
𝑞12 = −
𝜀1 + 𝜀2 − 𝜀1 𝜀2 𝜀1 + 𝜀2 − 𝜀1 𝜀2
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑞1 = 𝜀1 𝜎𝑇1 4 &𝑞2 = 𝜀2 𝜎𝑇2 4

𝜀2 𝜀1 𝜎𝑇1 4 − 𝜀1 𝜀2 𝜎𝑇2 4
𝑞12 =
𝜀1 + 𝜀2 − 𝜀1 𝜀2

𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4 𝜎𝐴 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4
𝑞12 = 𝑂𝑟𝑄12 =
1 1 1 1
+ −1 + −1
𝜀1 𝜀2 𝜀1 𝜀2
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Electrical Analogy of Radiation Radiation Heat Transfer

Shape/Space Resistance:
Heat flow between two black surfaces at temps T1 & T2 can be written
as: 𝜎 𝑇 4
− 𝑇 4
4 4 1 2
𝑄12 = 𝐹12 𝐴1 𝜎 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 =
1
𝐴1 𝐹12
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓 = 𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4
1 1
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝐸𝑆𝐼𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐶𝐸 = =
𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐴2 𝐹21

Due to finite dimensions of the surfaces, 100% of emitted radiation

from surface 1 does not fall on surface 2, hence some part of emitted
energy go to surroundings, thus lost. This loss is conceptually
explained to be caused due to resistance offered by finiteness of
dimensions of surfaces and their orientation. Hence, it is called
Shape/Space Resistance
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Electrical Analogy of Radiation Radiation Heat Transfer

Surface Resistance:
• Black body emits max possible radiation, and its
emissivity is taken as 1( the datum). However, Grey
bodies emit less due to surface properties; and hence
their emissivities are taken as less than 1 (in
comparison).
:• Therefore, emission of radiation from grey bodies is
always less than that of black body. This lesser
emission is conceptually assumed to be caused due to
a resistance offered by surface of the body as it
depends on surface property; the emissivity. This
resistance is called Surface Resistance and given as
1 − 𝜀1 1 − 𝜀2
𝑅𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = (𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒1)& (𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒2)
𝐴1 𝜀1 𝐴2 𝜀2
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer
Radiation Heat Exchange Between Two Parallel Plates (By
Other Method)
1 2
𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4
𝑄12 = ε1 ε2
1 − 𝜀1 1 1 − 𝜀2
+ +
𝐴1 𝜀1 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐴2 𝜀2 T1 T2

Since F12=1 & A1=A2=A;

𝑄12 𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4 𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4
= ⇒ 𝑞12 =
𝐴 1 1 1 1
−1+1+ −1 + −1
𝜀1 𝜀2
𝜀1 𝜀2

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Heat Exchange Between Two

T1,ε1
Concentric Infinitely Long Grey Cylinders

R1
R2

𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4
𝑄12 =
1 − 𝜀1 1 1 − 𝜀2
+ +
𝐴1 𝜀1 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐴2 𝜀2

F12=1 as inner cylinder is completely enclosed by 2

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer
Radiation Heat Exchange Between Two
Concentric Infinitely Long Grey Cylinders
𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4 Putting F12=1,
𝑄12 =
1 − 𝜀1 1 1 − 𝜀2 We have:
+ +
𝐴1 𝜀1 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐴2 𝜀2
𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4
𝑄12 =
1 1 𝐴 1
−1+1+ 1 −1
𝐴1 𝜀1 𝐴2 𝜀2

𝜎𝐴1 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4
⇒ 𝑄12 = A1=2лR1L
1 𝐴1 1
+ −1
𝜀1 𝐴2 𝜀2 A2=2лR2L
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Heat Exchange Between Two Surfaces

𝜎𝐴1 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4
⇒ 𝑄12 = This expression is very useful as it can be applied to
1 𝐴1 1
+ −1 so many situations:
𝜀1 𝐴2 𝜀2

1. For heat exchange between two concentric spheres; Only diff will be : A1=4лR12 &
A2=4лR22
2. For eccentric cylinders and spheres
3. For heat exchange between two parallel plates as A1 = A2 = A
4. For convex/Flat surface completely enclosed by other body as F12=1 and
F21=A1/A2
If enclosure (A2) is very large, A1/A2≈0; Hence, Q = σ ε1A1(T14 - T24)
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Shield

