Module 1- Introduction to quantum mechanics

Quantum theory of light

Photoelectric effect
Hot body radiation-Black body radiation- emission of light from a hot body
Compton effect
Particle property of waves
Light can act like particle as well as waves-Dual nature!!

Quantum theory of matter

Electron diffraction
Wave property of particle
Particles can exhibit like particle as well as waves- Dual nature!!
Emission of light from a hot body

Any hot body emits em waves we call this thermal radiation

Examples??
Redhot objects in furnace
Sun
How about us ? We are also emitting em waves! But what wavelength?

What is the relation between temperature and wavelength?

How can I calculate the energy density?
Emission of light from a hot body

Weins displacement law

 What is a Black body?
When electromagnetic radiation is incident on a body, some of it will be absorbed, some
reflected and some transmitted. A body can be imagined and constructed that absorbs all
radiation incident on it as long as it cooler than its surroundings. This body will also emit
radiation as long as it is hotter than its surroundings. Such a body is referred to as a Black
body
The spectral distribution of the radiation emitted by a
blackbody
 Classical Theory of thermal radiation
Each individual wave contributes an average energy of kT to the radiation in the box
Energy density in the frequency interval from u to u +du, . This is known as Rayleigh-Jeans formula

Ultraviolet Catastrophe!
Plank’s Hypothesis- Quantum theory of thermal radiation
 Planck suggested that an oscillating atom at the cavity walls can absorb or emit energy only in discrete
bundles
 At low frequency average energy =kT
 At high frequency average energy goes to zero
 Energy of an oscillator (atom) at a certain wavelength or frequency is no longer a continuous variable—it
is a discrete variable that takes only the values given by E=ne where e =hf
 Energy of radiation is given by Plank radiation Formula

8 𝜋 h𝜗 3
𝑢 ( 𝜗 ) 𝑑 𝜗= 3 h𝜗 / 𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝜗
𝑐 𝑒 −1

Which agrees well with experimental results

 Quantization property is a property of the electromagnetic field itself

Two observations that can be made about blackbody radiation

1) As temperature T of the body increases, intensity of the radiation from the body increases.
Stefan Boltzmann Law: The total Intensity R radiated by the object (energy per second per unit area)
R=es T4 s, Stefan’s constant s= ac/4=5.6×10-8 W/m2.K -4
a is universal constant, c is the velocity of light,the emissivity e depends on the nature of radiating surface and ranges
from 0, for perfect reflector which does not radiate, to 1, for a black body.[e=0.07 for polished steel, 0.6 for oxidized Cu
and brass, 0.97 for matte black paint]

2) Higher the temperature, lower is the wavelength of the most intense part of the spectrum.
Wein’s displacement Law: lmax T=b, where b=Wein’s constant=2.89×10-3 m K
DA-1 Problem 1 and 2

1. Estimate the wavelength and intensity of radiation emitted

by a glowing tungsten filament whose surface temperature
is 3300K.
2. Prove that at low frequencies Plank’s radiation formula is
equal to classical formula.