Heat Transfer Material

TRANSMISSION OF HEAT JEE-MAIN PHYSICS-VOL-IV
TRANSMISSION OF HEAT
SYNOPSIS Temperature gradient:
  2
1
 These are three distinct modes of heat transfer:  l
is called the temperature gradient. It tells
conduction, convection and radiation how the temperature changes per unit distance
Conduction moved in the direction of heat flow.
 It is the transmission of heat without the actual  If d is small change in temperature in the direction
movement of the particles of the medium. of heat flow, across small element of length dx then,
 It takes place mainly in solids.
d
 It takes place in metals due to free electrons. temperature gradient   . Here the negative
 Consider a good conductor in the shape of uniform dx
rod of length l, whose opposite parallel faces are sign indicates the decreses in temperature as the
distance increases in the direction of heat transfer
maintained at different steady temperatures 1
and  In steady state, temperature gradient is same along
such that  . the length of the conductor.
2 1 2
Thermal resistance : (R)
l  Thermal resistance R of a conductor of length l ,
1 A Q  cross-section A and conductivity K is given by
l
 Under steady state conditions the amount of heat Q R
KA
flowing from hot face to the cold face of the block is  The S.I unit of R is K / W
A 1  2 t KA  1  2 t  Dimensional formula of R is M 1 L2T 3
Q or Q 
l l Note:If one end of a metal rod is kept in a steam jacket
 Here K is the constant of proportionality called and other end is kept in an ice block, then the amount
coefficient of thermal conductivity or thermal KA( 1  2 )t
conductivity of the material of the block of ice that melts is m  lLice
 Co-efficient of thermal conductivity is defined
Here l =Length of metal rod
as the rate of flow of heat per unit area per unit
 Diffusivity (D) is the ratio of thermal conductivity
temperature gradient in steady state
(K) to thermal capacity per unit volume  ms / V 
Q/t
K of a material.
  
A 1 2
  The rate of flow of heat across the material of a
 l  block between the parallel faces is given by
 The S.I unit of K is W/m-K dQ d 
 The C.G.S unit of K is cal/s-cm-oC   KA   ; Here the negative sign indicates
dt  dx 
 Dimensional formula of K is MLT 3 1
the decrease in temperature as the distance increases
 K depends on the nature of the metal. in the direction of heat transfer.
 K is independent of length, area of cross section  Q /t is the rate of heat flow (or) rate of energy
and temperature difference.
 For a perfect conductor K  . transfer, which is equal to power P. Then
 l 
 For a perfect insulator K= 0   P   PR . This equation is useful for
 KA 
 If K value is more, it is a good conductor of heat
solving problems when heat flows through layers of
 If K value is less, it is a bad conductor of heat.
materials placed in series or parallel.
90 
NARAYANAGROUP
JEE-MAIN PHYSICS-VOL-IV TRANSMISSION OF HEAT
W.E-1: The temperature of the two ends A and B of a W.E-3: A rod of length L with sides fully insulated
rod of length 25cm and circular cross section are is made of a material whose thermal
100º C and 0ºC respectively.. In the steady state, conductivity K varies with temperature as
find the temperature at a point 10cm from the end
B (ignore loss of heat from curved surface of the K  , where is constant. The ends of rod
T
body)? (EAM-2013M)
Sol: are at temperature T1 and T2  T2  T1  . Find
 the rate of heat flow per unit area of rod.
0 10cm 0
Sol:
100 C 0C
A T1 T2
B
25cm
Let, temperature at A is 1  100ºC dx
and temperature at B is 2  0º C dQ dT
 q   KA
Length of the rod L = 25cm dt dx
Let temperature at distance x = 10cm from Heat transfer across each differential element is same
end B is . In study state temperature gradient is
  dT
constant q   A
T  dx
1  2  2 100  0 0
i.e.,  ;    40º C
L x 25 10 L T2 dT A  T2 
 qdx   A  q   ln  
W.E-2: Two walls of thickness l1 and l2 and ther- 0 T1 T L  T1 
mal conductivities K1 and K2 are in contact. A  T1 
In the steady state, if the temperature at the q ln  
L  T2 
outer faces are T1 and T2 ,find the temperature
W.E-4: A cubical thermocol ice box of side length
at the common wall. (AIEEE-2008) 30cm has thickness of 5.0cm. If 4.0 kg of ice is
Sol: put in the box, estimate the amount of ice re-
   maining after 6hr. The outside temperature is
45ºC, and co-efficient of thermal conductivity
Q K1 K2 Q of the thermocol is 0.01 J s-1 m-1 K-1. (Latent
Heat of fusion of water = 335  103 J kg-1).
l l Sol: Total mass of ice in box = 4 kg
1 2
2
Let be the temperature of the junction or interface. Area A  6 side  63030104  54102 m2
Q Thickness d = 5  10 2 m
In steady state,  constant Time t = 6 x 3600 = 21,600sec
t
Let m is mass of ice melted in 6hr
K 1 A  1    K 2 A   2 
  KA    t  mL
l1 l2 ice
d
K11 K 22
 0.01 54 102  45  6  3600
l1 l2 K11l2 K 22l1 2
 m  335 103
 5 10
K1 K2 =
 K1l2  K2l1  m = 0.3 Kg
l1 l2  Mass of ice remaining after 6 hrs
= 4kg - 0.3kg = 3.7Kg
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NARAYANAGROUP 91
W.E-5: A metal rod AB of length 10x has its one
r a ba ba
end in ice at 0ºC and the other end B in water   r  a  x
x l  l 
at 100º C . If a point P on the rod is maintained
at 400º C , then it is found that equal amounts dx
Thermal resistance of the element is dR 
of water and ice evaporate and melt per unit K r2
time. The latent heat of evaporation of water  Thermal resistance of the cylinder is
is 540 cal/g and latent heat of melting of ice is
l l 2
80 cal/g. If the point P is at a distance of x dx 1  ba 
R 2
 0  a   l  x  dx
from the ice end A, find the value of . [neglect 0
K r K
any heat loss to the surrounding.] (JEE-
2009) 1 l
Sol.  ba   
 a   x 
x (10  )x 1    l   
P 
K  ba  
   
