Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DEPENDENT
RESISTOR
To study the variation in current flowing in a
circuit containing a L.D.R because of variation
Submitted by
John Arunkumar
2023-2024
Page 1 of 20
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
i.
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
ii.
1. INTRODUCTION
2
2. AIM & APPARATUS
3
3. PHOTORESISTOR DISCOVERY
4-5
AND MECHANISM
4. PRINCIPLE & THEORY
5-6
5. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF
6-8
COMPONENTS
6. APPLICATIONS
9
7. PROCEDURE
10
8. OBSERVATIONS
11-14
9. RESULT & CONCLUSIONS
15
10. BIBLOGRAPHY
16
INDEX
Page 2 of 20
APPARATUS:
Page 3 of 20
Photoresistor mechanism
A photoresistor or photocell is a component that uses a
photoconductor between two contacts. When this is exposed to
light a change in resistance is noted. Photoconductivity - the
mechanism behind the photoresistor - results from the
generation of mobile carriers when photons are absorbed by
the semiconductor material used for the photoconductor. While
the different types of material used for light dependent resistors
are semiconductors, when used as a photo-resistor, they are
used only as a resistive element and there are no PN junctions.
Accordingly the device is purely passive.
There are two types of photoconductor and hence
photoresistor:
Intrinsic photoresistor: This type of photoresistor uses a
photoconductive material that involves excitation of charge
carriers from the valence bands to the conduction band.
Extrinsic photoresistor: This type of photoresistor uses a
photoconductive material that involves excitation of charge
carriers between an impurity and the valence band or
conduction band. It requires shallow impurity dopants that
are not ionised in the presence of light.
Page 5 of 20
PRINCIPLE
This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance
(L.D.R.). Light Dependent Resistance [LDR] is a resistance, in
which opposing power of current depends on the presence of
quantity of light present, i.e. the resistance of LDR increases or
decreases, according to quantity of light which falls on it.
USES
It can be used in street lights.
It can be used in mines areas.
It can be used in hilly areas.
By using laser, it can be used for safety purposes.
It can be used in frontier areas.
It can be used in houses.
It can be used in jail lights.
BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
1. TRANSISTOR:-When a thin slice of p-type is sandwiched
between two blocks of n-type, then n-p-n transistor is formed. It
consists of emitter, base, and collector. In the project, common emitter
n-p-n transistor ( BC-147 & SL-100) is used.
2. DIODE:- When a p-type and n-type semiconductors are joined a
diode is formed. It conducts when forward biased and does not
conduct when reverse biased. In the project, IN-4007diode is used.
3. RELAY:- It helps to contact and discontact. In the project, we use
relay of 6 ohms.
4. CARBON RESISTOR:- A carbon resistor has generally four rings
or bands A,B,C and D of different colours corresponding to the value
Page 7 of 20
Applications
PROCEDURE
1. Choose a specific position for the source and mount it
using a holder, make sure it is stable.
2. Select the bulb with the lowest power rating and
connect it to the holder as shown in the figure.
3. Connect the LDR, battery (6V) and the multimeter in
series.
4. Set the multimeter to ohm section and select suitable
range and measure the resistance with a bulb on.
Page 11 of 20
OBSERVATIONS :-
The experiment has been conducted by using various sources with
different power ratings. Voltage of the battery = 6 V.
OBSERVATIONS TABLE :-
(a) Variation in current of LDR with lamps of different power,
keeping distance fixed.
between
)
LDR and
Of power
the source
imputs(W)
d(cm)
1. 10 15 1310 4.58
2. 10 30 770 7.00
3. 10 60 285 21.00
1. 20 15 2800 2.14
2. 20 60 650 9.00
1. 30 15 4300 1.4
2. 30 60 1000 6.00
Distance between
S.No. LDR and the Resistance(Ω ) Current(µA)
source d(cm)
1. 4 1010 5.94
2. 6 1350 4.44
3. 8 1490 4.03
4. 10 1610 3.73
5. 12 1740 3.45
6. 14 1880 3.19
7. 16 2300 2.61
8. 18 2540 2.36
9. 20 2800 2.14
Distance between
S.No
LDR and the Resistance(Ω ) Current(mA)
.
source d(cm)
1. 4 105 57
2. 6 180 33
3. 8 230 26
4. 10 280 21
5. 12 360 16
6. 14 440 13
7. 16 500 12
8. 18 575 10
9. 20 675 8.8
Distance between
S.No
LDR and the Resistance(Ω ) Current(mA)
.
source d(cm)
1. 4 80 75
2. 6 130 46
3. 8 170 35
4. 10 205 29
5. 12 270 22
6. 14 300 20
7. 16 360 16
Page 16 of 20
8. 18 410 14
9. 20 460 13
10. 22 525 11
11. 24 585 10
CONCLUSION & RESULT
SOURCES OF ERROR
Biblography
Page 18 of 20