ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Power System Analysis Laboratory Manual

ACTIVITY 2: BUS VOLTAGES USING NODAL ANALYSIS

1.1 Program Outcomes (POs) addressed by the Activity

c. ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic
constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and
safety, manufacturability, and sustainability, in accordance with standards

d. ability to function on multidisciplinary teams

1.2 Activity’s Intended Learning Outcomes (AILOs)

At the end of this activity, the student shall be able to:
a. write the equation describing the power system
b. determine the node voltages of a given network

1.3 Objectives of the Activity

The objectives of this activity are to:
1. apply the principle of source transformation
2. use Microsoft Excel in computing for the node voltages

1.4 Principle of the Activity

Power systems are usually represented by one-line diagrams, in which a single line
represents the three phases connecting power system components together. One-line diagrams
are drawn with a standard set of symbols for machines, circuit breakers, transformers, and so
forth. They usually contain information such as voltage levels, device ratings, and connection
types (wye or delta), although the information on the diagram will vary depending on the purpose
for which it is used.

Power systems are usually analyzed by using per-phase, per-unit equivalent circuits. This
analysis is done on a per-phase basis because the magnitudes of the voltages and currents in each
phase of a balanced three-phase system are identical. The per-unit system is used because it
eliminates changes of voltage level within a system.

Various mathematical methods can be used to carry out the network reduction process
and derive the required power system equivalent. Most methods use either the bus impedance
matrix or the bus admittance matrix of the entire network.

ACTIVITY 2: Bus Voltages Using Nodal Analysis 1

 The general equation for n-bus network based on Kirchhoff’s current law and admittance
form is
[𝐼] = [𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠] ∗ [𝑉]
where
[𝐼] = is the n-bus current matrix [𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠]
= is the bus admittance matrix [𝑉] =
is the n-bus voltage matrix

The bus admittance matrix can be written as

𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑌1𝑛

𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 = [𝑌21 𝑌22 𝑌2𝑛]
𝑌𝑛1 𝑌𝑛2 𝑌𝑛𝑛

Ybus matrix for n-bus network has n rows and n columns. Each of the Y terms in the rows
and columns has two subscripts:
1. The first subscript refers to the bus number on which the current is expressed.
2. The second subscript refers to the bus number whose voltage has caused that current
component. The terms on diagonal are self-admittances. All the non-diagonal terms are
mutual admittances.

Self-Admittance of Node. The terms Yii (I = 1,2,3) are self-admittances of respective

nodes and represent the algebraic sum of all the admittances connected to that node. Each
diagonal term in the Ybus matrix is a self-admittance term.

Mutual Admittance Between Two Nodes. The mutual admittance terms (or transfer
admittance terms) are the terms Yik in Ybus matrix. All the non-diagonal terms in the Y bus matrix
are mutual admittance terms Yik (i; k = 1,2,3 … n). Mutual admittance between two buses is the
negative of the sum of all the admittances connected directly between those two buses.

Bus impedance matrix. The matrix Ybus is extremely useful in load flow calculations.
Inverting this matrix yields the bus impedance matrix Zbus, which is very important in fault
current studies.

1
𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠 = = 𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠−1
𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠

The voltages in power systems are usually calculated by nodal analysis. All sources are
represented as current sources by using Norton’s theorem, and all impedances are represented by
admittances. Then, nodal equations are written at every bus in the system, and the resulting set
of simultaneous equations is solved to determine the bus voltages.

ACTIVITY 2: Bus Voltages Using Nodal Analysis 2

 The system of equations to solve takes the form of the equation

𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑉 = 𝐼

where Ybus is the bus admittance matrix of a system. Y bus can usually be constructed by
inspection once a power system is represented with current sources and admittances, according
to the following rules:
− The diagonal elements Yii are equal to the sum of all admittances directly connected to
node i
− The off-diagonal elements Yij are equal to the negative of the admittances directly
connected to node i and node j.
The resulting system of equations can be solved by using Microsoft Excel to invert Y bus and
multiply it by the current vector I. Once Y bus has been calculated, the node voltages can be
derived from
𝑉 = 𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠−1𝐼
𝑉 = 𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠𝐼

1.5 Materials/Equipment

Scientific calculator
Microsoft Excel

1.6 Problem

Figure 1 shows a one-line diagram of a three-phase power system. The ratings of the
various components in the system are:
Synchronous generator 1: 40 MVA, 13.8 kV, Xs = 80%
Synchronous motor 2: 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, Xs = 80%
Synchronous motor 3: 10 MVA, 13.2 kV, Xs = 100%
Wye-Delta transformers: 20 MVA, 13.8/138 kV, X = 10%
Line 1: X = 50 Ω
Line 2: X = 30 Ω
Line 3: X = 30 Ω

ACTIVITY 2: Bus Voltages Using Nodal Analysis 3

 Figure 1

The per-unit system base for this power system is 40 MVA, 128 kV in transmission line
1.

