CHAPTER

1 Integrals

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Recap Notes

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INDEFINITE INTEGRAL h ∫ cot x dx = log|sin x| + C

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h Integration is the inverse process of differentiation.
h ∫ sec x dx = log|sec x + tan x| + C
i.e., d F(x) = f (x) ⇒ ∫ f (x) dx = F(x) + C ,

ce
dx x π
= log tan  +  + C
2 4

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where C is the constant of integration.

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Integrals are also known as antiderivatives. h ∫ cosec x dx = log|cosec x – cot x| + C

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Some Standard Integrals x
= log tan + C
2

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N
h ∫ dx = x + C , where ‘ C ’ is the constant of
Properties of Indefinite Integral

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integration
e

∫ f ′(x)dx = f (x) + C
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n xn+1 (i)
h
∫x dx =
n+1
+ C , where n ≠ –1
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∫ f (x)dx = ∫ g(x)dx + C , f and g are indefinite integrals

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x (ii)
dx = e x + C
&
h ∫e with the same derivative.
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x ax
∫a dx = + C , where a > 0 (iii) ∫ [ f (x) + g(x)] dx = ∫ f (x) dx + ∫ g(x) dx
n

h
log e a
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1 (iv)
∫ k ⋅ f (x) dx = k∫ f (x) dx, k being any real number.
or

h ∫ x dx = log e |x|+ C , where x ≠ 0

METHODS OF INTEGRATION
ed

∫ sinx dx = − cos x + C
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h
Integration by Substitution
nd

h ∫ cosx dx = sin x + C
∫ f (x) dx
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h The given integral can be transformed

2 into another form by changing the independent
∫ sec x dx = tan x + C
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h
variable x to t by substituting x = g(t).
Fo

2
∫ cosec x dx = −cot x + C
B

h Integrals Substitution

∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C ∫ f (ax + b)dx ax + b = t

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h
y,

∫ f ( g(x))g′(x)dx
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g(x) = t
h ∫ cosec x cot x dx = −cosec x + C
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dx f ′(x)
h ∫ = sin −1 x + C = – cos–1x + C, ∫ dx f(x) = t
1−x 2 f (x)
where |x| < 1
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h ∫
dx
= tan–1x + C = – cot–1 x + C ∫ ( f (x)) f ′(x)dx f(x) = t
1 + x2
px + q = A(cx + d) + B.
ca

h ∫
1
dx = sec–1 x + C = – cosec–1x + C,
∫ (px + q) cx + d dx
Find A and B by equating
2 px + q
x x −1 where |x| > 1 or ∫ dx coefficients of like powers
A

cx + d
h ∫ tan xdx = log|sec x| + C = –log |cos x| + C of x on both sides.
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B
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 2 CBSE Board Term-II Mathematics Class-12

1 Integrals of Some Particular Functions

∫ (px + q) cx + d
dx or cx + d = t2
1 1 a+x
(i) ∫ a2 − x 2 dx = 2a log a − x +C
1
∫ (px 2 + qx + r ) cx + d
dx
1 x
(ii) ∫ dx = sin −1   + C
2 2 a
1 1 a −x
∫ 2
dx px + q =
t 1
( px + q) cx + dx + e
(iii) ∫ dx = log x + x 2 − a 2 + C
x − a2
2
1 1
∫ dx x= and then c + dt2 = u2

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2 2 t 1
( px + q) cx + d (iv) ∫ dx = log x + x 2 + a 2 + C
x + a2
2

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px + q (px + q)
∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx or 1 1 x−a
(v)
∫ x 2 − a2 dx = 2a log x + a + C

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d
=A (ax 2 + bx + c ) + B

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px + q dx

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∫ dx
or 1 1 −1 x
ax 2 + bx + c (vi) ∫ x 2 + a2 dx = a tan +C
a

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∫ (px + q) ax 2 + bx + c dx

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Integration by Partial Fractions
Integration using Trigonometric Identities

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h If f ( x ) and g ( x ) are two polynomials such that

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h When the integrand consists of trigonometric
deg f(x) ≥ deg g(x), then we divide f(x) by g(x).

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functions, we use known identities to convert it into
a form which can be easily integrated. Some of the f (x) Remainder
\ = Quotient +

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identities useful for this purpose are given below :
N g(x) g(x)
2 x

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h If f(x) and g(x) are two polynomials such that the
e
(i) 2 sin   = (1 − cos x)
2
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degree of f(x) is less than the degree of g(x), then

2 x
(ii) 2 cos   = (1 + cos x) f (x)
we can evaluate ∫ dx by decomposing f (x)
ita

2

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g(x) g(x)
&
(iii) 2 sin x cos y = sin (x + y) + sin (x – y)
Ed

into partial fraction.