  l   0
0°C(ice) 400°C 100°C
(steam)
l 1 1 
400 KS 300 KS     l
dmice dmvapour  K  a  b   b a  K ab
 ; xL 10   xLvapour
dt dt ice
Conduction of heat through a Composite slab
400 300
 = a) When different rods of same cross
 80 10   540 9
sections are connected in series.
W.E-6: Find the value of the thermal resistance of  
the non-uniform cylindrical rod of thermal
K1 K2 A
conductivity K and length l as shown in figure.
l1  l2
 Let two rods of same cross-sectional area having

a b lengths l1 and l2 and co-efficient of thermal
conductivities K1 and K2 are connected in series.
For the 1st rod 1   P R1 ......... (i)
For the 2nd rod  2  P R2 ........ (ii)
l
Sol. For combined rod 1  2  P  Reff  .... (iii)
dx Eq. (i) + (ii) gives  1  2   P R1  R2  ..... (iv)

from eq. (iii) and (iv) Reff  R1  R 2
a b
Hence , the effective thermal resistance for rods in
series is the sum of thermal resistances of each rod.
x
 In series, Reff  R1  R 2
l l1  l2 l l  l 
 1  2  R  
Consider a small element of width dx at a distance Keff A K1 A K2 A  KA 
x from one end as shown in figure. l1  l2 l l  l1  l 2  K1K 2

From similar triangles   1  2  K eff 
K eff K1 K 2 l1 K 2  l2 K1
92 
NARAYANAGROUP
1 2 2K K W.E-7: A room has a window fixed with a pane of

 If l1  l2 then K eff  K  K area 1.2m2. The glass has thickness 2.2mm. If
1 2
 If n rods of different materials and same area of the temperature outside the room is 36ºC and
cross sections are connected in series then, effective the temperature inside is 26ºC
thermal conductivity is (a) calculate the heat flowing into the room
l1  l2  ...  ln l1 l l every hour.
  2  ...  n
K eff K1 K 2 Kn (b) If the same single pane window is replaced
b) When different slabs of same thickness are by double paned window with an air gap of
0.50 cm between the two panes calculate the
connected in parallel
heat flowing into the room every hour.
 Let two rods of same length having cross-sectional
areas A1,A2 and thermal conductivities K1,K2 are Kg  0.80Wm1K 1; Kair  0.0234Wm1K 1.
arranged in parallel. Sol:(a) We assume that one side of the pane is at 36ºC
t and the other side (inside the room) is at 26ºC.
 
