LIGHT

DEPENDENT
RESISTOR

Submitted by
Mann Chavda
Class XII
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my teacher (Mr. Sanjay Singh
Gaharwar) as well as our principal (Mr.
Joyen Jose) who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic (Light Dependent Resistor), which
also helped me in doing a lot of Research
and I came to know about so many new
things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.

Mann Chavda
 INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2
2. AIM & APPARATUS
3
3. PHOTORESISTOR DISCOVERY
4-5
AND MECHANISM
4. PRINCIPLE & THEORY
5-6
5. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF
6-8
COMPONENTS
6. APPLICATIONS
9
7. PROCEDURE
10
8. OBSERVATIONS
11-14
9. RESULT & CONCLUSIONS
15
10. BIBLOGRAPHY
16
 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTANCE
Project Report Physics
INTRODUCTION
In the society, sometimes street lights glow in day time due to any
reason. In mines area people face many difficulties due to absence
of light in the nights. In frontier and hilly areas, people face many
problems due to damaged street lights.
For solve above these problems, we create a device in which the
lights glow in night and in day time, they off automatically and
don't glow. Due to use of it, we can solve above problems and can
also save electricity and men's power.

AIM:To study thevariations, in current flowingin a

circuitcontaininga LDR, because of a variation:-
(a) In the power of the incandescent lamp, used to‘illuminate’ the
LDR. (Keeping all the lamps at a fixeddistance).
(b) In the distance of a incandescentlamp, (of fixedpower), used to
‘illuminate’ the LDR.

APPARATUS:
Light Dependent Resistor(LDR),Connecting Wires, Source of
different power rating(bulbs), Bulb Holder , Metrescale, Multi
Meter Battery.
Photoresistor discovery
Photoresistors, or light dependent resistors have
been in use for very many years. Photoresistors
have been seen in early forms since the nineteenth
century when photoconductivity in selenium was
discovered by Smith in 1873. Since then many
variants of photoconductive devices have been
made.
Much useful work was conducted by T. W. Case in
1920 when he published a paper entitled
"Thalofide Cell - a new photo-electric cell".
Other substances including PbS, PbSe and PbTe
were studied in the 1930s and 1940s, and then in
1952, Rollin and Simmons developed their
photoconductors using silicon and germanium.
Photoresistor mechanism
A photoresistor or photocell is a component that uses a
photoconductor between two contacts. When this is exposed to
light a change in resistance is noted.Photoconductivity - the
mechanism behind the photoresistor - results from the
generation of mobile carriers when photons are absorbed by
the semiconductor material used for the photoconductor. While
the different types of material used for light dependent resistors
are semiconductors, when used as a photo-resistor, they are
used only as a resistive element and there are no PN junctions.
Accordingly the device is purely passive.
There are two types of photoconductor and hence
photoresistor:
 Intrinsic photoresistor: This type of photoresistor
uses a photoconductive material that involves excitation of
charge carriers from the valence bands to the conduction
band.
 Extrinsic photoresistor: This type of photoresistor uses
a photoconductive material that involves excitation of
charge carriers between an impurity and the valence band
or conduction band. It requires shallow impurity dopants
that are not ionised in the presence of light.

 Extrinsic photoresistors or photocells are generally

designed for long wavelength radiation - often infra-red, but
to avoid thermal generation they need to be operated at
low temperatures.
PRINCIPLE
This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance
(L.D.R.). Light Dependent Resistance [LDR] is a resistance, in
which opposing power of current depends on the presence of
quantity of light present, i.e. the resistance of LDR increases or
decreases, according to quantity of light which falls on it.

If LDR places in darkness, the resistance of LDR increases and

when light falls on it, the resistance of LDR decreases and act
as a conductor. Any LDR in the presence of light and darkness
changes its resistance is depends on the different types of LDR.
ADVANTAGES

 Collection of parts of the circuit are easily available.

 Accuracy of this circuit is more than accuracy of other
circuits.
 By using laser, it can be used for security purposes.
 It can be used to stop the wastage of electricity.
 The cost of circuit is low.
 This circuit saves the men's power.
USES

 It can be used in street lights.

 It can be used in mines areas.
 It can be used in hilly areas.
 By using laser, it can be used for safety purposes.
 It can be used in frontier areas.
 It can be used in houses.
 It can be used in jail lights.
BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF COM PONENTS
1. TRANSISTOR:-When a thin slice of p-type is sandwiched
between two blocks of n-type, then n-p-n transistor is formed. It
consists of emitter, base, and collector. In the project, common emitter
n-p-n transistor ( BC-147 & SL-100) is used.
2. DIODE:- When a p-type and n-type semiconductors are joined a
diode is formed. It conducts when forward biased and does not
conduct when reverse biased. In the project, IN-4007diode is used.
3. RELAY:- It helps to contact and discontact. In the project, we use
relay of 6 ohms.
4. CARBON RESISTOR:- A carbon resistor has generally four rings
or bands A,B,C and D of different colours corresponding to the value
of resistance. In project, we use carbon resistance of 220 kilo-ohms,
1.5 kilo-ohms and 820 ohms.
5. LDR:- LDR means light dependent resistance which is used to
complete the circuit.
6. TRANSFORMER:- Transformer is used to convert low alternating
voltage to high alternating voltage by decreasing the current and vice-
versa. We use a transformer of 6-0-6V for the circuit.
7. CAPACITOR:- Capacitor is used to block DC. In the circuit, we
use the capacitor of 220mfd and
1000mfd. Photoresistor
8.BULB:- An electric bulb is
connected to the circuit when LDR
comes in the darkness.
9.PHOTORESISTOR-
A photoresistor (or light-
dependent resistor, LDR,
or photocell) is a light-controlled
variable resistor. The resistance of
a photoresistor decreases with
increasing incident light intensity; in
other words, it Type Passive
exhibits photoconductivity. A
photoresistor can be applied in Working Photoconductivity
light-sensitive detector circuits, and principle
light- and dark-activated switching
circuits. Electronic symbol
A photoresistor is made of a high
resistance semiconductor. In the
dark, a photoresistor can have a
resistance as high as several The symbol for a
megohms (MΩ), while in the light, a photoresistor
photoresistor can have a resistance
as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a
photoresistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons absorbed
by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to
jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electrons (and
their hole partners) conduct electricity, thereby
lowering resistance. The resistance range and sensitivity of a
photoresistor can substantially differ among dissimilar devices.
Moreover, unique photoresistors may react substantially
differently to photons within certain wavelength bands.
A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An
intrinsic semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not
an efficient semiconductor, for example, silicon. In intrinsic
devices the only available electrons are in the valence band,
and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the
electron across the entire bandgap. Extrinsic devices have
impurities, also called dopants, added whose ground state
energy is closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do
not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (that is, longer
wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the
device. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by
phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons
available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic
semiconductor.
Applications

