LTE Access Fundamentals

Security Level:
Introduction to LTE
Feature 2.0
ISSMS 4.0
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

1. LTE Random Access Algorithm
2. LTE Handover Algorithm
3. LTE Power Control Algorithm
4. LTE ICIC Algorithm
5. LTE Scheduling Algorithm

Page 2
Access in LTE
 Definition
 In LTE system, access refers to the process of establishing a connection from UE
to eNodeB and MME.
 Access Procedure Overview
When a UE needs to establish a connection with the network for any purpose (for
example, service request, location update, or paging), the access procedure is
performed. The generic procedure is as follows:
1. The UE performs random access.
2. Signaling connections between the UE and the MME are established. The connections are an
RRC connection and a dedicated S1 connection.
3. If the connection is for the purpose of a service request, the MME will then instruct the eNodeB
to establish an E-RAB. The MME establishes, modifies and releases the bearer through radio
bearer management.

Page 3
Access Procedure (Paging)
 Major Functions
 The UE requests to access ： the system
allocates a random access channel. The result is
uplink synchronization and dedicated resources
allocated.
 Signaling connections contains RRC connection
and dedicated S1 connection. RRC connection is
established upon the request from the UE. Then,
the eNodeB establishes dedicated S1 connection
between eNodeB and MME. Once the dedicated
S1 connection is established, there is a complete
signaling pathway from the UE to the MME.
 The E-RAB establishment creates radio bearers.
Key connections are SRB2 (NAS signaling) and
DRBs (user plane data).
 Releasing signaling connections involves
releasing both the RRC connection and the
dedicated S1 connection. RRC connection release
indicates release of the RRC connection and all
radio bearers. Release may be triggered by either
the eNodeB or the MME.

Page 4
Access – Radio Bearers
 Radio bearers are classified
into SRBs and DRBs.
 Three SRBs
 SRB0 carries RRC messages before RRC
connections established. It is transmitted
on CCCH and uses TM at the RLC layer.
 SRB1 carries RRC messages and also
carries NAS messages before SRB2 is
established. It is transmitted on DCCH
and uses AM at the RLC layer.
 SRB2 carries NAS messages, is
transmitted on DCCH and uses AM on the
RLC layer.

Page 5
Complete Access Procedure

Page 6
Random Access Scenarios
Random access is performed in the following 5 scenarios:
1. Initial access 1.from

InitialRRC_IDLE
access from RRC_IDLE
2. Initial access after RLF (Radio Link Failure)
2. Initial access 3.after radio link failure
Handover (HO)
3. Handover (HO) 4. Arrival of DL data during RRC_CONNECTED
4. Arrival of DLbutdataUL non-synchronization
during RRC_CONNECTED but UL non-
5. Arrival of UL data during RRC_CONNECTED
synchronizationbut UL non-synchronization
5. Arrival of UL data during RRC_CONNECTED but UL non-
synchronization
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 7

Random Access Types
Depending on whether contention is introduced, the random access procedure can be
categorized into contention based random access and non-contention-based random
access:

Random Access Procedure
contention-based and non-contention-based.
1) Non-contention 2) Contention
UE eNB
UE eNB
1 Random Access Preamble

0 RA Preamble assignment
Random Access Response 2
Random Access Preamble 1
3 Scheduled Transmission
2 Random Access Response

Contention Resolution 4
Major differences between contention and non-contention RA procedures:

 In contention-based RA, preambles are generated by UEs. Preambles from different UEs may
conflict, and the eNodeB performs contention resolution for UE access. Initial connection uses
the contention-based RA procedure.
 In non-contention-based RA, the eNodeB allocates preambles to UEs, so there is no conflict
between UEs.

Page 9
Concepts-RA Preamble
An RA preamble is a pulse. In the time domain, it includes T CP (duration of a CP) and TSEQ (duration
of a preamble sequence). In the frequency domain, it has six Resource Blocks (RBs).
CP Sequence
TCP TSEQ
 In the frequency domain, a preamble uses the bandwidth for six RBs, that is, 6 x 12 x 15 = 1.08 MHz.
Frequencies to be used are configured by the upper layer.
 In the time domain, the time duration is determined by the preamble format. Different starting subframes are
set for PRACHs according to the 3GPP protocol.
 The RA preamble has five formats, which are applicable to cells in various radius specifications. The UE can
automatically select preamble formats according to the cell radius.

Cyclic Prefix
•The long CP in preamble formats 1 & 3

assists with large cell range in terms of
increasing timing uncertainty tolerance.

RA Preamble Generation
 The requirements on the sequence comprising the preamble are two-fold: good correlation
properties to allow precise arrival time estimation and low correlation with other preambles to
suppress interference from other mobiles. A sequence that has ideal such properties is the
Zadoff-Chu sequence (root sequence).

RA Preamble Sequence Generation
 The preamble sequence is defined by a cyclic shift of the Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence. The ZC
sequence logical index is determined by RootSequenceIdx, with a value ranging from 0 to 837. The
number of digits for cyclic shifts is determined
 These 64 RA preamble sequences are classified into two categories: contention-based RA
preamble sequences and dedicated preamble sequences for non-contention-based RA. The RA
preamble sequences are classified into Group A and Group B, to reduce the average collision
probability of UEs.
 According to statistics, the eNodeB adjusts the classification of dedicated preamble sequence group
and the RA sequence group. The RA preamble group A and RA preamble group B are allocated in
the proportion of 1:1.
 When the Msg3 to be transmitted by the UE is in small size, RA-Preamble Group A is selected,
implicitly indicating that the quality of radio channels is poor
 When the Msg3 to be transmitted by the UE is in large size, RA-Preamble Group B is selected,
implicitly indicating that the quality of radio channels is good.
Dedicated Preamble
Sequence
Group B: Large Msg3, indicating
Random Access good radio channel quality No.
Preamble
Sequence Group A: Small Msg3, indicating
poor radio channel quality.