Given Thickness of the window pane
K1 A1 d  2.2mm  2.2  103 m
Q Area of the window pane A  1.2m 2
K2 A2
Q A 2  1   0.81.210  4364 J / s.
K
t d 2.2103
 The quantity of heat supplied is distributed between Therefore heat flown into the room per hour is
Q Q1 Q2 Q  4364  3600  1.57  107 J
the two rods ; i.e   (or) P  P1  P2
t t t (b) When single pane window is replaced by a
1  2 1  2 1  2
double paned window we have two layers of glass
  
Reff R1 R2 and one layer of air between them.
Thermal resistance for glass
1 1 1 RR
   (or) Reff  1 2
Reff R1 R2 R1  R2 dg 2.2 10 3
Rg    2.29  103 K/ W
K g Ag 0.8 1.2
1 1 1
 In parallel,  
Reff R1 R2 Thermal resistance for the air gap
K  A1  A2  K1 A1 K 2 A2 da 0.5102

l

l

l Ra   178103 K / W
Ka Aa 0.02341.2
K1 A1  K 2 A2
 K eff 
A1  A2 Net thermal resistance RT  R g  Ra  Rg
K1  K 2
 If A1  A2 then K eff 
2 
 2.29  103  178 10 3  2.29  103 
If n rods of same length and different area of cross  182.6  103 K / W
sections of different materials are connected in
parallel then, effective thermal conductivity is  10
P   55 J / s
K eff  A1  A2  .....  An  K1 A1 K 2 A2 K A RT 182.6  10 3
   .....  n n
l l l l
Therefore heat flown into the room per hour is
K1 A1  K 2 A2  ...  K n An
K eff  Q  P  t = 1.98 105 J
A1  A2  ....  An
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NARAYANAGROUP 93
W.E-8: Three rods AB,BC and BD made of the 00C 00C

same material and having the same area of
cross section have been joined as shown in the Brass Steel
figure. The ends A,C and D are held at

temperatures 200 C , 800 C and 800 C
respectively. If each rod is of same length, then Cu
find the temperature at the junction B of the
three rods ( 2010 E ) 0
100 C
Let is the junction temperature. Given A = 4cm2

A B C lcu  46cm, lBr  13cm, & lsteel  12cm
Kcu  0.92, KBr  0.26&Ksteel  0.12CGS
. . .units
Q Q Q

In steady state       
 t cu  t brass  t  steel
D
Sol. KCu A100   KBr A  0 Ksteel A  0
 
A R R C lcu lBr lsteel
B
0
20 C
0
80 C 0.92A100   0.26A 0 0.12A 0
 
46 13 12
R
  40º C
D KCu A 100  
0  Q
80 C     4.8 cal / sec
 t cu lCu
Let B
is the temperature of the junctionW.E-10: A cylinder of radius R made of a material
Q  Q Q of thermal conductivity K1 is surrounded by
In steady state,  t    t    t  cylindrical shell of inner radius R and outer
  DB  CB   BA
radius 2R made of a material of thermal con-
KA80  B  KA 80  B  KA B  20
  ductivity K 2 . The two ends of the combined
l l l
system are maintained at two different tem-
80  B  80  B  B  20  B  60º C peratures. There is no loss of heat across the
W.E-9:Three rods of Copper, Brass and Steel are cylindrical surface and system is in steady state.
welded together to form a Y-shaped structure. What is the effective thermal conductivity of
Area of cross - section of each rod is 4 c m 2 . the system? (EAM-2013M)
End of copper rod is maintained at 1000 C , K 2
Heat flow R 2R
where as ends of brass, steel are kept at 00 C .
Lengths of the copper, brass and steel rods are K 1
46,13 and 12 cms respectively. The rods are  

thermally insulated from surroundings except 2
at ends . Thermal conductivities of copper, Sol. A1  R , A2  4R2  R 2  
brass and steel are 0.92,0.26 and 0.12 CGS Two cylinders are in parallel,
units respectively . Rate of heat flow through
 Keff  A1  A2   K1 A1  K2 A2
copper rod is : (JEE-2014)
Sol. K1 R 2  K 2 3 R 2  K1  3K 2 
K eff  ;i.e., K eff 
R 2  3 R2 4
94 
NARAYANAGROUP
W.E-11 Two plates each of area A, thickness L1 Sol: Given KX  2KY