The internal components of a photoelectric control for a typical

American streetlight. The photoresistor is facing rightwards, and
controls whether current flows through the heater which opens
the main power contacts. At night, the heater cools, closing the
power contacts, energizing the street light.
Photoresistors come in many types. Inexpensive cadmium
sulphide cells can be found in many consumer items such as
camera light meters, clock radios, alarm devices (as the
detector for a light beam), nightlights, outdoor clocks, solar
street lamps and solar road studs, etc.
Photoresistors can be placed in streetlights to control when the
light is on. Ambient light falling on the photoresistor causes the
streetlight to turn off. Thus energy is saved by ensuring the light
is only on during hours of darkness.
They are also used in some dynamic compressors together with
a small incandescent or neon lamp, or light-emitting diode to
control gain reduction. A common usage of this application can
be found in many guitar amplifiers that incorporate an
onboard tremolo effect, as the oscillating light patterns control
the level of signal running through the amp circuit.
The use of CdS and CdSe[3] photoresistors is severely
restricted in Europe due to the RoHS ban on cadmium.
Lead sulphide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs (light-
dependent resistors) are used for the mid-infrared spectral
region. Ge:Cuphotoconductors are among the best far-
infrared detectors available, and are used for infrared
astronomy and infrared spectroscopy.
PROCEDURE
1. Choose a specific position for the source and mount
it using a holder, make sure it is stable.
2. Select the bulb with the lowest power rating and
connect it to the holder as shown in the figure.
3. Connect the LDR, battery (6V) and the multimeter
in series.
4. Set the multimeter to ohm section and select
suitable range and measure the resistance with a
bulb on.
5. Similarly switch to current section and move to
micro ampere in the multimeter. This gives the
value of the current.
6. Repeat these steps with different power sources at
different distances and note down observations.
 OBSERVATIONS:-
The experiment has been conducted by using various sources with
different power ratings.Voltage of the battery = 6 V.

OBSERVATIONS TABLE :-

(a) Variation in current of LDR with lamps of different power,

keeping distance fixed.

Distance
between Source(Bulb)
S.No. LDR and Of power Resistance(Ω ) Current(mA)
the source inputs(W)
d(cm)
1. 10 15 1310 4.58
2. 10 30 770 7.00
3. 10 60 285 21.00
4. 10 100 195 30.00

1. 20 15 2800 2.14
2. 20 60 650 9.00
3. 20 100 435 13.79

1. 30 15 4300 1.4
2. 30 60 1000 6.00
3. 30 100 660 9.00
(b) Variation in current of LDR with distance :-

FOR 15 W POWER SOURCE

Distance between
S.No. LDR and the Resistance(Ω ) Current(µA)
source d(cm)
1. 4 1010 5.94
2. 6 1350 4.44
3. 8 1490 4.03
4. 10 1610 3.73
5. 12 1740 3.45
6. 14 1880 3.19
7. 16 2300 2.61
8. 18 2540 2.36
9. 20 2800 2.14
10. 22 3000 2.00
11. 24 3240 1.85
 FOR 60 W POWER SOURCE

Distance between
S.No. LDR and the Resistance(Ω ) Current(mA)
source d(cm)
1. 4 105 57
2. 6 180 33
3. 8 230 26
4. 10 280 21
5. 12 360 16
6. 14 440 13
7. 16 500 12
8. 18 575 10
9. 20 675 8.8
10. 22 740 8.1
11. 24 820 7.3
 FOR 100 W POWER SOURCE

Distance between
S.No. LDR and the Resistance(Ω ) Current(mA)
source d(cm)
1. 4 80 75
2. 6 130 46
3. 8 170 35
4. 10 205 29
5. 12 270 22
6. 14 300 20
7. 16 360 16
8. 18 410 14
9. 20 460 13
10. 22 525 11
11. 24 585 10
 CONCLUSION & RESULT

1. The LDR resistance decreases with increase in intensity of light

and hence there is an increase in the flow of current.
2. There is an increase in the current as the distance from the
source decreases.
3. The intensity decreases as the distance from the source
increases
4. The error lies within the experimental limit.

SOURCES OF ERROR

1. The LDR may not be perpendicular to the source.

2. Connections may be faulty.
3. The experiment should be conducted in a dark room.
4. Measurements should be taken accurately.
 Bibliography

1. NCERT CLASS 12 PHYSICS TEXTBOOK

2. www.google.co.in
3. www.wikipedia.com
4. www.yahoo.co.in