Key Parameters
ID Name Description Range Default Value MML
RootSequ Root Indicates the logical root sequence index, which is 0~837 None ADD CELL
enceIdx sequence used to derive the preamble sequence. Each MOD CELL
index logical root sequence corresponds to a physical LST CELL
root sequence. For the mapping between logical DSP CELL
root sequences and physical root sequences, see
3GPP TS 36.211.
HighSpee High speed Indicates whether the cell supports UE with high LOW_SPEED, LOW_SPEED The same as
dFlag flag mobility. HIGH_SPEED, above
ULTRA_HIGH
_SPEED
Preamble Preamble Indicates the preamble format used in the cell. For 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 0 The same as
Fmt format details, see 3GPP TS 36.211. above
CellRadius Cell Radius Indicates the radius of the cell. 1~100000 10000m The same as
above
Depend on the network planning


Page 15
Handover in LTE
 Objectives
 The eNodeB sends the measurement configuration to a UE, and the UE
performs measurements and completes the handover procedure under the
control of the eNodeB to maintain seamless service.
 Triggers for Handover in LTE
 Coverage: Coverage-based handover connects a moving UE to the cell with
the best signal quality at any given moment, to guarantee that calls are not
dropped during mobility. (Huawei eRAN2.0 currently supports coverage-
based handover only.)
 Load: Load-based handover transfers UEs from a heavily loaded or
congested cell to a less loaded cell, to maximize use of system resources.
(Not supported at present)
 Type of service: Cells which support high speed data services transfer UEs
with only voice services to other RATs. (Not supported at present)

Page 16
Types of Handover in LTE
 Intra-frequency Handover
 Handover between two LTE cells on the same frequency.
 Intra-frequency handovers are triggered by UE measurements. As a UE moves from its serving
cell to a neighboring cell on the same frequency, it detects that signal quality is higher in the
neighboring cell, and this triggers a coverage-based handover.
 Inter-frequency Handover
 Handover between two LTE cells on different frequencies.
 Inter-frequency measurements are triggered by UE measurements. As a UE moves from its
serving cell to a neighboring cell on a different frequency, when signal quality in the serving cell
drops below a certain threshold, this triggers coverage-based inter-frequency measurements.
 Inter-RAT Handover
 Handover from LTE cells to GSM/WCDMA/TD-SCDMA/CDMA2000 cells.
 Inter-RAT measurements are triggered by UE measurements. As a UE moves out of the area
covered by the LTE system, when signal quality in the serving cell drops below a certain
threshold, this triggers coverage-based inter-RAT measurements.

Page 17
Event-Triggered Reporting in LTE
 Events
 Event A1: Signal quality in the serving cell is above a threshold. When a UE reports that
the serving cell meets the triggering condition, the eNodeB stops inter-frequency or inter-
RAT measurements.
 Event A2: Signal quality in the serving cell is below a threshold. When a UE reports that
the serving cell meets the triggering condition, the eNodeB starts inter-frequency or inter-
RAT measurements.
 Event A3: Signal quality in intra-frequency neighboring cells is higher than that in the
serving cell. When a UE reports this event, the eNodeB sends an intra-frequency
handover request.
 Event A4: Signal quality in inter-frequency neighboring cells is above a threshold. When
a UE reports this event, the eNodeB sends an inter-frequency handover request.
 Event B1: Signal quality in inter-RAT neighboring cells is above a threshold. When a UE
reports this event, the eNodeB sends an inter-RAT handover request.
 Reporting
 Event-triggered periodic reporting

Page 18
Complete LTE Handover Process
 Three Phases of Handover
 Handover measurement: UEs perform
measurements, which are triggered as
described in the previous slide.
 Handover decision: Based on
measurement reports from UEs, the
eNodeB decides whether to initiate
handovers.
 Handover execution: The handover
procedure is executed under the control
of the eNodeB.
 Note
 This presentation uses the common type intra-
frequency handover for example.
 Inter-frequency and inter-RAT handover
procedures are similar.

Page 19
Coverage-Based Intra-Frequency Handover: Intra-
Frequency Measurement
 Entering/Leaving Conditions for Event A3
 Entering condition:
 Leaving condition:
 Parameters
 Mn and Ms are the measurement results of the
neighboring and serving cells, respectively.
 Ofn and Ofs are the frequency specific offsets for
the neighboring and serving cells, respectively.
 Ocn and Ocs are the cell specific offsets for the
neighboring and serving cells, respectively.
 Measurement Quantity
 Hys is the hysteresis for event A3.  RSRP, RSRQ, or both
 Off is the offset for event A3.
 Measurement Reporting
 Event-triggered periodic reporting

Page 20
Coverage-Based Intra-Frequency Handover:
Decision and Execution
 Decision
1. The eNodeB generates a list of candidate cells that meet the condition for event A3
based on UE measurement reports.
2. It then screens the list of candidate cells. Where measurement results are identical,
intra-eNodeB cells are prioritized over inter-eNodeB cells.
 Execution
The eNodeB triggers a handover to the target cell with the best signal quality.
There are four possible scenarios:
 Inter-eNodeB intra-MME handover in the presence of X2. Signaling messages and
packet data are transmitted over the X2 interface between the eNodeBs.
 Inter-eNodeB intra-MME handover in the absence of X2. Signaling messages and
packet data are transmitted over the S1 interface.
 Inter-eNodeB inter-MME handover in the presence of X2. Signaling messages are
transmitted over the S1 interface and EPC, and packet data is forwarded over the X2
interface.
 Inter-eNodeB inter-MME handover in the absence of X2. Signaling messages and
packet data are transmitted over the S1 interface and EPC.