and L2 thermal conductivities K1 and K 2 L L
respectively are joined to form a single plate Rx  and RY  , i.e., RY  2RX
KA KA x Y
of thickness  L1  L2  . If the temperatures of If RX  R , RY  2 R
the free surfaces are 1 and 2 . Calculate The corresponding thermal network is as shown
(a) Rate of flow of heat 2R C 2R
0
(b)Temperature of interface 100 C R 2R 200C
A B E F
R D R
4R
Heat 1000C R
flow
2R 200C
K1 K2 A B E F
 2R
 0 0
100 C R  4R/3  2R 20 C
L1 L2
A B E F
Sol.(a) If the thermal resistance of the two plates are
100  20 100  B
R1 and R2 respectively then as plates are in se-   B  81.54º C
4R R
ries, R  2R
3
L L
Rs  R1  R2  1  2 100  20  20
AK1 AK 2  E  E  56.92º C
4R 2 R
R  2R
dQ     A 1  2  3
H   1 2 
dt Rs  R1  R2   L1 L2  W.E-13:Three rods AB,BC and BD having thermal
K  K  conductivities in the ratio 1:2:3 and lengths
 1 2  in the ratio 2:1:1 are joined as shown in figure.
(b) If is common temperature of interface then The ends A,C and D are at temperatures
1 2  R  R 1, 2
and 3 respectively. Find the temperature
 1  H  H    1 2 2 1 of the junction B.
R1  R2 R1 1 2  R1  R2 
( Assume steady state and 1   2  3 )
 L2 L1 
1  2  D 
K K1   L
 2  R 
 L1 L2   KA
   B 
 K1 K2  C 
W.E-12: Rods X and Y of identical dimensions
but of different materials are joined as
shown in figure. The length of each part is
the same
C A 
Y Y Sol.Let the thermal conductivities of the rods AB,BC
Y and BD be K, 2K and 3K respectively and their
A X B E F
X X
lengths be 2L, L and L we have
 Q   Q   Q 
D  t    t    t 
If the temperature of end A and F be AB BC BD
maintained at 1000 C and 200 C respectively,, KA  1    2 KA   2   3KA   3 

i.e.,
then find the temperatures of the junctions 2L L L
B and E. (Thermal conductivity of X is double 1
   1 4 2 6 
that of Y) 11
3
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NARAYANAGROUP 95
W.E-14: A cylinder of radius R and length l is made surface of ice will be at 00c. If A is the area of the
up of a substance, whose thermal conductivity
K varies with the distance x from the axis as lake, heat escaping through ice in time dt,
K=K 1x+K2. Determine the effective thermal 0    
conductivity between the flat faces of the dQ  KA  dt
cylinder. y
dx
-00C
Ice
y
axis
00C dy
Sol.Let us subdivide the entire cylinder into a number of Water

coaxial cylindrical shells of infinitesimally small
thickness dx .
Cross sectional area of the shell is 2 x  dx  .
 Now due to escaping of this heat if dy thickness
Using the expression for the effective thermal of water in contact with lower surface of ice freezes,
conductivity.
R dQ  mL   dyA  L  as m= dV= A dy 
Keff 
AK i i

1
K  2 xdx 
; K eff
 Ai 0
dy K 1
  t  L  ydy  1 L y 2
y
A i
dt

L y K 0 2K
R
1  It is clear that time taken to double and triple the
 2   K1x  K2  2 x dx thickness will be in the ratio
R 0
R t1 : t 2 : t3  12 : 22 : 32 , i.e., t1 : t2 : t3 1 : 4 : 9 .....
2 1
 2 
R 0
 
