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INTRODUCTION AND
ABSTRACT 1
2. PHOTORESISTOR
DISCOVERY AND 2-3
MECHANISM
3. PRINCIPLE & THEORY
3-4
4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF
5-7
COMPONENTS
5. APPLICATIONS
7-8
6. PROCEDURE
8-9
7. OBSERVATIONS
9-11
INDEX
Page 1 of 15
INTRODUCTION
In the society, sometimes street lights glow in day time due to any reason. In mines
area people face many difficulties due to absence of light in the nights. In frontier and
hilly areas, people face many problems due to damaged street lights.
For solve above these problems, we create a device in which the lights glow in night
and in day time, they off automatically and don't glow. Due to use of it, we can solve
above problems and can also save electricity and men's power.
Abstract : To study the variations, in current flowing in a circuit containing a LDR,
because of a variation:-
In the power of the incandescent lamp, used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR. (Keeping all
APPARATUS:
Photo resistors, or light dependent resistors have been in use for very many years.
Photo resistors have been seen in early forms since the nineteenth century when
photoconductivity in selenium was discovered by Smith in 1873. Since then many
variants of photoconductive devices have been made.
Much useful work was conducted by T. W. Case in 1920 when he published a paper
entitled "Thalofide Cell - a new photo-electric cell".
Other substances including PbS, PbSe and PbTe were studied in the 1930s and
1940s, and then in 1952, Rollin and Simmons developed their photoconductors
using silicon and germanium.
Photoresistor mechanism
PRINCIPLE
If LDR places in darkness, the resistance of LDR increases and when light falls on it,
the resistance of LDR decreases and act as a conductor. Any LDR in the presence of
light and darkness changes its resistance is depends on the different types of LDR.
ADVANTAGES
USES
8.BULB:- An electric bulb is connected to the circuit when LDR comes in the
darkness.
Page 6 of 15
9.PHOTORESISTOR-A photoresistor (or light-dependentresistor, LDR,
or photocell) is a light-controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor
decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it
exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector
circuits, and light- and dark-activated switching circuits.
hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across the
entire band gap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants, added whose
ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have
as far to jump, lower energy photons (that is, longer wavelengths and lower
frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its
atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons
available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor.
Applications
the detector for a light beam), nightlights, outdoor clocks, solar street lamps and solar
road studs, etc.
Photoresistors can be placed in streetlights to control when the light is on. Ambient
light falling on the photoresistor causes the streetlight to turn off. Thus energy is
saved by ensuring the light is only on during hours of darkness.
PROCEDURE
1. Choose a specific position for the source and mount it using a holder, make sure it
is stable.
2. Select the bulb with the lowest power rating and connect it to the holder as shown
in the figure.
3. Connect the LDR, battery (6V) and the multimeter in series.
4. Set the multimeter to ohm section and select suitable range and measure the
resistance with a bulb on.
Page 9 of 15
5. Similarly switch to current section and move to micro ampere in the multimeter.
This gives the value of the current.
6. Repeat these steps with different power sources at different distances and note
down observations.
OBSERVATIONS :-
The experiment has been conducted by using various sources with different power
ratings. Voltage of the battery = 6 V.
OBSERVATIONS TABLE :-
Variation in current of LDR with lamps of different power, keeping distance fixed.
Distance
Source(Bulb)
between LDR
S.No. Of power Resistance(Ω ) Current(mA)
and the source
imputs(W)
d(cm)
1. 10 15 1310 4.58
2. 10 30 770 7.00
3. 10 60 285 21.00
1. 20 15 2800 2.14
2. 20 60 650 9.00
1. 30 15 4300 1.4
2. 30 60 1000 6.00
Distance between
S.No. LDR and the source Resistance(Ω ) Current(mA)
d(cm)
1. 4 105 57
2. 6 180 33
3. 8 230 26
4. 10 280 21
5. 12 360 16
6. 14 440 13
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7. 16 500 12
8. 18 575 10
9. 20 675 8.8
Distance between
S.No. LDR and the source Resistance(Ω ) Current(mA)
d(cm)
1. 4 80 75
2. 6 130 46
3. 8 170 35
4. 10 205 29
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5. 12 270 22
6. 14 300 20
7. 16 360 16
8. 18 410 14
9. 20 460 13
10. 22 525 11
11. 24 585 10
CONCLUSION & RESULT
1. The LDR resistance decreases with increase in intensity of light and hence
there is an increase in the flow of current.
2. There is an increase in the current as the distance from the source decreases.
SOURCES OF ERROR