Page 21
Handover Procedure over X2 Interface

Page 22
Handover Procedure over S1 Interface

Page 23
Handover Procedure over S1 Interface (Cont’d)

Page 24
Inter-Cell Intra-eNodeB Handover Procedure

Page 25
Coverage based Handover - Key Parameters (1)
ID Name Description Range Recomm MML

ended
Value
HoAlgSwitch HoAlgSwitch This parameter is Bit field type, indicate what kind IntraFreqHoSwitch, IntraFreq MOD
of coverage based handover algorithms are InterFreqHoSwitch, HoSwitch ENODEBALG
enabled. CDMA1XRTTHoSwitch, OSWITCH
CDMAHRPDHoSwitch, LST
GERANHoSwitch, ENODEBALG
UTRANHoSwitch, OSWITCH
GERANNotNACCSwitch,
GERANNACCSwitch,
CDMAOMTSwitch
INTRAFRE A3 Indicates the quantity used to evaluate the RSRP, RSRQ RSRP MOD
QHOA3TRI measurement triggering condition for the intra-frequency INTRARATHO
GQUAN trigger handover event. The quantity can be RSRP or LST
quantity RSRQ. INTRARATHO
QoffsetFreq Intra Indicates the specific frequency offset of the -24, -22, -20, -18, -16, -14, 0 (dB) ADD CELL
Frequency serving cell. This parameter is contained in the -12, -10, -8, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, MOD CELL
offset intra-frequency measurement control information -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, LST CELL
and is related to the handover difficulty between 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 DSP CELL
the serving cell and the neighboring cell. For (dB)
details, see 3GPP TS 36.331.

ID Name Description Range Recommen MML
ded Value
IntraFreqHoA Intrafreq Indicates the time-to-trigger for intra-frequency 0ms, 40ms, 640ms MOD
3TimeToTrig handover time handover event A3. 64ms, 80ms, INTRARATHOQCI
to trigger When detecting that the signal quality in the serving 100ms, 128ms, LST
cell and that in at least one neighboring cell meet the 160ms, 256ms, INTRARATHOQCI
entering condition, the UE does not send a 320ms, 512ms,
measurement report to the eNodeB immediately. 480ms, 640ms,
Instead, the UE sends a report only when the signal 1024ms,
quality continuously meets the entering condition 1280ms,
during the time-to-trigger. 2560ms,
5120ms
EutranFilterC EUTRAN Indicates the L3 filtering coefficient used for RSRP in FC0, FC1, FC2, FC6 MOD
oeffRSRP RSRP filter E-UTRAN measurements. FC3, FC4, FC5, HOMEASCOMM
coefficient A great value of this parameter indicates a strong FC6, FC7, FC8, LST
smoothing effect and a high anti-fast-fading capability, FC9, FC11, HOMEASCOMM
but a low signal change tracing capability. For details, FC13, FC15,
see 3GPP TS 36.331. FC17, FC19
IntraFreqHoA Intrafreq Indicates the hysteresis to be used in the triggering 0~30 (* 0.5dB) 4 (* 0.5dB) MOD
3Hyst handover condition for the intra-frequency handover event. This INTRARATHOQCI
hysteresis parameter helps reduce the number of times the LST
event is triggered because of radio signal fluctuation. INTRARATHOQCI
For details, see 3GPP TS 36.331. Actual value = GUI
value x 0.5


ded Value
IntraFreqHoA3O Intrafreq Indicates the quality offset of the -30~30 (* 0.5dB) 4 (* 0.5dB) MOD INTRARATHOQCI
ffset handover neighboring cell over the serving cell to LST INTRARATHOQCI
offset be used in the triggering condition of the
intra-frequency handover event. The
larger the value of this parameter is, the
better quality the neighboring cell should
have before the handover is triggered.
For details, see 3GPP TS 36.331.
Actual value = GUI value x 0.5
CellIndividualOff Cell individual Indicates the offset of the intra- -24, -22, -20, 0 (dB) ADD
set offset frequency neighboring cell. This -18, -16, -14, EUTRANINTRAFREQNCELL
parameter is used to control the -12, -10, -8, -6, MOD
reporting of intra-frequency -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, EUTRANINTRAFREQNCELL
measurement events. The larger the 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, LST
value of this parameter, the more easily 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, EUTRANINTRAFREQNCELL
the intra-frequency measurement events 18, 20, 22, 24
are reported. For details, see 3GPP TS (dB)
36.331.
Some handover parameters may need to

be optimized based on radio
environment


Page 29
Power Control: Function and Purpose
 Function
 LTE power control is used to compensate for path loss on channels and shadow
fading, and reduces inter-cell interference.
 Power control is implemented on both the eNodeB and the UE. There are uplink
and downlink power control.
 Purposes
 Ensuring the service quality
 Power control is performed to adjust the transmit power so that the service quality just meets
the requirement for the BLER, thereby avoiding wastes of power
 Reducing the interference
 The interference with a cell mainly comes from its neighboring cells. Power control reduce the
interference from the neighboring cells.
 Lowering power consumption
 Uplink power control lowers the power consumption of UEs, and downlink power control lowers
the power consumption of eNodeBs. Expanding coverage and capacity

Page 30
Downlink Power Control
 Signals and Channels
 Cell-specific reference signal
 Synchronization signal
 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
 Physical HARQ Indication Channel (PHICH)
 Downlink Power Control Policies

 Fixed power assignment: Users set a fixed power level for reference signal (RS),
synchronization signal, PBCH, and PCFICH, as well as PDCCH and PDSCH,
which carry common cell information.
 Dynamic power control: Dynamic power control helps meet QoS requirements,
reduce interference, improve cell coverage, and increase cell capacity. It is
applicable to PHICH, as well as PDCCH and PDSCH, which carry UE dedicated
information.

