ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL NOIDA

CLASS XII MATHEMATICS

CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
CONTINUITY:
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at a point x = a of its domain, iff
lim f ( x) = f (a)  lim− f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = f (a)
x →a x →a x →a

Algebra of continuous functions:

If the two real functions, say f and g, are continuous at a real number c, then
(i) f + g is continuous at x = c.
(ii) f – g is continuous at x = c.
(iii) f. g is continuous at x = c.
(iv) f/g is continuous at x = c, (provided g(c) ≠ 0).

Theorem:

Suppose f and g are real-valued functions such that (f o g) is defined at c. If g is continuous at c

and if f is continuous at g (c), then (f o g) is continuous at c.
Continuity of a Function in an Interval

 If a function f is continuous in (a, b), it means it is continuous at every point of (a, b).
 If f is continuous in [a, b] then in addition to being continuous ay every point of domain, f
should also be continuous at the end points i.e. f(x) is said to be continuous in the closed
interval [a, b] if
1. f(x) is continuous in (a, b)
2. limx→a+ f(x) = f(a)
3. limx→a- f(x) = f(a)

A function f(x) is said to be everywhere continuous, if it is continuous on the entire real line (-∞, ∞)

DIFFERENTIABILITY:
A real valued function f(x) defined on (a ,b) is said to be differentiable at x = c, iff
f ( x) − f (c) f (c + h ) − f (c ) f (c + h ) − f (c )
lim exist finitely  lim− = lim+
x →c x−c h →0 h h →o h
 (LHD at x = c) = (RHD at x = c)

Every differential function is continuous but vice versa need not be true.
i.e., if a function f(x) is continuous at x = a, then it is not necessarily differentiable at x = a e.g.,
f(x) =I xl is continuous at x = 0 but not differentiable at x = 0

❖ Important points:
✓ A function f(x) is said to be differentiable at point P iff there exists a unique tangent at point
P.
✓ The function f(x) is said to be differentiable in interval (a, b) if f(x) is differentiable at every
point of interval (a, b).
✓ The function f(x) is said to be differentiable in closed interval [a, b] if in addition to being
differentiable in (a, b), f(x) is differentiable at x = a from the right and at x = b from the left.
✓ The sum, difference, product and quotient of two differentiable functions is differentiable.
 ✓ The composition of differentiable functions is a differentiable function.
✓ The identity, exponential and logarithmic functions are continuous and differentiable in
their domain.
✓ The greatest integer function, least integer function and the fractional part functions are
continuous and differentiable at all points except at integral values.
✓ The signum function is continuous and differentiable at all points except at x = 0.
✓ The polynomial function is continuous and differentiable everywhere.
✓ The trigonometric functions i.e. sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant are
continuous and differentiable in their domain.
✓ The inverse trigonometric functions are continuous and differentiable in their domain.
✓ The sum, difference, product and quotient of two differentiable function is differentiable.
✓ The composition of differentiable function is a differentiable function.

d dv du
PRODUCT RULE
( uv ) = u + v
dx dx dx
du dv
−u
v
QUOTIENT RULE d u dx dx = denom  deri (numer ) − numer  deri (denom)
 =
dx  v  v 2
(denom) 2

dy dy dt
CHAIN RULE
If y = fog ( x ) , where g ( x ) = t , then = 
dx dt dx

d n
dx
( x ) = nx n −1
d
dx
( const ) = 0

(
d nx
dx
e ) = ne nx (
d nx
dx
a ) = na nx log e a
d 1
( log e x ) =
dx x
d
( sin −1 x ) =
1
d
( sin nx ) = n cos nx dx 1 − x2
dx
d
( cos −1 x ) = −
1
d
( cos nx ) = −n sin nx dx 1 − x2
dx

d
d
( tan −1 x ) =
1
( tan nx ) = n sec2 nx dx 1 + x2
dx
d
( cos ec −1 x ) = −
1
d
( cos ecnx ) = −n cos ecnx cot nx dx x x2 − 1
dx
d
( sec −1 x ) =
1
d
( sec nx ) = n sec nx tan nx dx x x2 − 1
dx

d
d
( cot −1 x ) = −
1
( cot nx ) = −n cos ec 2 nx dx 1 + x2
dx
 If we have to differentiate logarithmic functions, other than base , then we use the result and
then differentiate R.H.S.

dy
dy
Parametric differentiation: If y = f (t), x= g (t) then, = dt .
dx dx
dt
Logarithmic differentiation:
If y = f(x) g(x) then take log on both the sides. Write logy = g(x) log[f(x)]. Differentiate by
applying suitable rule for differentiation. If y is sum of two different exponential function u and
v, i.e. y = u + v. Find by using logarithmic differentiation separately then evaluate.

Higher Derivatives:
The derivative of first derivative is called as the second derivative. It is denoted by y2 or y’’
d2y
or .
dx 2