Physics Investigatory

11/25/2016
EMERALD INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

PHYSICS PROJECT

LIGHT DEPENDENT
RESISTOR

SUBMITTED BY -Sushant
Class -XII (MEDICAL)
SUBMITTED TO -MR.Narender
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my teacher
(Mr.Narender) as well as our
principal (Mrs.Manisha Gulati)
who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic
(LDR), which also helped me in
doing a lot of Research and i
came to know about so many
new things I am really thankful to
them.
Secondly I would also like to
thank my parents and friends
who helped me a lot in finalizing
this project within the limited
time frame.
 Page 3 of 23

Certificate
This is to certify that Sushantt of
class XII A has successfully
completed the investigatory
project on “TO STUDY
VARIATION OF CURRENT
USING A LDR" under the
guidance of Mr Narender singh
.This project is absolutely
genuine and doesn't not involve
in any kind of plagiarism.
 INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

1.INTRODUCTION

2.AIM & APPARATUS

3.PHOTORESISTOR DISCOVERY
AND MECHANISM

4.PRINCIPLE & THEORY

5.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF
COMPONENTS

6.APPLICATIONS

7.PROCEDURE

8.OBSERVATIONS

9.RESULT & CONCLUSIONS

10.BIBLOGRAPHY
 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTANCE
Project Report Physics

INTRODUCTION
In the society, sometimes street lights glow in day
time due to any reason. In mines area people face
many difficulties due to absence of light in the
nights. In frontier and hilly areas, people face many
problems due to damaged street lights.
For solve above these problems, we create a
device in which the lights glow in night and in
day time, they off automatically and don't glow.
Due to use of it, we can solve above problems
and can also save electricity and men's power.

AIM: To study the variations, in current

flowing
in a circuit containing a LDR, because of
a variation:-
(a) In the power of the incandescent lamp, used
to ‘illuminate’ the LDR. (Keeping all the lamps at
a fixed distance).
(b) In the distance of a incandescent lamp, (of
fixed power), used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR.
PRINCIPLE

This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance
(L.D.R.). Light Dependent Resistance [LDR] is a
resistance, in which opposing power of current
depends on the presence of quantity of light present,
i.e. the resistance of LDR increases or decreases,

according to quantity of light which falls on it.

If LDR places in darkness, the resistance of LDR

increases and when light falls on it, the resistance of
LDR decreases and act as a conductor. Any LDR in the
presence of light and darkness changes its resistance is
depends on the different types of LDR.
ADVANTAGES
 Collection of parts of the circuit are easily available.
 Accuracy of this circuit is more than accuracy of other
circuits.
 By using laser, it can be used for security purposes.
 It can be used to stop the wastage of electricity.
 The cost of circuit is low.
 This circuit saves the men's power.

USES
 It can be used in street lights.
 It can be used in mines areas.
 It can be used in hilly areas.
 By using laser, it can be used for safety purposes.
 It can be used in frontier areas.
 It can be used in houses.
 It can be used in jail lights.

BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF COM PONENTS 1.

TRANSISTOR:- When a thin slice of p-type is sandwiched
between two blocks of n-type, then n-p-n transistor is formed. It
consists of emitter, base, and collector. In the project, common
emitter n-p-n transistor ( BC-147 & SL-100) is used.
2. DIODE:- When a p-type and n-type semiconductors are joined a
diode is formed. It conducts when forward biased and does not
conduct when reverse biased. In the project, IN-4007diode is used.
 Page 10 of 23