Page 31
Calculating the PDSCH power
 The PDSCH uses AMC and HARQ, so there is no strict requirement about PDSCH power control
in protocol.
 PDSCH power control is classified into power control for dynamic scheduling and for semi-
persistent scheduling. For non-VoIP and hybrid services, with dynamic scheduling, there is
(uniform/non-uniform) power control, or two power levels can be set (with ICIC). VoIP services, with
semi-persistent scheduling, use closed-loop power control.

Page 32
Calculating the PDSCH power
 Sample of calculating for 2*20W, 10MHz, RS power = 18dBm, P A=-3dB, PB=1
Then:
EA = PA + ERS = -3dB + 18dBm =
15dBm
EB = PB (in dB)+ PA + ERS = 0dB -3dB +
18dBm = 15dBm
For the symbol 1,2,3,5,6, There are 600 E A in 50 RBs (Resource Block), and the total
power can be : 15dBm * 600 = 31.6228 (mw) *600 = 18.9737 (W)
For the symbol 0,4, There are 100 ERS and 400 EB in 50 RBs (Resource Block), and
the total power can be : 18dBm * 100 + 15dBm * 400 = 63.0957 (mw)*100 +
31.6228 (mw) *400 = 18.9587 (W)

Downlink Power Control - Key Parameters (1)

ded Value
ReferenceSignalPwr Reference Indicates the reference signal power of [-60, 50] 18.2 MOD PDSCHCFG
Signal Power the cell. For details, see 3GPP TS LST PDSCHCFG
36.213.
Pb PB Indicates the power factor ratio 0~3 1 LST PDSCHCFG

demonstration of the EPRE on the MOD PDSCHCFG
PDSCH. This parameter, together with
the antenna port, determines the value
of the power factor ratio. For details,
see 3GPP TS 36.213.
PaPcOff PaPcOff Indicates the PA when the power -6,-4.77,-3, -3 LST

control for the PDSCH is disabled, the -1.77,0,1,2,3 CELLDLPCPDSCHPA
downlink ICIC is disabled, and the even MOD
power distribution is used for the CELLDLPCPDSCHPA
PDSCH.
PaCenterUe PaCenterUe Indicates the PA value of the cell center -6,-4.77,-3, -6 LST CELLDLPCPDSCH
UEs , when the DL ICIC is enabled. -1.77,0,1,2,3 MOD
CELLDLPCPDSCH
PaEdgeUe PaEdgeUe Indicates the PA value of the cell edge -6,-4.77,-3, -1.77 LST CELLDLPCPDSCH
UEs , when the DL ICIC is enabled. -1.77,0,1,2,3 MOD
CELLDLPCPDSCH

ID Name Description Range Recommended MML

Value
PbchPwr PBCH Power Indicates the power offset of the cell -15.875~15.875 -3dB in normal MOD CELLCHPWRCFG
PBCH channel compared with the scenarios and LST CELLCHPWRCFG
reference signals. peak-rate tests,
or 0 in the tests
on the maximum
cell radius
PcfichPwr Pcfich Power Indicates the power offset of the cell -15.875~15.875 -3dB in normal MOD CELLCHPWRCFG
PCFICH channel in relation to the scenarios and LST CELLCHPWRCFG
reference signals. peak-rate tests,
or 0 in the tests
on the maximum
cell radius
PhichPcOff PhichPcOff Indicates the power offset of the -15~15 0 MOD CELLDLPCPHICH
PHICH TX power compared with the
reference signals when the power
control for the PHICH is disabled.
SchPwr SCH Power The RSRP/RSRQ threshold of -15.875~15.875 0 MOD CELLCHPWRCFG

Event A2. If RSRP is lower than it, LST CELLCHPWRCFG
Event A2 start.

ID Name Description Range Recommende MML
d Value
RaRespPwr RaResp Power Indicates the power offset of the -15.875~15.875 0 MOD CELLCHPWRCFG
PDSCH between transmitting the LST CELLCHPWRCFG
random access response and the
reference signals.
PagingPwr Paging Power Indicates the power offset of the -15.875~15.875 0 MOD CELLCHPWRCFG
PDSCH between transmitting the LST CELLCHPWRCFG
paging messages and the reference
signals.
DbchPwr Dbch Power Indicates the power offset of -15.875~15.875 -3 dB in normal MOD CELLCHPWRCFG
transmitting broadcast signals on the scenarios and LST CELLCHPWRCFG
PDSCH channel compared with that of peak-rate tests,
the reference signals. or 0 in the tests
on the
maximum cell
radius
PdcchBndPcSw PdcchBndPcSw Indicates the switch that is used to enable OFF, ON OFF MOD CELLDLPCPDCCH
and disable power control applied to the
PDCCH carrying dedicated control
information. If this parameter is set to ON,
the PDCCH power is adjusted dynamically
when the channel quality is extremely
good or bad.