K1 x 2  K 2 x dx   2 K1 R  3K 2 
3
 The time taken to change the thickness of ice layer
from y1 to y2 is t   y2  y1 
2 2
W.E-15. Two identical rods are joined at their

middle points. The ends are maintained at  The time intervals to change thickness from 0 to y,
constant temperatures as indicated. Find the from y to 2y and so on will be in the ratio
temperature of the junction t1 : t 2 : t3  12  02  :  22  12  :  32  22 
0
75 C
i.e., t1 : t2 : t3  1 : 3 : 5 ...
W.E 16. The thickness of ice in a lake is 5cm and
0 0
50 C 180 C the atmospheric temperature is - 100 C .
Calculate the time required for the thickness
of ice to grow to 7cm. Thermal conductivity of
250C ice  4  103 cal / cm  s  0 C ; density of ice
Sol: Under study state condition
Let be the temperature of the junction. = 0.92 g / cm3 and latent heat of fusion of ice
180   75  50  25 = 80 cal/g
     82.5ºC
R R R R L 2
Growth of ice layer on ponds Sol: t 
2 KT
 x2  x12 
 When atmospheric temperature falls below 00C the
92 102
 80 2 2
water in the lake will start freezing. Let at any time 2  4  103  100  7  5 
t, the thickness of ice layer in the lake be y and
 22080s  6.13Hr
temperature of water in contact with the lower
96 
NARAYANAGROUP
Electrical, Thermal & Fluid Analogy

Electric Current Thermal current Fluid current
Electric charge flows Heat flows from higher tem Fluid flows from higher
from higher potential to perature to lower temperature pressure to lower pressure
lower potential
The rate of flow of charge The rate of flow of heat may The rate of flow of fluid is
is called the electric be called heat current called Fluid current
i.e., H  dQ V=
volume
=Area×Velocity
dq Time
current, i.e, I  dt
dt
The relation between Similarly, the heat current may
the electric current P
be related with the V
and the potential temperature difference as R
difference is given by  
Ohm's law,i.e, H 1 2
V1  V2 R
I where R is the thermal Where R is fluid
R
where R is the electrical resistance of the conductor Resistance
resistance of the
conductor
The electrical resistance The thermal resistance may P 8l
is defined as be defined as R 
V r 4
l
l l R
R  KA co-efficient of viscosity
A A
where K=thermal
where resistivity and conductivity of conductor
electrical conductivity
dq V V dQ  
i  1 2 H  1 2 V
P
dt R dt R R
A KA
 V1  V2   1  2 
l l

NARAYANAGROUP 97
Radial flow of heat Ingen hausz experiment

 Consider two thin spherical shells of radii r1 and  If a number of identical rods of different metals are
coated with wax and one of their ends is put in
r2 . A medium of thermal conductivity ‘K’ is boiling water, then in steady state the square of
contained between these shells. A heater is placed length of the bar over which wax melts is directly
at the centre of the shells. Heat is conducted through
the medium radially from inner to the outer shell. proportional to the thermal conductivity of the
Let the temperatures of the inner and the outer shells 2 L2
metal.i.e L  K  =Constant
be 1 and 2 at steady state. K
W.E-18. In the Ingen hausz method to compare the
d thermal conductivities of different substances,
the length upto which wax melted in copper
r P
and zinc rods are 9.3 cm and 5cm respectively.
1
Compare their thermal conductivities.
r Sol.Given lc  9.3cm and lz  5cm
2
K c lc2  9.3 
r2  2  
  3.46
 Choose an element of radial thickness dr at a radial K z l z  5 
distance ‘r’ from the centre of shells. Let d be Thus, the thermal conductivity of copper is 3.46
the temperature difference across it. The rate of times that of zinc.
flow of heat through the element W.E-19. A steam pipe with a radius R1 is sur-
d  2 d  rounded by an insulating jacket with an outer
H  KA    K r  dr  (or)
 dr    radius of R0 . If the temperature of the inner
r2
dr 4 K 4 Kr1r2  1 
2
2  ( 1 ) and outer ( 0 ) surfaces are fixed ( 1  0 ) ,
r r 2   H  d  H   r2  r1 
1 1 find the heat flow through the jacket. (Apply
4 Kr1r2  1  2  the heat conduction equation to steady state
Thickness of the shell ,  r2  r1  
H radial heat flow corresponding to cylindrical
W.E-17. A hollow sphere of glass whose external symmetry).
and internal radii are 11 cm and 9 cm respec- Sol: Consider a cylindrical shell of thickness ‘dr’ and
tively is completely filled with ice at 0ºC and radius ‘r’.
placed in a bath of boiling water. How long Cross sectional view of steam pipe is as shown in
will it take for the ice to melt completely? figure.
given thatdensity ofice= 0.9 g/cm 3, latent heat
of fusion of ice = 80 cal/g and thermal
conductivity of glass = 0.002 cal / cm-sºC.
4 Kr1r2 
Sol: In steady state, rate of heat flow H  r  r R0 r dr
2 1
Substituting the values,
R1
H
 4  0.00211 9100  0
(or)
11 9
dQ dQ dm
 124.4 cal / s ;  L Let L be the length of the cylinder.
dt dt dt
 dm  dQ / dt 124.4 The heat transferred per second,
    1.555 g / s
 dt  L 80 dQ d d R dr 0
q   KA   K  2 rL  
Total mass of ice, m  ice  4 r    0.9  4   9 
1
2 2
dt dr dr R r 1
= 916 g 2 KL  1  0 
 Time taken for the ice to melt completely 2 LK 0 q 
  d R
t
m

