2020 International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET)

Belgaum, India. Jun 5-7, 2020

Analysis of Anemia Using Data Mining Techniques

with Risk Factors Specification
Mohammed Sami MOHAMMED
Department of Electronics and
Communications, Faculty of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering,
Yildiz Technical University,
Istanbul,34220, Turkey
mohammed_sami9@yahoo.com
Arshed A. AHMAD Murat SARI
Department of Mathematics, Yildiz Technical Department of Mathematics, Yildiz Technical
University, Istanbul, 34220, Turkey University, Istanbul,34220-Turkey
Computer Department, College of Education sarim@yildiz.edu.tr
for Pure Science Diyala University, Diyala-
Iraq, arshed980@gmail.com

Abstract— Deficiency in healthy Red Blood Cells (RBC)
leads to insufficient oxygen to be carried to whole blood tissues.
Many reasons cause such an issue like iron or vitamin
deficiency which is known as Anemia. Pregnant women,
children under the age of 6, people with a low vitamin diet and
losing their blood due to surgery or injury are at risk that will
tend to have anemia. Such a disease can be diagnosed by blood
test called Complete Blood Count (CBC), which evaluates
Hemoglobin levels of patient’s blood. Undiagnosed or
untreated left disease, such as anemia, can cause health
problems such as severe fatigue and pregnancy complications.
Different types of anemia, especially those associated with iron
or vitamin deficiency, can be ameliorated, especially when
detected at an early stage. In this paper, four techniques,
Bayesian Network (BN), Naive Bayes (NB), Logistic Regression
(LR) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) have been applied to
predict anemia based on 539 data, with 10 attributes, collected
from laboratories. The LR has given better results compared
to other considered techniques. In addition, attribute
evaluators such as information gain have been applied to
demonstrate the high performance of the system with
minimum characteristics.
Keywords— Anemia, Bayes Network, Naive Bayes, Logistic
Regression, Multi-Layer Perceptron
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, the most difficult challenge which healthcare
and health institutes are suffering from is the early detection
of dangerous disorders that lead to complicated health
problems. Medical data can be assembled from different
sources like images, laboratories or any other different
source types. Working with such an unstructured data need
techniques to be mined carefully and extracted patterns to
perform an essential parts of gathering knowledge
information. These patterns are complicated to be analyzed
or even discovered by only human. Data mining techniques
tries to perform the best model which to be nearest to the
actual patterns that implement the data under examination.
Detection of RBC shape/count disorders is important when
data or even images are found. Some changes in RBC cell
shapes according to different reasons able to help physician
to detect anemic patient if related images are supplied for
this reason as in [1]. A programmable architecture was
proposed [2] to perform a simple anemia predictor according
to the color of RBCs. In addition, an automatic design was
proposed in [3] to detect anemia patients. In this article, two
techniques have been used to recognize the differences
between normal and abnormal forms of RBC. It has also
been used a framework to compare it with the testing
samples using the Euclidian distance as a classification
metric. In the least development countries, anemia is
widespread especially in children and pregnant women, as in
Malawi. The need of anemia prediction system and due to
the cost of such a common system, researchers suggested a
low cost prediction [4]. Testing cost was 1.00$ per patient,
but in this paper researchers demonstrate a spectra method
which minimized the prices per patient. Such a device of
prediction disease take researchers interests to design an
early detector [5]. By defining impedance analysis and
relying on hematocrit analysis, this device works with total
patient samples. Nnumerical techniques based on the radial
basis functions are presented as a solution of anemia
treatment [6].
Rare forms and counting representations of some red
blood cells are essential for iron deficiency anemia
recognized by three different classifiers [7]. Due to some
researchers [8], data mining approaches are able to classify
two types of anemia but unsuccessful to predict the reason of
such issues. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) also
participates in anemia prediction works to classify the RBC
visual samples [9], [10] and [11]. Same approaches with a
different processing techniques were also suggested [12]
using the Laplacian of Gaussian filters to identify anemia in
an early stage depending also on counts and shapes. Lower
amount of hemoglobin intensity in blood samples represents
an aspect due to anemia ailment. Three classes of eyes and
tongue image samples are analyzed to present a classification
model based on the image feature extraction [13]. Anemia
symptoms may be unknown without detection or
identification of RBC count in blood samples. Such an issue
is complicated to prove it occurrences with single
parameters, therefore; studies such as the study [14]
depends on other parameters not only RBC count such as
MCV, WBC and TIBC. A fuzzy logic system is presented to
this paper to extract the pattern among nine different
parameters for anemia prediction.
Depending on the variety levels of anemia development,
a decision system was suggested to classify its activity [15].
In order to extract the patterns between different RBC related
parameters for undernourishment conditions like iron
deficiency which cause anemia in pregnant women,
researchers presented an algorithm as seen in reference [16].
Dataset for 539 are collected in Iraq for different parameters
to map the cause of iron deficiency in such a region. Such a
medical field should be carefully examined for serious points
in order to detect such a disease at an early stage. With the
help of this dataset, and especially for such unsupervised
regions, the pattern between the different parameters can be
provided a clear vision of the main reason for these types of