ID Name Description Range Recommende MML
d Value
DlPcAlgoSwitch Downlink Power Indicates the switch of the DL power PdschPcSwitch, PdschPcSwitch: MOD CELLALGOSWITCH
Control control algorithm. PdschSpsPcSwit Off,
Algorithm PdschPcSwitch is the PDSCH power ch, PdschSpsPcSwit
Switch control switch. PhichPcSwitch, ch:Off,
PdschSpsPcSwitch is the switch PhichInnerLoopP PhichPcSwitch:O
corresponding to PDSCH power cSwitch, ff,
control in semi-persistent scheduling PdschNmaxAdju PhichInnerLoopP
mode. stSwitch cSwitch:Off,
PhichPcSwitch is the PHICH power PdschNmaxAdju
control switch. stSwitch:Off
PhichInnerLoopPcSwitch is the PHICH
inner-loop power control switch.
PdschNmaxAdjustSwitch is the switch
corresponding to Nmax adjustment for
PDSCH
Huawei recommends to use the

default values for DL power
allocation

Uplink Power Control
 Power Control of Uplink Signals and Channels
 Sounding reference signal
 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

Page 38
Uplink PUSCH Power Control
PPUSCH (i )  min{PCMAX ,10 log10 ( M PUSCH (i ))  PO_PUSCH ( j )   ( j )  PL   TF (i )  f (i )}
i : the ith uplink subframe
PCMAX : maximum transmit power of the UE

M PUSCH (i )
: number of resource blocks (RBs) allocated to PUSCH, namely PUSCH bandwidth on the ith subframe
PO_PUSCH ( j )
: target signal power expected by the eNodeB in the reference transport format (TF) of PUSCH
 ( j)
: power compensation factor
PL
: downlink path loss estimated by the UE, calculated using the measured RSRP and cell-specific RS
 TF (i )
: power offset between each MCS and the reference MCS
f (i ) : adjustment to the PUSCH power at the UE, calculated based on the TPC information in PDCCH
PO_NOMINAL_ PUSCH ( j )
is the PUSCH transmit power expected by the eNodeB during normal PUSCH demodulation.
PO_UE_PUSCH ( j )
is the power offset of the UE relative to PO_NOMINAL_ PUSCH ( j ), reflecting the impact of UE
category, service type and channel quality on the PUSCH transmit power at the UE.

PUSCH Power Control
 eNB updates Po_nominal according to the IN_own( interference level of current cell ) and
OI(overload information) in open loop power control.

Uplink PUCCH Power Control
PPUCCH  i   min PCMAX , P0_PUCCH  PL  h nCQI , nHARQ    F_PUCCH F   g  i 
i : the ith uplink subframe
: maximum transmit power of the UE

PCMAX
: signal power expected by the eNodeB
PO_PUCCH
: downlink path loss estimated by the UE, calculated using the measured RSRP and cell-specific RS
PL : determined by the PUCCH format. nCQI is the number of information bits in CQI; nHARQ the number in HARQ. It reflects the
effect of CQI and HARQ bit counts on power.
h nCQI , nHARQ 
: effect of the PUCCH transport format on the transmit power.
: adjustment to the PUCCH power at the UE, calculated based on TPC information on PDCCH
 F_PUCCH ( F )
g (i )
PO_NOMINAL_ PUCCH
is the target signal power expected by the eNodeB for the reference transport format.
PO_UE_PUCCH PO_NOMINAL_ PUCCH
is the power offset of the UE relative to the cell-level , reflecting the impact of
UE category, service type and channel quality on the PUCCH transmit power at the UE.

Uplink PRACH Power Control
PPRACH  min PCMAX , P0_pre  PL   preamble  ( N pre  1)   step 
PCMAX : maximum transmit power of the UE
PO_pre : target power expected by the eNodeB when the PRACH preamble format is 0 and the requirements for the
preamble detection performance are met.
PL : downlink path loss estimated by the UE, calculated using the measured RSRP and cell-specific RS
 preamble : power offset for the current preamble format relative to preamble format 0
: total number of preambles sent by UE during RA process. It cannot exceed the maximum number.
N pre
: preamble power ramping step
 step
PL
Process Outline
PO_pre  step
The eNodeB sets the expected receive power for the initial preamble. The UE calculates path loss
based on RS power. The eNodeB sends and to the UE through system information.
The UE calculates the correct RA preamble power. If an RA attempt receives no response, the
UE increases PRACH power by one step for the next attempt.

Uplink Power Control - Key Parameters (1)
ID Name Desciption Range Recommende MML
d Value
UlPcAlgoS Uplink Power Indicates the switch of the UL power control algorithm. CloseLoopSpsS CloseLoopSpsS MOD
witch Control Algorithm CloseLoopSpsSwitch is the switch corresponding to witch, witch: OFF CELLALGOSWIT
closed-loop power control in semi-persistent scheduling InnerLoopPusch
Switch mode. InnerLoopPusc CH
hSwitch, Switch: OFF
InnerLoopPuschSwitch is the switch corresponding to PhSinrTarUpdate
inner-loop power control in dynamic scheduling mode. PhSinrTarUpda Switch: OFF
PhSinrTarUpdateSwitch is the switch corresponding to teSwitch, InnerLoopPucch
PH-based SINR target update in dynamic scheduling InnerLoopPucc Switch: ON
mode. OiSinrTarUpdate
hSwitch,
InnerLoopPucchSwitch is the PUCCH inner-loop power Switch: OFF
control switch. OiSinrTarUpda
PuschNmaxAdju
OiSinrTarUpdateSwitch is the switch corresponding to OI- teSwitch, stSwitch: OFF
based SINR target update in dynamic scheduling mode. PuschNmaxAdj
PuschNmaxAdjustSwitch is the switch corresponding to ustSwitch
Nmax adjustment for PUSCH.
Alpha Alpha Indicates compensation factor of the path loss. It is 0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7 MOD
used in the UL power control procedure. For details, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, CELLULPCCOM
see 3GPP TS 36.213. 0.9, 1 M
P0Nominal P0 Nominal Indicates the nominal PUCCH P0, which is used in -127~-96 -105 (dBm) MOD
PUCCH PUCCH the UL power control procedure. For details, see (dBm) CELLULPCCOM
3GPP TS 36.213-860. M
OFF MOD
CELLALGO ULPCALGOSWI Indicates the switch for updating the inner loop power OFF ON CELLALGOSWIT
SWITCH TCH(OiSinrTarU control for the PUSCH based on the OI in dynamic CH
pdateSwitch) scheduling mode.

