P.P.

SAVANI CVS, SCHOOL

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TRANSFORMERS
BY:-

Rashmit

STD:-XII

SEC:-A

ROLL NO :---

2019-20
 Certificate

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my greatest gratitude to the people who have helped

and supported me throughout my project I am grateful to my physics teacher Mr.

and Mr. for their continuous support for project from initial advice and contacts in

early stages of conceptual inception and through ongoing advise and

encouragement to this day

I wish to thanks my parent for their undivided support and interest who

inspired me and encouraged me to go my own way without whom I would be

unable to complete my project a special thanks of my mine goes to my best friend

who helped me in completing the project and he exchanged his interest ideas

thought and made this project easy and accurate at last but not the least I want to

thank my friend who appreciated me for work and motivated me finally to god

who made all the thing possible.

Student’s Name: ________________________ Roll No._______________

 They are so important in our lives
that without them even the electric
bells fitted in our homes won’t work.
 CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron
core made of laminated sheets, well insulated from

one another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are

wound on the same core, but are well insulated
with each other. Note that the both the coils are
insulated from the core, the source of alternating

e.m.f is connected to p1p2, the primary coil and a

load resistance R is connected to s1 s2, the

secondary coil through an open switch S. thus
there can be no current through the sec. coil so
long as the switch is open. For an ideal
transformer, we assume that the resistance of the
primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further,
the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is
also negligible. For operation at low frequency, we
may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is
insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with
varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses
by eddy currents. The input circuit is called
primary. And the output circuit is called secondary.

An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the
action of the secondary EMF on the (not shown) load impedance.

The ideal transformer as a circuit element

INDEX

1. CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM OF PROJECT
4. INTRODUCTION
5. THEORY
6. APPARATUS REQUIRED
7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
8. USES OF TRANSFORMERS
9. CONCLUSION
10. PRECAUTIONS

11. SOURCES OF ERROR

12. BIBILIOGRAPHY
 AIM OF THE PROJECT

To investigate the relation between the

ratio of –
1. Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and

primary coil of
a self made transformer.
 INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a

low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low
alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device
that transfers energy by inductive coupling
between its winding circuits. Transformers range in
size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer
hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units
weighing hundreds of tons used in power plant
substations or to interconnect portions of the
power grid. All operate on the same basic
principles, although the range of designs is wide.
While new technologies have eliminated the need
for transformers in some electronic circuits,
transformers are still found in many electronic
devices. Transformers are essential for high-
voltage electric power transmission, which makes
long-distance transmission economically practical.
A transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the
electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts. A transformer which increases the
voltages is called a step-up transformer. A
transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential

piece of apparatus both for high and low current
circuits.

Close-up of single-phase pole mount transformer.

 PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle of mutual induction that

is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit then
induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighboring
circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce
varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the
neighboring circuit.
 Theory
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil
p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering
current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which
induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the
secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then
the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal
to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be
the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary
and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the
primary secondary coils of the transformer and

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in

each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have

Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)

and

Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so

by dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the

primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back

e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the

instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = Ip Rp

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E

= output e.m.f / input e.m.f

= Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

IN A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If

Ip = value of primary current at the same

instant And

Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant = Ep Ip And

Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer,

then Input power = output power Or

Ep Ip = Es Is

Or

Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
ILLUSTRATION
 IN A STEP UP TRANSFORMER

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k > 1, so Ip

> Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when
secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we
lose in current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step
down transformer, whatever we lose in
voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps
down the current &a step down
transformer steps up the current.
ILLUSTRATION
 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power
to the input power.
i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power
losses , η = 1.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore
the efficiency of transformer is less than one.
 ENERGY LOSSES

Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core
of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in
iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.

Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn
of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked
with each turn of P1P2.

4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated

magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is
fed to it.

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer

APPARATUS REQUIRED

IRON ROD

COPPER WIRE

VOLTMETRE

AMMETRE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

1.Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound

relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on
it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down
transformer.

3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through

s1and s2.

5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.

6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing

number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
USES OF TRANSFORMERS

1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,

air conditioner, etc.

2. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

4. A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and

NEON advertisement.

5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and

stabilized power supplies.

6. Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over

long distances.

7. Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones,

loud speakers and electric bells etc
 CONCLUSION

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the

secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect
to the input voltage

2. The output voltage of the transformer across the

secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect
to the input voltage

3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a

transformer.
 PRECAUTIONS

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the

A.C should remain constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

2. Eddy current can change the readings.

 BIBILIOGRAPHY

1) NCERT textbook class 12

2) NCERT physics lab Manuel
3) INTERNET
4) www.yahoo.com
5) www.scribd.com
6) www.google.com