1. Calculate the bus admittance matrix Ybus for the power system.
2. Derive the bus impedance matrix Zbus from the bus admittance matrix Y bus using
Microsoft excel.
3. Assume that the internal generated voltages of the generators and motors in the per-unit
equivalent circuit have the following values:

𝐸𝐺1 = 1.15∠22𝑜
𝐸𝑀2 = 1.00∠ − 20𝑜
𝐸𝑀3 = 0.95∠−15𝑜

a) Find the per-unit voltages on each bus in the power system.

b) Find the actual voltages on each bus in the power system using Microsoft Excel.

ACTIVITY 2: Bus Voltages Using Nodal Analysis 4

1.7 Activity Report

ACTIVITY 2: BUS VOLTAGES USING NODAL ANALYSIS

Section: AL41 Date Performed: OCT 15, 2022

Course Code: EE0051LLAB Date Submitted: OCT 22, 2022
Course Title: POWER SYSTEM
ANALAYSIS LAB
Instructor: ENGR. ONOFRE ALGARA

Group No.: Activity No.:

Group Members: Signature:

1. Jarilla Jeff Thomas D.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1.7.1 Calculations: Show your complete work

PARAMETERS
ZG1 = (0.03+0.80j)(13.8kV/12.8kV)2(40/40) = 0.0349+0.930j pu
Zm2 = (0.03+0.80j)(13.8kV/12.8kV)2(40/20) = 0.0697+1.860j pu
Zm3 = (0.03+1j)(13.8kV/12.8kV)2(40/10) = 0.1395+4.6494j pu
ZT1 = (0.02+0.10j)(13.8kV/12.8kV)2 = 0.0465+0.2325j pu
ZL1 = (10+50jΩ/4096.6Ω) = 0.0244+0.1221j pu
ZL2 = (5+30jΩ/4096.6Ω) = 0.0122+0.0732j pu
ZL3 = (5+30jΩ/4096.6Ω) = 0.0122+0.0732j pu
1. Calculate the bus admittance matrix Ybus for the system.
Ya= 1/ZT1+ZL1+ZT2 1 = 0.3275-1.6378j pu
(0.0465+0.2325j)+(0.0244+0.1221j)+(0.0465+ 0.2325j)
Yb= 1/ZT3+ZL2+ZT5 1 = 0.3498-1.7897j pu
(0.0465+0.2325j)+(0.0122+0.0732j)+(0.0465+ 0.2325j)
Yc= 1/ZT4+ZL3+ZT6 1 = 0.3498-1.7897j pu
(0.0465+0.2325j)+(0.0122+0.0732j)+(0.0465+ 0.2325j)

ACTIVITY 2: Bus Voltages Using Nodal Analysis 5

Yd= 1/ZG1 = 1 = 0.0403-1.0738 pu
0.0349+0.930j
Ye= 1/Zm3 = 1 = 0.0064-0.2149 pu
0.1395+4.6494j
Yf= 1/Zm2 = 1 = 0.0201-0.5369 pu
0.0697+1.860j
2. Derive the bus impedance matric Zbus from the bus admittance matric Ybus using
Microsoft excels.
Ya+Yb+ Yd −Ya −Yb
Ybus=[ −Ya Ya+Yc +Yf −Ye ]
−Yb −Yc Yb+Yc +Ye

[ ]
0.6837−3.6424 j −0.3275+1.6378 j −0.3498+1.7897 j
Ybus= −0.3275+1.6378 j 0.6974−3.9644 j −0.3498+1.7897 j
−0.3498+1.7897 j −0.3498+1.7897 j 0.706−3.7943 j

[ ]
0.6837−3.6424 j −0.3275+1.6378 j −0.3498+1.7897 j 1 0 0
−1
Ybu s = −0.3275+1.6378 j 0.6974−3.9644 j −0.3498+1.7897 j [ 0 1 0 ]
−0.3498+1.7897 j −0.3498+1.7897 j 0.706−3.7943 j 0 0 1
Make the pivot in the column 1st by dividing 1st row by 0.6837-3.6424

[ ]
1 0.1563−0.7363 j 0.1672−0.8047 j 0.0498+0.2652 j 0 0
−1
Ybu s = −0.3275+1.6378 j 0.6974−3.9644 j −0.3498+1.7897 j [ 0 1 0]
−0.3498+1.7897 j −0.3498+1.7897 j 0.706−3.7943 j 0 0 1
Multiply the 1 row by -0.3275+1.6378j
st

[ ]
0. 3275+1.6378 j 0.1563−0.7363 j 0.1672−0.8047 j −0.4506−0.053 j 0 0
Ybu s−1= −0.3275+1.6378 j 0.6974−3.9644 j −0.3498+1.7897 j [ 0 1 0]
−0.3498+1.7897 j −0.3498+1.7897 j 0.706−3.7943 j 0 0 1
Subtract the 1 row from the 2 Row and restore it
st nd