Uplink Power Control - Key Parameters (2)
ID Name Desciption Range Recom MML
mended
Value
P0NominalPUSCH P0 Nominal PUSCH Indicates the nominal -126~24 -67 MOD CELLULPCCOMM
PUSCH P0, which is used (dBm) (dBm)
in the UL power control
procedure. For details, see
3GPP TS 36.213-860.
DeltaMcsEnabled DELTAMCSENABLED Indicates whether the Disable Disable MOD CELLULPCDEDIC

transmit power of the UE is Enable LST CELLULPCDEDIC
adjusted according to the
difference between MCSs.
PSRSOFFSETDEL PSrsOffsetDeltaMcsDis Power boost between -10.5,-9,-7.5, -3(dB) MOD CELLULPCDEDIC

TAMCSDISABLE able sounding and PUSCH when -6,-4.5,-3, LST CELLULPCDEDIC
DELTAMCSENABLED is -1.5,0,1.5,
set to disable 3,4.5,6,
7.5,9,
10.5,12 (dB)
PSrsOffsetDeltaMc PSRSOFFSETDELTAM Power boost between -3,-2,-1, 0,1,2,3, 4,5,6,7, -3(dB) MOD CELLULPCDEDIC
sEnable CSENABLE sounding and PUSCH when 8,9,10, 11,12 LST CELLULPCDEDIC
DELTAMCSENABLED is
set to enable
Huawei recommends to use the

default values


Page 45
Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC)
 Interference in LTE
 Within a single cell, the RBs used by all UEs are orthogonal, so intra-cell interference is negligible.
 All cells can use the entire system bandwidth, so inter-cell interference is obvious. In particular,
cell edge users (CEUs) are affected by severe interference from neighboring cells.
 Two Solutions to Reduce Inter-Cell Interference
 IRC: combines receiving antennas to combat strong colored inter-cell interference. It operates at
the physical layer. For details, see the MIMO Feature Parameter Description.
 ICIC: reduces inter-cell interference by collaborating with scheduling and power control. It
operates at the MAC layer. The principle is that the eNodeB limits the time-frequency and power
resources it can allocate to cell center users (CCUs) and CEUs. CEUs experiencing significant
interference from a neighboring cell are allocated resources orthogonal to that cell, or CEUs are
scheduled at staggered times. In this way, inter-cell interference is minimized, throughput is
increased for CEUs, and coverage is improved.
 Types of ICIC
 Dynamic ICIC and static ICIC: The classification depends on the need for dynamic adjustments of
resources on edge bands.
 Uplink ICIC and downlink ICIC: are both implemented by the eNodeB.

Page 46
Downlink Initial Band Division and Adjustment
 Initial Band Division in Downlink Static ICIC
 A hexagon represents one cell. White is central area.
 One of three possible ICIC band division schemes is set by
the parameter CELLBANDDIV. Three neighboring cells will
each use a different scheme.
 When the cell edge load is high, more edge bandwidth is assigned.
 When increasing edge bandwidth, the eNodeB evaluates interference from neighboring
cells and performs interference coordination on the neighboring cells causing greatest
interference.
 When the cell edge load is low, the edge bandwidth is reduced.
 When reducing edge bandwidth, the eNodeB removes most recently added bandwidth
first.

UE Type Determination
 When UEs access a cell initially, they are CCUs as default. When UEs
access a cell by handover, they are CEUs.
 When entering A3 event, that is, the eNodeB receives a measurement report
of RSRP contains both the serving and neighboring cells from this UE, the
UE is treated as a CEU.
 When leaving A3 event , that is, the eNodeB receives a measurement report
of RSRP only with the serving cell from this UE, the UE is treated as a
CCU .

ICIC Concept

Page 49
Static Downlink ICIC Procedure
 During network planning, the operating band in each cell is divided into an edge band
and a center band. Edge bands in neighboring cells are orthogonal.
 Downlink ICIC evaluates cell load and determines whether to block RBs. If some RBs on
the center band are blocked, interference on neighboring cells is reduced.
 Based on cell load and RSRP reported by UEs, the eNodeB adjusts UE types. When
UEs access a cell initially , they are CCUs as default. When UEs access a cell by
handover, they are CEUs.

Page 50
Dynamic Downlink ICIC Procedure
 The serving cell adjusts its edge band based on the
following information and informs the scheduler of the
band information:
 Band division scheme, as in the network plan
 Private ICIC messages from neighboring cells
 Target cells for ICIC, determined based on cell information and
interference evaluation. The neighboring cell list is managed
based on private messages and RSRP reported by UEs.
 Results of load evaluations
 Based on load evaluations, DL ICIC determines
whether or not to block RBs. If some RBs on the
center band are blocked, interference effects on
neighboring cells are reduced.
 Based on the RSRP and evaluated cell load reported
by UEs, the eNodeB adjusts UE types, and scheduling
changes in turn.