978-1-7281-6221-8/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE 1

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disorders. This article expect to be helpful in guidance to
health institutes and the related disease activities in the
society in order to appropriately deal with this type of data in
predicting the anemia types.
II. THE PROPOSED METHODS
In this article, four algorithms have been used to predict
anemic patients based on 10 attributes for 6 different classes.
In this section, a brief description of these algorithms, their
principles and the reasons for their selection are discussed.
The proposed structure used for this paper are shown in Fig.
1. As shown in the figure, the data set has been prepared to
be applied to four different mining techniques with and
without attribute evaluator. In addition, it compares the
techniques used after applying the feature selector to
examine the affected parameters on the total prediction
system. This paper also demonstrate the limitation of these
techniques for the dataset with different attribute values.
A. Naive Bayes
Based on the Bayes theorem, the Naive Bayes classifier is a
family of algorithms in which the characteristics of the
relevant data share the same principles. These features are
considered to be either independent of each other or equal
contribution to the classes. The main algorithm can be
derived as
P(C|F) = {P(F|C) * P(C)}/P(F) (1)
where C is the different classes for anemia, F is the
dataset features used to be classified as C, P(C|F) means the
probability of class C which gives the true features F and
P(F|C) means the probability of the features F that gives the
right classes.
According to the assumption which applying
independency between dataset features and then classes will
be separated into parts as given
P(C|f1, f2, …,fn) = { P(f1|C) * P(f2|C)…*P(fn|C)*P(C)}
/ {P(f1) * P(f2) … * P(fn)}. (2)
The final classification model can be calculated by the
selection of the output with maximum values as expressed by
C= argmaxc P(C) * ∏ P(fi|C)
resources for increasing ability and machine efficiency. A
data mining technique based on the NB was used to evaluate
business improvement [23]. Main structure of the Naive
Bayes representing each posterior and likelihood
probabilities is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. The main structure of Naive Bayes algorithm applied to the anemia
data
B. Bayes Network
The Bayesian Network is a conditional graphical method
that uses a Bayesian conclusion for probability assessment.
In this method, conditional dependence between feature
edges will be a factor in this joint probability. Linked-based
dataset classification was analyzed and predicted using
multi-relational BN as seen in [24]. A crude Fourier
approach for image classification was applied using different
data mining techniques [25]. A suitable application of the
BN for human activity recognition based on a large amount
of data sets was also carried out as described in [26]. A new
recognition system based on the BN for abnormal human
activity was achieved in a monitoring video [27].
C. Function logistic
Logistic regression (LR) is also a machine learning
approach based on the basics of probability to classify
different types of data using a sigmoid function instead of the
linear one. The protein structure prediction system was
introduced using the LR [28,29]. By modeling phase
.
distribution parameters, the LR method was presented to
predict the extracted theoretical function with those
distributions [30]. Various applications were also presented
using the LR such as placement prediction system, risk
prediction of mobile user and costumer churn prediction as
given in [31], [32] and [33].
(3)