[ ]
1 −0.4506−0.0053 j −0. 4920−0.0037 j 0.0498+ 0.2625 j 0 0
Ybu s−1= 0 0. 5411−3.2281 j −0.5169+2.5944 j [0 .4506+ 0.0053 j 1 0]
−0.3498+1.7897 j −0.3498+1.7897 j 0.706−3.7943 j 0 0 1
Multiply the 1 row by -0.3498+1.7897j
st

ACTIVITY 2: Bus Voltages Using Nodal Analysis 6

 [ ]
−0.3498+1.7879 j 0.1672−0.8047 j 0.1787−0.8793 j 0.0498+ 0.2625 j 0 0
−1
Ybu s = 0 0.5411−3.2281 j −0.5169+2.5944 j [ 0.4506+ 0.0053 j 1 0 ]
−0.3498+1.7897 j −0.3498+1.7897 j 0.706−3.7943 j 0 0 1
Subtract the 1 row from the 3 row and restore it
st rd

[ ]
1 −0.4506−0.0053 j −0.4920−0.0037 j 0.0498+0.2652 j 0 0
−1
Ybu s 0 0.5411−3.2281 j −0.5169+ 2.5944 j 0.4506+0.0053 j [ 1 0 ]
0 −0.5169+2.5944 j 0.5273−2.9149 j 0.4920+0.0037 j 0 1

Make the pivot in 2nd column by dividing the 2nd row by 0.5411-3.2281j

[ ]
1 −0.4506−0.0053 j −0.4920−0.0037 j 0.0498+0.2652 j 0 0
−1
Ybu s 0 1 −0. 8078−0.0247 j 0. 0212+0.1361 j [0.0505+ 0.3013 j 0 ]
0 −0.5169+2.5944 j 0.5273−2.9149 j 0.4920+0.0037 j 0 1
Multiply the 2nd row by -0.4506-0.0053j

[ ]
1 −0.4506−0.0053 j −0.4920−0.0037 j 0.0498+0.2652 j 0 0
−1
Ybu s 0 −0.4506−0.0053 j 0.3639+ 0.0154 j −0.0088−0.0614 j [ −0.0212−0.1361 j 0 ]
0 −0.5169+2.5944 j 0.5273−2.9149 j 0.4920+0.0037 j 0 1
Subtract the 2nd row form 1st row and restore it

[ ]
1 0 −0. 8559−0. 0191 j 0. 0586+ 0.3266 j 0.0212+ 0.1361 j 0
−1
Ybu s 0 1 0. 8078−0.02474 j 0.0212−0. 1361 j [ 0 .0505−0. 3013 j 0 ]
0 −0.5169+2.5944 j 0.5273−2.9149 j 0.4920+0.0037 j 0 1
Multiply the 2nd row by -0.5169+2.5944j

[ ]
1 0 −0. 8559−0. 0191 j 0. 0586+0. 3266 j 0.0212+0.1361 j 0
−1
Ybu s 0 −0.5169+2.5944 j 0. 4818−2.0831 j −0.3639−0.0154 j [−0.8078−0.0247 j 0 ]
0 −0.5169+2.5944 j 0.5273−2.9149 j 0.4920+0.0037 j 0 1
Subtract the 2nd row from the 3rd row and restore it

[ ]
1 0 −0. 8559−0. 0191 j 0. 0586+0. 3266 j 0.0212+0.1361 j 0
−1
Ybu s 0 1 −0.8078−0.0247 j 0.0212+0.1360 j 0.0505+0.3013 j [ 0 ]
0 0 0. 0455−0.8319 j 0. 8559+0.0191 j 0.8078+ 0.0247 j 1
Make the pivot in the 3rd column by dividing the 3rd row by 0.0455-0.08319j

[ ]
1 0 −0. 8559−0. 0191 j 0. 0586+0. 3266 j 0.0212+ 0.1361 j 0
−1
Ybu s 0 1 −0.8078−0.0247 j 0.0212+0.1360 j 0.0505+ 0.3013 j [ 0 ]
0 0 1 0.0312+1.0270 j 0.0233+ 0.9697 j 0.06555+1.1984 j
Multiply the 3rd row by -0.8559-0.0191j

[ ][ ]
1 0 −0.8559−0.0191 j 0.0586+ 0.3266 j 0.0212+ 0.1361 j 0
Ybu s−1 0 1 −0.8078−0.0247 j 0.0212+0.1360 j 0.0505+ 0.3013 j 0
0 0 −0.08559−0.0191 j −0.0088 j−0.8797 j −0.0014−0.8305 j −0.0332−1.0270 j
Subtract the 3rd row from the 1st row and restore it