Page 51
Static Uplink ICIC Procedure
 During network planning, the uplink operating band in each cell is divided into an edge
band and a center band. Edge bands in neighboring cells are orthogonal.
 Based on RSRP measurement reports from UEs, the eNodeB divides UEs into CEUs and
CCUs, and informs the scheduler.
 Neighboring cells continually check themselves for interference. When interference
exceeds the OI threshold, a cell sends an OI message to all neighboring cells. When a
serving cell receives an OI message, it checks its validity and executes the necessary
adjustments.

Page 52
Dynamic Uplink ICIC Procedure
 Based on RSRP measurement reports from UEs, the eNodeB divides UEs into CEUs and
CCUs, and informs the scheduler.
 The eNodeB maps band division information into HII messages and sends them to
neighboring cells (HII target cells). The eNodeB of the serving cell (HII source cell) then
continually adjusts its edge-band bandwidth according to edge-band load and its neighboring
cell list. Then, the eNodeB informs the scheduler.
 Neighboring cells continually check themselves for interference. When interference exceeds
the OI threshold, a cell sends an OI message to all neighboring cells. When a serving cell
receives an OI message, it checks its validity and executes the necessary adjustments.

Page 53
Intra-eNodeB Time-Domain Uplink ICIC
Procedure
 For interference coordination between
different cells on a single eNodeB
 When frequency coordination fails to
resolve high interference
 Not for TDD mode or handover users
Procedure:
 Based on RSRP measurement reports from UEs, the eNodeB divides UEs into CEUs and CCUs,
and informs the scheduler.
 Neighboring cell list is managed based on RSRP and HII messages. Intra-eNodeB coordination
covers intra-eNodeB cells on the cell-level neighboring cell list.
 Neighboring cells continually check themselves for interference. When interference exceeds the OI
threshold, a cell sends an OI message to all neighboring cells. When a serving cell receives an OI
message, it checks its validity and executes the necessary adjustments.
 UE types and neighboring cell information are inputs to the scheduler. The scheduler determines
which neighboring cell is causing the interference, and then decides for each CEU to use either odd
or even sub-frames only.

Page 54
ICIC - OI Handling
 Overload Indication (OI) – Broadcasted message to all neighboring cells
 OI message indicates the interference level caused to an RB
 OI message contains: ID of the Source Cell & Interference Indication
(high/medium/low)
 Adjust CEUs transmission power
exchange message between
send cell and a group
cell 2 neighbor cells by
X2 interface
OI X2
cell 3 cell 5
cell 1
Value for the threshold mention in the comments below
cell 4

ICIC - HII Handling
 High Interference Indication (HII) – provides info for the band division
 Dynamic adjustment CEUs frequency band
 Non-overlapping CEUs frequency band
 HII message contains: ID of the Source Cell , ID of the Target Cell & Interference
Indication (high level – edge band; low level – center band)
 HII messages – event trigger and periodic modes
HII
cell 2 exchange message between
two cells by X2 interface
HII X2 HII
HII
cell 3 cell 1 cell 5
HII
cell 4

ICIC - Key Parameters
ID Name Description Range Recomm MML
ended
Value
DlIcicAlgoSwitch DlIcicAlgoSwitch Indicates the DL ICIC algorithm switch. There are DlIcicSwitch_OF DlIcicSwit MOD
four states. F_ENUM(), ch_OFF_ ENODEBALGOSWI
DlIcicSwitch_OFF:Indicates that the DL ICIC DlIcicDynamicS ENUM() TCH
algorithm is disabled. witch_ON_ENU LST
DlIcicDynamicSwitch_ON:Indicates that the M(), ENODEBALGOSWI
dynamic DL ICIC algorithm is enabled. DlIcicStaticSwitc TCH
DlIcicStaticSwitch_ON:Indicates that the static DL h_ON_ENUM(),
ICIC algorithm is enabled. DlIcicReuse3Swi
DlIcicReuse3Switch_ON:Indicates that the DL tch_ON_ENUM()
ICIC Reuse3 algorithm is enabled. In this case, all
UEs are scheduled on the edge frequency band
defined by the statistic ICIC scheme. That is, all
UEs in one cell use one third of the total frequency
band.
UlicicFreqSwitch UlIcicFreqSwitch Indicates the switch that is used to enable and {OFF, STATIC, OFF MOD
disable UL ICIC in the frequency domain. When DYNAMIC} ENODEBALGOSWI
this switch is set to OFF, UL ICIC in the frequency TCH
domain is disabled in the cells under the eNodeB. LST
When this switch is set to STATIC, static UL ICIC ENODEBALGOSWI
in the frequency domain is enabled in the cells TCH
under the eNodeB. When this switch is set to
DYNAMIC, dynamic UL ICIC in the frequency
domain is enabled in the cells under the eNodeB.


Page 58
What Is Scheduling?
 Overview
 When LTE is using shared channels, time-frequency resources are
dynamically shared. How does the eNodeB allocate resources? Through
scheduling. Scheduling is the process of allocating time-frequency
resources to UEs based on service type, data volume, and channel
quality.
 Scheduling for both uplink and downlink is completed at the MAC layer.
 Objectives
 The objectives of scheduling are to transmit as much data as possible
over good quality connections and maximize capacity, while also meeting
QoS requirements.