916
 589s q ln  0 
 R1 
1
 dm / dt  1.555
98 
NARAYANAGROUP
W.E-20. A steam pipe of radius 5 cm carries steam Ex: Hot air rises by natural convection. sea breeze,
at 100ºC. The pipe is covered by a jacket of land breeze, trade winds, monsoons etc. are also
insulating material 2cm thick having a ther- due to free convection.
mal conductivity 0.07 W/m-K. If the tempera-  In natural convection, gravity plays an important
ture at the outer wall of the pipe jacket is 20ºC, role and it always takes place vertically carrying
how much heat is lost through the jacket per
the heat upwards.
meter length in an hour?
 Natural convection can not take place in a gravity
Sol.Thermal resistance per meter length of an element
free space such as orbiting satellite or freely falling
at a distance r and thickness dr is
lift. Ex: (i) Ventilators placed below the roof allow
k = 0.07 W / m-K hot air to escape (ii) working of chimney.
(b)Forced convection
 If the fluid particles are forced to move by an
7cm r dr external agent (like fan or by a blower or by a pump
5cm etc.,) it is called forced convection.
Ex: heat transfer to parts of human body (blood
circulation).
Convection co-efficient
 In forced convection, the rate of heat flow is
dr  1 proportional to the surface area and the
dR  R   temperature difference between the surface and the
K 2 r  KA
fluid. P  Q / t  hA  .
r 2 1 710 dr
2
Total resistance R   r d R   Where h is the coefficient of convection. A is surface

2 K 510 r
2
1
area over which fluid moves,  is the difference
1 7 1
 ln   = ln 1.4  = 0.765 K/W of temperature between the surface and the fluid.
2 K  5   2  0.07 
W.E-21. A runner moves along the road at 2 ms-1 in
Temperature difference still air that is at a temperature of 29oC. His
Heat current H = Thermal resis tan ce surface area is 1.4m2, of which approximately
85% is exposed to the air. Find the rate of
100  20  104.6W convective heat loss from his skin at a
= temperature 35 o C to the outside air?
0.765
Coefficient of convection for dry air and bare
Heat lost in one hour = Heat current  time
skin at wind speed 2ms-1 is 22W/m2-oC.
 104.6  3600  J  3.76  10 J 5
Q
Sol:  h A ; h=22 W/m2-oC
Convection t
 The process in which heat is transferred from one  =35-29=6 oC
place to other by the actual movement of particles A = 85% of the surface area of the runner
of medium due to difference in density . 1.4  85
 i.e., A = 2
Convection takes place in fluids. It is more 100  1.2m
predominant in liquids. Q
 Heat transfer in mercury takes place by  22 1.2  6  160W
t
conduction not by convection.
 Convection is of two types. (a) Natural or Free Radiation:
convection (b) Forced convection.  It is the process of transmission of heat from one
(a) Natural or Free convection place to another without any material medium.
 If the fluid particles move only due to the  It is the fastest process of heat transmission.
temperature difference (density difference), it is Thermal radiation:
called natural convection.  Heat energy transferred by means of
electromagnetic waves is Thermal radiation.