[ ][ ]
1 0 0 0.0 674+1.2064 j 0.02 26+0.9666 j 0.0332+1.0270 j
−1
Ybu s 0 1 −0.8078−0.0247 j 0.0212+0.1360 j 0.0505+0.3013 j 0
0 0 1 0.0332+1.0270 j 0.0233+0.9697 j 0.0656+1.1984 j
Multiply the 3rd row by -0.8078-0.0247j

ACTIVITY 2: Bus Voltages Using Nodal Analysis 7

 [ ]
1 0 0 0.0 674+1.2064 j 0.0226+ 0.9666 j 0.0332+1.0270 j
−1
Ybu s 0 1 −0.8078−0.0247 j 0.0212+0.1360 j 0.0505+ 0.3013 j [ 0 ]
0 0 −0.8078−0.0247 j −0.0014−0.8305 j 0.0052−0.7839 j −0.0233−0.9697 j
Subtract the 3rd row from the 2nd row and restore it

[ ]
1 0 0 0.0 674+1.2064 j 0.02 26+0.9666 j 0.0332+1.0270 j
Ybu s−1 0 1 0 0.0 226+0. 9666 j 0.0 453+1.0853 j 0.0233+0.9697 j
0 0 1 0.0332+1.0270 j 0.0 233+0.9697 j 0.0656+1.1984 j
The result is Zbus =Ybus-1

[ ]
0.0674+1.2064 j 0.0226+ 0.9666 j 0.0332+ 1.0270 j
−1
Ybu s 0.0226+0.9666 j 0.0453+ 1.0853 j 0.0233+ 0.9697 j
0.0332+1.0270 j 0.0233+ 0.9697 j 0.0656+ 1.1984 j

ACTIVITY 2: Bus Voltages Using Nodal Analysis 8

3. Assume that the internal generated voltage of the generators and motors in the per-unit
equivalent circuit have the following values:
a. Find the per-unit voltages on each bus in the power system.
EG1 = 1.15 ∠ 22o
Em2 = 1. 00 ∠−2 0o
EG1 = 0.95 ∠−15o
EG1 1.15 ∠ 22
I1 = = = 1. 2357 ∠−65.8509
ZG1 0.0349+0.930j pu

EM2 1. 00 ∠−20
I2 = = = 0.5373 ∠−107.8540
ZM2 0.0697+1.860j pu

EM3 0.95 ∠−15

I3 = = = 0.2042 ∠−103.2814
ZM3 0.1395+4.6494j pu
Ybus V = I

[ ][ ]
0.6837−3.6424 j −0.3275+1.6378 j −0.3498+1.7897 j 0.5055−1.1276 j
V = −0.3275+1.6378 j 0.6974−3.9644 j −0.3498+1.7897 j −0.1647+0.5114 j
−0.3498+1.7897 j −0.3498+1.7897 j 0.706−3.7943 j −0.0469−0.1987 j
c11 = (0.6837-3.641j) x (0.5055-1.1276j) + (-0.3275+1.6378j) x (-0.1647+0.5114j) + (-
0.3498+1.7897j) x (-0.0469-0.1987j) = -4.17159391-3.06312645j

[ ]
−4.1716−3.0631 j
0
0
c21 = (-0.3275+1.6378j) x (0.5055-1.1276j) + (0.6974-3.9644j) x (-0.1647+0.5114j) + (-
0.3498+1.7897j) x (-0.0469-0.1987j) = 3.96578342+2.19235227j

[ ]
−4.1716−3.0631 j
3.9658+2.1924 j
0
c31 = (-0.3498+1.7897j) x (0.5055-1.1276j) + (-0.3498+1.7897j) x (-0.1647+0.5114j) +
(0.706-3.7943j) x (-0.0469-0.1987j) = 0.19656249+0.86314699j

[ ]
−4.1716−3.0631 j
3.9658+2.1924 j
0.1966+ 0.8631 j

ACTIVITY 2: Bus Voltages Using Nodal Analysis 9

 [ ][ ]
−4.1716−3.0631 j 5.1754 ∠−143.7111
V = 3.9658+2.1924 j = 4.5315∠28.9349
0.1966+ 0.8631 j 0.8852∠77.1679
V1 = 5.1754 ∠−143.7111
V2 = 4.5315 ∠28.9349
V3 = 0.8852 ∠77.1679

b. Find the actual voltages on each bus in the power system using Excel

V1 = V1 pu Vbase = (5.1754) (12.8kV) = 66.24512 kV

V2 = V2 pu Vbase = (4.5315) (12.8kV) = 58.0032 kV
V3 = V3pu Vbase = (0.8852) (12.8kV) = 11.328 kV

ACTIVITY 2: Bus Voltages Using Nodal Analysis 10