(iv) 2 cos x sin y = sin (x + y) – sin (x – y)
n

(v) 2 cos x cos y = cos (x + y) + cos (x – y) Form of the Rational Form of the Partial
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Function Fraction
or

(vi) 2 sin x sin y = cos (x – y) – cos (x + y)

h Some Special Substitutions px + q A B
,a ≠ b +
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Expression Substitution (x − a)(x − b) x−a x−b

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x = a sinq or a cosq px + q A B
nd

a2 − x 2
rT

+
x = a tanq or a cotq (x − a)2 x − a (x − a)2
a2 + x 2 or (a2 + x 2 )
ra

px + q A B C
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x = a secq or a cosecq + +
x 2 − a2
B

(x − a) 3 x − a (x − a)2 (x − a)3
x = a cos2q
et

a−x a+x
or px 2 + qx + r A B C
a+x a−x + +
y,

x−a x−b x−c

G

(x − a)(x − b)(x − c )
x a−x x = a sin2q or a cos2q
m

or px 2 + qx + r A B C
a−x x + +
2 2
x − a (x − a) (x − b)
(x − a) (x − b)
de

x a+x x = a tan2q or a cot2q

or
a+x x px 2 + qx + r A Bx + C
+
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2 2 2
(x − a)(x + bx + c ) x − a x 2 + bx + c
a−x x−b x = a cos q + b sin q
or
x−b a−x where x2 + bx + c can not
A

or (a − x)(x − b) be factorised further

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B
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 Integrals 3

Integration by Parts h Second Fundamental Theorem : Let f ( x ) be a

h If u and v are two differentiable functions of x, then continuous function in the closed interval [a, b] and
b
 du 
∫ (uv) dx = u ⋅ ∫ vdx  − ∫   dx ∫
⋅ vdx  dx .

F(x) be an integral of f(x), then ∫ f (x)dx = F(b) − F(a)
a
st
In order to choose 1 function, we take the letter EVALUATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL BY
which comes first in the word ILATE.
I – Inverse Trigonometric Function
SUBSTITUTION
L – Logarithmic Function h When definite integral is to be found by substitution,
A – Algebraic Function change the lower and upper limits of integration. If

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T – Trigonometric Function substitution is t = f(x) and lower limit of integration
E – Exponential Function is a and upper limit is b, then new lower and upper

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h Integral of the type limits will be f(a) and f(b) respectively.

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x
∫e ( f (x) + f ′(x))dx = e x f (x) + C

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SOME PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

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INTEGRALS OF SOME MORE TYPES b b
(i) ∫a f (x)dx = ∫a f (t)dt

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x 2 a2 x
(i) ∫ a2 − x 2 dx = a − x 2 + sin −1   + C

ce
2 2 a b a
(ii) ∫a f (x)dx = −∫b f (x)dx

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2
x 2 2 a 2 2
(ii)
∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = x − a − log x + x − a + C

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a
2
2 In Particular ∫a f (x)dx = 0
x 2 + a 2 dx =
x 2 a2
x + a 2 + log x + x 2 + a 2 + C
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b c b
∫
(iii)
N
2 2 (iii) ∫a f (x)dx =∫a f (x)dx +∫c f (x)dx , where a < c < b

En
e
b b
DEFINITE INTEGRAL ∫a f (x)dx = ∫a f (a + b − x)dx
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(iv)
h Let F(x) be integral of f(x), then for any two values of
ita

the independent variable x, say a and b, the difference

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a a
&
F(b) – F(a) is called the definite integral of f(x) from (v) ∫0 f (x)dx = ∫0 f (a − x)dx
Ed

∫ f (x)dx .
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a to b and is denoted by
a (vi)
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a 0

, if f (−x) = − f (x)
∫−a f (x)dx =  2 a

∫0 f (x)dx , if f (−x) = f (x)

or


Here, x = a is the lower limit and x = b is the upper
limit of the integral. 2a a a
∫0 f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (2 a − x)dx
ed

(vii)
ui

0 0
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
 a
nd

2a
h First Fundamental Theorem : Let f(x) be a continuous
rT

f (x)dx =  ∫
2 f (x)dx , if f (2 a − x) = f (x)
function in the closed interval [a, b] and let A(x) be
(viii) ∫ 0
0 
ra

the area function. Then A′(x) = f(x), for all x ∈ [a, b]. 0, if f (2 a − x) = − f (x)
Fo
B
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y,
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ca
A
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