where P(C) is the probability of the data class and P(fi|C) III. COLLECTED DATASET
is the probability of conditional independent features. Data was collected for 539 patients with 10 attributes and
a 1 column for 6 different class types. Fig. 2 shows some of
Use of the Naive Bayes for unbalanced data is possible,
the information collected about anemia in the laboratory as
as in many articles [17]. In this article, the NB is provided by
described in detail in [34].
ANN dataset to solve the problem of unbalanced data, when
dataset are a collection of different types and some classes
are significant in count than other classes. Various
applications of this model have been presented in the
literature [18], based on a text categorization.
Researchers [19] suggested a model using the KNN and
NB to detect text/image email spam letters. In another article
[20], prediction of disease is more likely to be associated
with asthma prediction. Business information is taken as part
of a research focusing on prediction of the earning of
business intelligence as seen in [21]. A new prediction
(a)
system was introduced [22] to detect the hypervisor attacker
which mainly occurred when hosts are connected to

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 (b)

(c)
Fig. 2. Some features of the anemia data (a) Hemoglobin (HB), (b) Mean
Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) and (c) Hematocrit (HCT).

Table 1 shows a brief description of the characteristics

associated with the collected anemia data. It shows the
minimum, maximum values, mean of each feature and the
standard deviation of each column.

Fig. 4. Proposed Algorithm for Anemia Prediction system

TABLE I. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COLLECTED ANEMIA DATA
Feature Minimum Maximum Mean STD*
HB 1.4 18.2 9.5 4.3 In Fig. 4, the algorithm proposed for various classes for
RBC 0.9 11.9 5.1 2.2 539 rows and 10 attributes is shown in more detail.
MCH 11.7 77 26.6 4.5
WBC 1.6 146.1 13.1 16.2 IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
MCV 38.6 117 82.6 8.7
The results have been simulated using WEKA to apply
HCT 7.7 51.7 33.1 9
data mining techniques and MATLAB 2017b to apply the
MCHC 22.6 60.5 32 3.1
attribute evaluator methods. The results are divided into two
PLT 2 1892 363.2 210.1
steps: first without using feature selection methods and
AGE 6 56 21.4 10.6
second after applying. Ten cross validations were used for
Here the STD indicates the column standard deviation
the data classification system. Bayes Net, Naive Bayes,
Logistic Regression and Multi-Layer Perceptron simulation
Fig. 3 showed class relations according to different results are presented in Table 2.
parameters like HB, PLT which clarified the overlap
between 6 selected classes. TABLE II. THE SIMULATED RESULTS OF THE PROPOSED ALGORITHMS
BEFORE APPLYING FEATURE SELECTION

Root
Exhausted Mean
Accuracy Mean
parameter Time Absolute
(%) Square
(Sec.) Error
Error
BN 0.06 85.1 0.056 0.198
NB 0.01 83.6 0.064 0.209
LR 0.33 87.3 0.062 0.183
MLP 1.61 87.1 0.054 0.19

As shown in Table 2, the time taken for the NB methods

before applying the feature selector to predict such
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6
biomedical behaviour is less than for other techniques. Easy
implementation, small data size usage, and the assumption of
Fig. 3. Relation of PLT and HB for 6 Anemia Classes
predictors make the NB faster in calculating, but not more
accurate. In the LR, the independent features do not normally
distribute. In addition, feature identities are not required in

