A DISTRIBUTED POWER CONTROL OF SERIES-

CONNECTED MODULE-INTEGRATED
INVERTERS FOR PV
GRID-TIED APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
Distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation has been extensively
developed in both commercial and residential systems over the past
decades. Due to the low energy conversion efficiency of PV panels,
current research still focuses on maximizing the energy harvested from
PV panels and improving the conversion efficiency of the power
conditioning stage . However, the mismatches induced by manufacturing
tolerances, partial shading, dirt on the surface of PV panels, thermal
gradients, or aging result in losses in energy captured by a PV energy
conversion system. Furthermore, mismatched PV modules or systems
exhibit a nonconvex attribute of output power with respect to output
voltage, which hinders the operation of maximum power point (MPP)
tracking algorithm and results in the need to operate PV grid-tied
inverters over a wider range of MPP voltages . Distributed maximum
power point tracking (DMPPT) allows one to overcome the drawbacks
associated with mismatching phenomena.
Many state-of-the-art architectures of a PV grid-tied system based
on DMPPT techniques have been proposed, including the ac-module
structure, the dc-module structure, the distributed differential power
processing (DPP) structure, and the series connected H-bridge structure.
The ac module, is also called the module integrated converter (MIC).
The MIC can be used as a plugin device by individual users without
professional knowledge. However, when compared with the string
inverters, MICs have lower efficiencies and higher cost per watt. In most
of the existing MIC topologies, a high-frequency transformer is used to
boost the low PV voltage so that it matches the utility grid voltage. A
high switching frequency is necessary to achieve a compact inverter
size.

EXISTING SYSTEM:

A high-frequency transformer is used to boost the low PV voltage

so that it matches the utility grid voltage. A high switching frequency is
necessary to achieve a compact inverter size. As a result, both the
switching losses of the MIC devices and the transformer losses are the
dominant limitations for improving the efficiency. The dc module
structure integrates each PV panel with a dc/dc converter. The output
ports of dc/dc converters are connected in series and the resulting string
feeds in a centralized inverter . The voltage gain requirement in dc/dc
converter topologies is reduced, and the dc-module structure leads to
higher energy extraction with respect to the centralized MPPT.
However, due to the limited voltage and current ratings of the adopted
power devices and nonoptimal string voltage, extracting the maximum
available power from each PV panel is not always achievable in
mismatched conditions. To further improve the performance, the
DMPPT function carried out in the dc/dc converters should be in
accordance with the centralized MPPT function carried out in the
centralized inverter.

DRAWBACKS:

 Switching losses and transformer core losses

 Low efficiency

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

The grid-tied PV generation system based on SC-MIIs is shown in

Fig., where uo1 to uon represent the output voltages of each MII. The
voltage at point of common coupling (PCC), i.e., uPCC, is the sum of
the voltage of each MII. ug represents the utility grid voltage, and ZLine
represents the line impedance. Similar to the series-connected H-bridge,
each PV panel is interfaced with an MII in the grid-tied SC-MII system.
The outputs of MIIs are connected in series to achieve high-voltage
level. The independent MPPT is achieved to harvest as much
as solar energy in each MII. However, the outputs of MIIs are at ac line
frequency in the grid-tied SC-MII system, while the outputs of the
series-connected H-bridge are at PWMfrequency. Therefore, each MII is
an independent inverter with an output filter in the grid-tied SC-MII
system, so the distributed control is easier to realize. Each MII is
implemented by using a single-phase full bridge inverter with the
unipolar PWM.

ADVANTAGES:

 Compared with the ac module structure, the grid-tied SC-MII

system reduces the voltage gain requirement for SC-MII
topologies. Thus, the system efficiency can be improved.
 Compared with the dc module structure and the DPP structure, the
SC-MIIs are distributed and modularized instead of a centralized
inverter. Therefore, the reliability of the grid-tied SC-MII system is
higher than that of the dc module structure.

APPLICATIONS:
 Grid connected applications
 Renewable energy resources