• In order to reduce the radiation heat

transfer rate between two surfaces, a third
surface is inserted between them. This
surface is known as Radiation Shield.
• Requirements of Shield (Surface):
• - Highly reflecting
• - Lowest emissivity (also absorptivity)
• - Lowest thickness (thinnest)
• Applications in more effective thermos
flasks, for reducing error in temp
measurement by thermocouples etc

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Shield 1 2
3
T1 T3 T2
Heat Flow Rate
𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4 ε1 ε3 ε2
assuming T1>T2: 𝑞12 =
1 1
+ −1
𝜀1 𝜀2

Now, a shield having both side emissivity ε3 is

placed between the surfaces 1 & 2.
On achieving steady state, the shield will
attain steady temp T3 between T1 & T2.
Since T3 remains steady, that means whatever
radiation, the shield is receiving from surface
1, the same it is giving out to surface 2.
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Shield
𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇3 4 𝜎 𝑇3 4 − 𝑇2 4
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑞13 = 𝑞32 ⇒ =
1 1 1 1
+ −1 + −1
𝜀1 𝜀3 𝜀3 𝜀2
1 1 1 1
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 + − 1 = 𝑥𝑎𝑛𝑑 + − 1 = 𝑦
𝜀1 𝜀3 𝜀3 𝜀2

𝑇1 4 − 𝑇3 4 𝑇3 4 − 𝑇2 4 𝑇3 4 𝑇3 4 𝑇1 4 𝑇2 4
𝑊𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒, = ⇒ + = +
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦

𝑦𝑇1 4 + 𝑥𝑇2 4
𝑂𝑟𝑥𝑇3 4 + 𝑦𝑇3 4 = 𝑦𝑇1 4 + 𝑥𝑇2 4 ⇒ 𝑇3 4 =
𝑥+𝑦
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Shield
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑇3 4 𝑖𝑛 𝑞13 exp ⥂ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛;
4 𝑦𝑇1 4 + 𝑥𝑇2 4
𝜎 𝑇1 − 𝑥+𝑦
𝑞13 =
𝑥
𝜎 𝑥𝑇1 + 𝑦𝑇1 − 𝑦𝑇1 4 − 𝑥𝑇2 4
4 4
=
𝑥 𝑥+𝑦

𝜎. 𝑥. 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4 𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4
∴ 𝑞13 = =
𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥+𝑦

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Shield
𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑥&𝑦; 𝑞13 =
1 1 1 1
+ −1 + + −1
𝜀1 𝜀3 𝜀3 𝜀2

𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4
On simplification: 𝑞13 =
1 1 2
+ −1 + −1
𝜀1 𝜀2 𝜀3

Since ε3 will be very small, hence denominator of q13 will

be very large, therefore, there shall be large reduction of
q12 to q13.
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Shield
If ε1= ε2=ε3= ε;

𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4 𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4
𝑞13 = =
1 1 2 2 2
+ −1 + −1 −1 + −1
𝜀 𝜀 𝜀 𝜀 𝜀
2
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠, − 1 𝑖𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜀

𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑞13 = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
2
𝑛+1 −1
𝜀
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Shield

𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑞13 = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
2
𝑛+1 −1
𝜀

𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4 𝑞12
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑂𝑁𝐸𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑; 𝑞13 = =
1 1 2
2 + −1
𝜀 𝜀

Hence, q13 now becomes half of q12

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Radiation
Unit VI Shield Radiation Heat Transfer

Home Assignment:
𝜎𝐴1 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4
Pr ⥂ ⥂ 𝑜 ⥂ 𝑣𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑄13 = ,
1 𝐴1 1 𝐴1 2
+ −1 + −1
𝜀1 𝐴2 𝜀2 𝐴3 𝜀3
when a shield having ε3 emissivity is placed
Cylinders
between TWO 1&2 having
Sphheres
emissivities ε1 & ε2 ma ⥂ int ⥂ a ined attemps T1 &T2
having areas A1 & A2 .

