SESSION:

2023-24

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.2,OTA GAYA

PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
TOPIC:ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Prepared by :
ANURAG KUMAR
CLASS:12 ‘A’
 Table of
Content

01 Aim
07 Conclusion

02 Introduction
08 Biblography

03 Principle

04 Theory

05 Apparatus
required

06 Law
 CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that Anurag Kumar, of class XIIth
‘A’ , has successfully prepared a report on
"Electromagnetic Induction" under the guidance
of Shri. Sanjay Kumar Srivastava (PGT Physics).
The report is a culmination of his hard work and
dedication and is deemed worthy of acceptance as
the final Project report for the subject Physics of
class XIIth (Sci.).

Shri Sanjay Kumar External

Srivastava Examiner

Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and

gratitude to my physics teacher, Shri Sanjay Kumar
Srivastava sir for guiding me immensely through the
course of the project. His constructive advice &
constant motivation have been responsible for the
successful completion of his project.

My sincere thank goes to our principal sir for his co-

ordination in extending every possible support for the
completion of this project.

I must thanks to my classmates for their timely help

and support for completion of this project.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank all those
who had helped directly or indirectly towards the
completion of this project.
 AIM
“ TO DETERMINE
THE FARADAY’S
LAW OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
USING A
COPPER WIRE
WOUND
OVER AN
IRON ROD
AND A
STRONG
MAGNET. ”
 INTRODUCTION
Faraday’s law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism
that predicts how a magnetic field will interact with an electric
circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the
fundamental operating principle of transformers , inductors,
and many types of electrical motors and generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently

by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however,
Faraday was the first to publish the results of his
experiments. Faraday explained electromagnetic
induction using a concept he called lines of force. These
equation for electromagnetic are extremely important
since they provide a means to precisely describe how many
natural physical phenomena in our universe arise and
behave.
The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena
not only allows us to gain a better understanding of our
universe, but it also makes possible a host of technological
innovations that define modern society. Understanding
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction can be
beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function
because of the principles behind Faraday’s Law. From
natural
 technologies that improve our quality of life such as electric
power generation, Faraday’s law has a great impact on many
aspect

Faraday’s law is the circuit of the experiments of the English

chemist and physicist Michael Faraday. The concept of
electromagnetic induction was actually discovered
simultaneously in 1831 by Faraday in London and Joseph, an
American scientist working in New York, but Faraday is credited
for the law since he published his work first. An important aspect
of the equation that qualifies Faraday’s law comes from the work
of Heinrich Lenz, a Russian physicist who made his contribution
to Faraday’s law, now known as Lenz’s law, in 1834 (Institute of
Chemistry).

Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an

electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic
field. Before expanding upon this description, it is necessary to
develop an understanding of the fields, as well as the related
concept of potentials.
Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic
induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around
opposite sides of an iron ring or “torus” (an arrangement similar
to a modern toroidal transformer) to induce current.

FARADAY FIRST EXPERIMENT:

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday’s law is a single

equation describing two different phenomena :- The motional
EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire (see
Lorentz force), and the transformer EMF generated by an
electric force due to a changing magnetic field (due to the
Maxwell-Faraday equation).

James Clerk Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his 1861

paper on physical lines of force. In this latter half part II of
that paper, Maxwell gives a separate physical explanation for
each of the two phenomena.
A reference to these two aspects of electromagnetic
induction is made in some modern textbooks
 THEORY
MAGNETIC FLUX

The magnetic flux (often denoted 𝚽 or 𝚽B ) through a surface

is the component of the B field passing through that surface.
The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) and the CGS
unit is the Maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a
flux-meter, which contains measuring coils and electronics
that evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils to
calculate the magnetic flux.

If the magnetic field is constant, the ,magnetic flux passing

through a surface of vector area S is

Where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic

flux density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla), S is the area of
the surface, and 𝛉 is the angle between the magnetic field
lines and the normal (perpendicular) to S
 For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the
magnetic flux through an infinitesimal area element
dS, where we may condiser the field to be constan

From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A

and the fundamental theorem of the curl, the
magnetic flux may also be defined as

Where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the

surface S, which is denoted dS
 APPARATUS
REQUIRED
1.Insulated copper wire
2.An iron rod
3.A strong magnet, and
4.A light emitting diode (LED)
 LAW

The most widespread version of Faraday’s law states :-

“The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is
equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux
through the circuit.”
This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds only when
the closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire and is
invalid in other circumstances as discussed below. A
different version, the Maxwell-Faraday equation
(discussed below), is valid in all circumstances.
When the flux changes – because B changes, or
because the wire loop is moved or deformed, or both
Faraday’s law of induction says that the wire loop
acquires an EMF 𝜀 , defined as the energy available per
unit charge that travels once around the wire loop (the
unit of EMF is the volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage
that would be measured by cutting the wire to create an
open circuit and attaching a voltmeter to the leads.

According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units):-

 The EMF on a wire loop is :-

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka

magnetic flux density, magnetic induction), 𝒅𝒍 is an
infinitesimal arc length along the wire, and the line
integral is evaluated along the wire (along the curve the
coincident with the shape of the wire).

The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time-varying

magnetic field is always accompanied by a spatially-
varying, non-conservative electric fields, and vice-versa.
The Maxwell-Faraday equation is :-

Where 𝛁 is the curl operator and again E(r,t) is the electric

field and B(r,t) is the magnetic field. These fields can
generally be functions of position r and time t. The four
Maxwell’s equation (including the Maxwell-Faraday
equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything in classical
electromagnetism.

Therefore it is possible to “prove” Faraday’s law starting

with these equation. Faraday’s law could be taken as the
starting point and used to “prove” the Maxwell Faraday
equation and/or other laws.
CONCLUSION
Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic
Induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in the
mid-nineteenth century, describes a
very important electromagnetic
concept. Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the
essence of Faraday’s is not hard to
grasp : it relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to a dynamic
magnetic field.
This concept has many far reaching
ramifications that touch our lives in
many ways : from the shining of the
sun to the convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity to
power our homes.
We can all appreciate the profound
Faraday’s law has on us
BIBLOGRAPHY
https://en.wikipedia.org
https://www.google.co.in

Class 12 Physics Lab Manual

Class 12 NCERT Textbook

https://www.vaibhavkandwal.com
THANK
YOU