Page 59
Concepts about Scheduling
 Channel Quality
 Channel Quality Indicator (CQI). CQI is a downlink quality indicator. CQI is reported by the UEs under
control the of eNodeB. Reports can be periodic, event-triggered, or both.
 Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR). In downlink scheduling, uplink SINR is the channel quality
indicator. SINR is measured at the physical layer. To make the IBLER for each UE approach the target
IBLER, the eNodeB adjusts SINR based on uplink data ACK/NACK.
 QoS

Page 60
Scheduling Modes and Policies
 Scheduling Modes
 Dynamic scheduling. The eNodeB makes a scheduling decision every TTI and informs all
UEs to be scheduled. One TTI is 1 ms.
 Semi-persistent scheduling. Within a preset semi-persistent scheduling period (20 ms for the
Huawei eNodeB), a single user will use the same time-frequency resources until they are
released. Semi-persistent scheduling is usually used for services with fixed bit rates, periodic
data arrival and small delays, such as VoIP. This type of scheduling can reduces signaling
overhead.
 Scheduling Policies
 Huawei eNodeB supports three basic scheduling policies: Max C/I, Round Robin (RR), and
Proportional Fair (PF). It also supports one enhanced policy: Enhanced PF (EPF).
 In the basic policies, all services use dynamic scheduling. In EPF, only VoIP uses semi-
persistent scheduling.
 In actual network deployment, EPF is generally used.

Page 61
Scheduling types
 Frequency-selective scheduling. In DL scheduling, frequency-selective
scheduling allocates continuous subcarriers or RBs to UEs. This technology
requires that the eNodeB have detailed channel quality information. Using sub-
band CQIs, the eNodeB finds good quality resources increasing system utilization
and peak speed of UEs.
 Non-frequency-selective scheduling. In DL scheduling, non-frequency-
selective scheduling allocates discrete subcarriers or RBs to UEs. For this mode,
the eNodeB only needs full band CQIs, so signaling overhead is lower. In UL
scheduling, non-frequency-selective scheduling searches within a band from high
to low for continuous usable RBs. When few UEs need to be scheduled in a cell,
frequency-selective scheduling generates many data fragments. Non-frequency-
selective scheduling is therefore prioritized.

Scheduling _Resource Allocation
 Resource Allocation Type:
 Localized: is propitious to frequency-selective scheduling
 Distributed: can bring frequency diversity gain.
 PDSCH Resource Allocation Type
 Resource allocation type 0:
Based on RBG, bitmap indicates resource allocation.
Based on RBG subset, bitmap in subset indicates resource allocation
Couldn’t allocate resource from different RBG subset.
Virtual RB map to Physical RB;
Including localized VRB and Distributed VRB.

 TYPE 0 : RBG TYPE 1 : RBG Subset

 TYPE 2 based on RB.

Downlink Scheduling
 Overview
 Downlink scheduling allocates time-frequency resources in PDSCH to system information or
data transmission.
 The scheduler measures the remaining power and calculates resources that can be scheduled.
It then decides scheduling priorities and MCS based on the volume of data waiting in the RLC
layer, the QoS requirements for each bearer, and UE channel quality (CQIs reported by UEs).
 Procedure
 Scheduling priorities in descending order: VoIP services, control plane data/IMS signaling
messages, data to be retransmitted, and other initially transmitted data services.
 The scheduler uses semi-persistent scheduling for VoIP services and dynamic scheduling for
other data.
 Control plane data is second in priority only to VoIP. It is dynamically scheduled. Control plane
data includes common control messages and UE level control messages. The scheduling of
IMS signaling messages is consistent with UE level control message processing (SRB1, SRB2).

Page 66
Uplink Scheduling
 Overview
 Uplink scheduling is the allocation of suitable PUSCH resources to the right UE at the right time.
EPF scheduling is the default.
 Uplink scheduling begins after a request by the UE. MCS is selected and a specific number of RBs
are allocated based on the current UE channel quality, volume of data to be scheduled, and power
headroom.
 During uplink scheduling, UE channel quality is indicated by SINR measured at the physical layer by
the eNodeB; data volume is reported by the UE in its BSR; power headroom is reported by the UE in
its PHR.
 Procedure
 Scheduling priorities in descending order: VoIP services, control plane data/IMS signaling
messages, data to be retransmitted, and other initially transmitted data services.
 The scheduler uses semi-persistent scheduling for VoIP services and dynamic scheduling for other
data.
 Control plane data is second in priority only to VoIP. It is dynamically scheduled. Control plane data
includes common control messages and UE level control messages. The scheduling of IMS
signaling messages is consistent with UE level control message processing (SRB1, SRB2).

Page 67
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

2. LTE Handover Algorithm

3. LTE Power Control Algorithm

4. LTE ICIC Algorithm

5. LTE Scheduling Algorithm

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

1. Initial access 1.from

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1 Random Access Preamble

Random Access Response 2

Random Access Preamble 1

2 Random Access Response

Major differences between contention and non-contention RA procedures:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

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•The long CP in preamble formats 1 & 3

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Depend on the network planning

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2. LTE Handover Algorithm

3. LTE Power Control Algorithm

4. LTE ICIC Algorithm

5. LTE Scheduling Algorithm

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

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ID Name Description Range Recomm MML

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ID Name Description Range Recommen MML

Some handover parameters may need to

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 28

2. LTE Handover Algorithm

3. LTE Power Control Algorithm

4. LTE ICIC Algorithm

5. LTE Scheduling Algorithm

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

 Downlink Power Control Policies

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

ID Name Description Range Recommen MML

Pb PB Indicates the power factor ratio 0~3 1 LST PDSCHCFG

PaPcOff PaPcOff Indicates the PA when the power -6,-4.77,-3, -3 LST

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 34

ID Name Description Range Recommended MML