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Q1:Effective temp of a body having an area

of 0.12m2 is 527°C. Calculate the following:
a) Rate of radiation energy emission
b) Intensity of normal radiation
c) Wavelength of max monochromatic
emissive power
Solution:
a) Total emission of radiation Q=σ A T4
𝑄 = 5.67𝑥10−8 𝑥0.12𝑥 527 + 273 4 = 2786.9𝑊

𝑏)𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑞𝑏 𝜎𝑇 4
𝐼𝑛 = = = 5.67𝑥10−8 𝑥 527 + 273 4
= 7392.5𝑊/𝑚2 . 𝑠𝑟
𝜋 𝜋

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

c) Wavelength of max monochromatic

emissive power:

From Wien’s Displacement Law;

𝜆𝑚 𝑇 = 0.0029𝑚𝐾
0.0029 0.0029
⇒ 𝜆𝑚 = =
𝑇 527 + 273
−6
∴ 𝜆𝑚 = 3.625𝑥10 𝑚 = 3.625𝜇𝑚

Answer

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Q2: A sphere of radius 5cm is concentric with another

sphere. Find the radius of the outer sphere so that
shape factor of outer sphere wrt inner sphere is 0.6.

Solution: 2

A1=4лr12 A2=4лr22 F21=0.6 1

Since sphere 1 is completely enclosed R1
by sphere 2, hence F12=1 R2
We know that F12.A1=F21.A2
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖 ⥂ 𝑛𝑔𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠, 𝑤𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒;
1𝑥4𝜋 0.05 2 = 0.6𝑥4𝜋𝑅2 2

𝑅2 = 6.45𝑐𝑚𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Q3: Find F12. L2 =z/x

5
𝐹12 = 𝐹16 − 𝐹14 1 L1 =y/x
6
5 3
𝐴6 𝐴4
= 𝐹61 − 𝐹41
𝐴1 𝐴1 8
4 2

𝐴6 𝐴4 4 3
= 𝐹65 − 𝐹63 − 𝐹45 − 𝐹43
𝐴1 𝐴1

𝐿1 7 𝐿2 13
𝐹65 : = = 0.35& = = 0.65
𝑊 20 𝑊 20
From graph: F65=0.32
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Solution (Contd):

𝐿1 7 𝐿2 8
𝐹63 : = = 0.35& = = 0.4
𝑊 20 𝑊 20

From graph: F63=0.26

𝐿1 4 𝐿2 13
𝐹45 : = = 0.2& = = 0.65
𝑊 20 𝑊 20

From graph: F45=0.36

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Solution (Contd):

𝐿1 4 𝐿2 8
𝐹43 : = = 0.2& = = 0.4
𝑊 20 𝑊 20

From graph: F43=0.33

𝐴6 𝐴4
𝐹12 = 𝐹65 − 𝐹63 − 𝐹45 − 𝐹43
𝐴1 𝐴1

7𝑥20 4𝑥20
𝐹12 = 0.32 − 0.26 − 0.36 − 0.33
5𝑥20 5𝑥20
= 0.06

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Q 3: Find out heat transfer rate due to radiation between two infinitely long
parallel planes. One plane has emissivity of 0.4 and is maintained at 200°C.
Other plane has emissivity of 0.2 and is maintained at 30°C. If a radiation
shield ( ε=0.5) is introduced between the two planes, find percentage
reduction in heat transfer rate and steady state temp of the shield.
Solution:
𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4
𝑞12 =
1 1
+ −1
𝜀1 𝜀2
5.67𝑥10−8 200 + 273 4 − 30 + 273 4
𝑞12 =
1 1
+ −1
0.4 0.2
= 363𝑊/𝑚2
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Solution (Contd):
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑;

𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4
𝑞13 =
1 1 2
+ −1 + −1
𝜀1 𝜀2 𝜀3 =

5.67𝑥10−8 200 + 273 4 − 30 + 273 4

𝑞13 = = 248.4𝑊/𝑚2
1 1 2
+ −1 + −1
0.4 0.2 0.5

𝑞12 − 𝑞13
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥100
𝑞12
363 − 248.4
= 𝑥100 = 31.57%
363
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Solution (Contd):

Under Steady State

Conditions, we have:

𝜎 𝑇1 4 − 𝑇3 4 𝜎 𝑇3 4 − 𝑇2 4
𝑞13 = 𝑞32 ⇒ =
1 1 1 1
+ −1 + −1
𝜀1 𝜀3 𝜀3 𝜀2

𝜎 200 + 273 4 − 𝑇3 4 𝜎 𝑇3 4 − 30 + 273 4

𝑜𝑟 =
1 1 1 1
+ − 1 + −1
0.4 0.5 0.5 0.2

⇒ 𝑇3 = 431.67𝐾

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Gas Radiation Radiation Heat Transfer

• Gases in many cases are transparent to radiation

• When they absorb and emit radiation, they usually do so only in
certain narrow wavelength bands.
• Some gases such as N2, O2 and other non-polar gases are
essentially transparent to radiation, and they do not emit radiation
• While polar gases like CO2, H2O and various hydrocarbon gases
absorb and emit radiation to an appreciable extent in narrow
wavelength bands.
• For solids and liquids, radiation occurs from thin layer (1μm to
1mm) of surface, hence it is surface phenomenon. However, for gases
it is not surface but volumetric phenomenon.

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Volumetric Absorption: Radiation Heat Transfer
• Let a monochromatic beam of radiation having an Intensity Iλi
impinges on the gas layer of thickness dx as shown in Fig.

• Decrease in intensity resulting from absorption in the

layers is proportional to the thickness of layer and
intensity of radiation at that point
Iλi Iλo
• Thus;

Iλx

𝑑𝐼𝜆 = −𝑘𝜆 𝐼𝜆 𝑑𝑥;

x dx
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑘𝜆 𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑐ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
X=0

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Volumetric Absorption: Radiation Heat Transfer
• Integrating this equation gives;
𝐼𝜆𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝐼𝜆
න = න −𝑘𝜆 . 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝜆
𝐼𝜆𝑖 0

𝐼𝜆𝑥 Iλi Iλo

𝑜𝑟 = 𝑒 −𝑘𝜆𝑥
𝐼𝜆𝑖

Iλx
• This is Beer’s Law and represents
exponential decay of radiation x dx
intensity X=0

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Gas Radiation Radiation Heat Transfer
• we know that monochromatic transmissivity;
𝜏𝜆 = 𝑒 −𝑘𝜆 𝑥

• If gas is non-reflecting, then;

𝜏𝜆 + 𝛼𝜆 = 1
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝛼𝜆 = 1 − 𝜏𝜆

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝛼𝜆 = 1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝜆 .𝑥

𝐴𝑛𝑑, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒, 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜀𝜆 = 𝛼𝜆 = 1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝜆.𝑥

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer
Emissivity of CO2, H2O Vapor & Gas
• Emissivity of a gas mixture is a function of total pressure (P), partial
pressure of a gas(p), gas temperature (T) and characteristic dimension
of the system; also known as beam length
∴ 𝜀 = 𝑓 𝑃, 𝑝, 𝑇, 𝐿
• When the gas mixture is at 1 atm total pressure,
the emissivity of CO2 and H2O vapors are given by
following empirical relations;
3.5
𝑇 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠,
0.33
𝜀𝑐 = 3.5(𝑝. 𝐿) 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠
100 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
3 𝐿 = 3.6𝑥
𝑇 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝜀𝑤 = 3.5𝑝0.8 𝐿0.6
100

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd

 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Heat Exchange between Gas Volume & its Enclosure

• Rate of radiant heat transfer from the gas to its enclosure is given by:
𝑄 = 𝜀𝑔 . 𝐴𝑠 . 𝜎. 𝑇𝑔 4 ;
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝜀𝑔 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐴𝑠 𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑇𝑔 𝐺𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝
• If the enclosure surface is black, it will absorb all this radiation but
it will also emit radiation. Hence net rate, at which the radiation is
exchanged between the black enclosure surface at temp Ts and the
gas mixture at temp Tg (Tg Ts) is given by:

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑠 . 𝜎 𝜀𝑔 . 𝑇𝑔 4 − 𝛼𝑔 . 𝑇𝑠 4
Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd
 Unit VI Radiation Heat Transfer

Heat Exchange between Gas Volume & its Enclosure

• If the enclosure surface is grey, the net heat transfer
to grey enclosure having emissivity εgrey is given by:

𝑄𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑦 𝜀𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑦 + 1
=
𝑄𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 2

Heat Transfer by R P Kakde GCOEARA Awasari Khurd