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various assumptions. The LR provides not only a measure of this is the linearity assumption between dependent and
different types of classes of related properties, but also independent features for the LR. On the other hand, the MLP
guides between features and classes. Table 3 shows the has a trained limitation which means that the MLP stuck at
confusion matrix generated using the LR based on the local minima region without stopping or catching the global
collected anemia data. one. MLP also needs to be trained several times at various
starting points, which is a major reason for the high
TABLE III. THE CONFUSION MATRIX GENERATED USING THE LR
execution time in MLP. Also, the MLP has underfitting and
BASED ON THE ANEMIA DATA overfitting issues with manually selection of hidden layer
numbers. Fig. 5 showed the system performances before and
Class No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 after applying attribute evaluators on the same prediction
1 198 8 0 4 0 1
techniques.
2 5 68 0 10 0 0
3 1 0 3 5 0 0
4 9 5 0 200 1 2
5 0 3 0 5 2 0
6 0 5 1 3 0 0

Inadequate disease data forced researchers to seek an

improvement in the disease prediction system. Therefore, the
attribute selector methods have been used to minimize the
number of features and examine the effectiveness of this
reduction on the proposed techniques. Information Gain,
Correlation, OneR, and Symmetric Uncert attribute selectors
are the main evaluation selector applied to this article data
(a)
before applying the same prediction techniques. Table 4
shows the rank value of each attributes according to the
attribute evaluation techniques to clarify its utility according
to class prediction. In the table, three attributes (WBC, MCV
and gender) are deleted for the next step in prediction system
due to their low affection on the design. The simulated
results are shown in more detail in Table 5 after the attribute
selector has been applied.

TABLE IV. THE SIMULATED RESULTS OF THE PROPOSED ALGORITHMS

AFTER APPLYING THE FEATURE SELECTION

Root
Exhausted Mean
Accuracy Mean
parameter Time Absolute (b)
(%) Square
(Sec.) Error Fig. 5. Anemia prediction system performances (a) before and (b) after
Error
applying attribute evaluators
BN 0.02 85.3 0.057 0.205
NB 0.01 84.6 0.062 0.199 V. CONCLUSION
LR 0.17 86.1 0.068 0.183
MLP 0.84 86.1 0.068 0.189 Reduction of Red Blood Cells (RBC) causes an
insufficiency of oxygen, which forces the human body to
collapse if untreated or even detected at an early stage. In
According to Table 5, the results showed that the NB and
this paper, four different methods (BN, NB, LR and MLP)
BN have a better accuracy after using the attribute reduction
have been applied to detect the anemia types under the
due to robust assumption in the data distribution. Moreover,
consideration of 10 attributes through 539 samples. The LR
Also, training using the NB or BN is faster because it does
and MPL showed better performances compared with other
not have to deal with all dataset at once, and does not even
proposed techniques with 87.3% and 87.1%, respectively.
have to store them in a memory. The NB and BN have fast
Then, four different attribute evaluations have been utilized
execution time after combining selectors with mining
to find the risk factors that affect the prediction system the
techniques.
most. It has been concluded that the LR and MLP keep their
Performances of the LR and MLP methods are lower high performance difficult, but still have the best results
than other recommended techniques. The main reason for compared to other proposed algorithms. It has been found

TABLE V. RANK ACCORDING TO THE PROPOSED ATTRIBUTE SELECTOR

Parameters HB RBC MCH WBC MCV HCT MCHC PLT Age Gender
Info. Gain 1.09 0.77 0.37 0.18 0.13 0.81 0.37 0.22 0.24 0.01
Correlation 0.58 0.25 0.33 0.22 0.19 0.60 0.32 0.29 0.31 0.09
OneR 0.62 0.49 0.35 0.26 0.18 0.57 0.35 0.26 0.34 0.04
Symmetrical Uncert 0.53 0.44 0.20 0.14 0.10 0.45 0.22 0.15 0.17 0.02

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that the linearity assumption between dependent and
independent features lead to low performance for the LR. On
the other hand, it has been discovered that the MLP needs
several training processes in order not to remain in the local
minima region and to maintain its high activity. Robust
assumption and rapid education have been seen as the main
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