3. RELAY:- It helps to contact and discontact. In the project, we use

relay of 6 ohms.
4. CARBON RESISTOR:- A carbon resistor has generally four rings
or bands A,B,C and D of different colours corresponding to the value
of resistance. In project, we use carbon resistance of 220 kilo-ohms,
1.5 kilo-ohms and 820 ohms.
5. LDR:- LDR means light dependent resistance which is used to
complete the circuit.
6. TRANSFORMER:- Transformer is
used to convert low alternating voltagePhotoresistor
to high alternating voltage by
decreasing the current and vice-versa.
We use a transformer of 6-0-6V for the
circuit.
7. CAPACITOR :- Capacitor is used to
block DC. In the circuit, we use the
capacitor of 220mfd and 1000mfd.
8.BULB:- An electric bulb is connected
to the circuit when LDR comes in the
darkness. The symbol for a
photoresistor
9.PHOTORESISTOR-
A photoresistor (or
dependent , ,
or photocell) is a light-controlled
variable resistor. The resistance of a
photoresistor decreases with
increasing incident light intensity; in
other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can
be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and light- and
dark-activated switching circuits.
A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In
the dark, a photoresistor can have a resistance as high as
several megohms (MΩ), while in the light, a photoresistor can
have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident
light on a photoresistor exceeds a
certain frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give
bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction
band. The resulting free electrons (and their hole partners)
conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The resistance
range and sensitivity of a photoresistor can substantially differ
among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photoresistors may
react substantially differently to photons within certain
wavelength bands.
A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An
intrinsic semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is
not an efficient semiconductor, for example, silicon. In
intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the
valence band, and hence the photon must have enough
energy to excite the electron across the entire band gap.
Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants, added
whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band;
since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy
photons (that is, longer wavelengths and lower frequencies)
are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has
some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms
(impurities), there will be extra electrons available for
conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic
semiconductor.
Applications

The internal components of a photoelectric control for a typical

American streetlight. The photoresistor is facing rightwards,
and controls whether current flows through the heater which
opens the main power contacts. At night, the heater cools,
closing the power contacts, energizing the street light.
Photoresistors come in many types. Inexpensive cadmium
sulphide cells can be found in many consumer items such as
camera light meters, clock radios, alarm devices (as the
detector for a light beam), nightlights, outdoor clocks, solar
street lamps and solar road studs, etc.
Photoresistors can be placed in streetlights to control when the
light is on. Ambient light falling on the photoresistor causes the
streetlight to turn off. Thus energy is saved by ensuring the light
is only on during hours of darkness.
They are also used in some dynamic compressors together with
a small incandescent or neon lamp, or light-emitting diode to
control gain reduction. A common usage of this application can
be found in many guitar amplifiers that incorporate an onboard
tremolo effect, as the oscillating light patterns control the level
of signal running through the amp circuit.
The use of CdS and CdSe [3 ] photoresistors is severely
restricted
in Europe due to the RoHS ban on cadmium.
Lead sulphide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs (light-
dependent resistors) are used for the mid-infrared spectral
region. Ge:Cu photoconductors are among the best far-
infrared detectors available, and are used for infrared
astronomy and infrared spectroscopy.

PROCEDURE
1.Choose a specific position for the source
and mount it using a holder,
make sure it is stable.
2.Select the bulb with the lowest power
rating and connect it to the
holder as shown in the figure.
3.Connect the LDR, battery (6V) and
the multimeter in series.
4.Set the multimeter to ohm section and
select suitable range and measure
the resistance with a bulb on.
5.Similarly switch to current section and
move to micro ampere in the
 Page 14 of 23

OBSERVATIONS :-
The experiment has been conducted by using various sources with
different power ratings. Voltage of the battery = 6 V.

OBSERVATIONS TABLE :-
(a)Variation in current of LDR with lamps of different power,
keeping distance fixed.
 FOR 15 W POWER SOURCE

Distance between
S.No. LDR and theResistance(Ω ) source Current(µA)
d(cm)
1. 41010 5.94
2. 61350 4.44
3. 81490 4.03
4. 101610 3.73
5. 121740 3.45
6. 141880 3.19
7. 162300 2.61
8. 182540 2.36
9. 202800 2.14
10. 223000 2.00

11. 243240 1.85

CONCLUSION & RESULT
1.The LDR resistance decreases with increase in intensity of light
and hence there is an increase in the flow of current.
2.There is an increase in the current as the distance from the
source decreases.
3.The intensity decreases as the distance from the source
increases
4.The error lies within the experimental limit.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1.The LDR may not be perpendicular to the source.
2.Connections may be faulty.
3.The experiment should be conducted in a dark room.
4.Measurements should be taken accurately.

Bibliography
1.NCERT CLASS 12 PHYSICS TEXTBOOK 2.
www.google.co.in
3. www.wikipedia.com
4. www.yahoo.co.in