NARAYANAGROUP 99
Nature and properties of radiant energy: Reflecting power (r):
 It consists of long wavelength electromagnetic Amount of radiant energy reflected
radiation. r=
Amount of radiant energy incident
 The wave length of these waves is nearly 800nm to Transmitting power (t):
4,00,000 nm. (or 7800Ao to above 1 mm)
Amount of radiant energy transmitted
 It occupies the infrared region of the t=
electromagnetic spectrum. Amount of radiant energy incident
 velocity is 3 x 108 ms-1 like light waves. a  r  t  1 , ‘ a ’ is absorptive power, ‘r’ is
 The intensity of radiant energy obeys inverse square reflecting power & ‘t’ is the transmitting power.
1 Black body radiation:
law. I  ; where I = Intensity of radiation  A body which completely absorbs all the heat
d2
d = distance from the source radiation incident on it is called a perfect black body
(or)
Prevost’s theory of heat exchange: A body which emits the radiation of all wavelengths
 Every object emits and absorbs radiant energy at when it is at high temperature is called perfect black
all temperatures except at absolute zero. body.
 The energy emitted by a body does not depend on  Ferry’s black body and Wien’s black body are
the temperature of the surroundings. examples of artificial black bodies.
 The rate of emission increases with the increase in Distribution of energy in black body
the temperature of the body. spectrum
 If two bodies continuously emit and absorb same
amount of energy, then they are in thermo dynamic Y
1646K
equilibrium.
 The radiant energy emitted by a body depends on 1449K
the nature of the surface of the body, surface area  1259K
of the body and temperature of the body.
1095K
Emissive power (e ) :
 The amount of energy emitted per second per unit 908K
surface area of a body at a given temperature for a 904K
given wavelength range ( and  d ) is called
emissive power.
X
Emissivity (e): ()
 The ratio of radiant energy emitted by a surface to
radiant energy emitted by a black body under same Observations from graph
conditions is called emissivity.  Intensity of radiation increases with increase of
wavelength.
 For a perfect black body emissivity e= 1 and e = 0
(for perfect reflector);e=0.97(for human skin)  For a particular wavelength  m  the intensity of
Absorptive power (a ) : radiation emitted is maximum. Beyond m
intensity
 At a given temperature, for a given wavelength of radiation emitted decreases.
range, the ratio of energy absorbed to the energy  Area under the curve  E versus  represents
incident on the body is absorptive power. total energy emitted per sec per unit area by a black
Amount of radiant energy absorbed body corresponding to all the wavelengths.
a  Wien’s displacement law:
Amount of radiant energy incident
 Wavelength corresponding to the maximum
 a  1 .( for black body) intensity  m  shift towards left (or smaller
100 
NARAYANAGROUP
wavelength side) along the axis (i.e decreases ) as  Radiant energy emitted by a hot body per second
the temperature of the body is increased. So the P  eA T 4
wavelength  m  varies inversely as the absolute Stefan - Boltzmann’s law:
 If a black body at absolute temperature T is
1 surrounded by an enclosure at absolute
temperature of the body. or m T  b m 
T temperature To , then the rate of loss of heat energy
where ‘b’ is known as Wien’s constant per unit area by radiation is given by
b  2.9103 m K E  (T 4  T0 4 )
Y For any hot body, E  e(T 4  T04 )
Where ‘e’is the emissivity of the body.
m  Radiant power of any body
P  Ae T 4  T04 
Temperature of the Sun & Solar constant :
 The temperature of the Sun can be determined by
X assuming it to be a black body.
(T)
m Earth
R
1 X
T
 Total amount of radiant energy emitted by the sun
T2
per second   4 R 2  T 4 ;R=Radius of the Sun
m1 m2
 
m2 T1 m1
 let ‘r’ be the mean distance between the sun and
 On increasing temperature of a body, its colour
changes gradually from red  orange  yellow the earth and S 0 be the solar constant. Then the
 green  blue  violet. energy received per second by the sphere of radius
 Thus the temp of violet star is maximum and temp  r  is 4 r 2S0
of red star is minimum.
Solar constant: Solar constant is defined as “the
 Sun is a medium category star with m  4753A 0 rate at which the radiant energy of the sun received
(yellow colour) and temp about 6000K. by perfectly black surface, normal to unit area in
Stefan’s law: the absence of atmosphere, when kept at distance
 The amount of heat radiated by a black body per equal to the mean distance of earth from the Sun”
second per unit area is directly proportional to the 4 R 2 T 4  4 r 2S0
fourth power of its absolute temperature.
1/4
4
E T  E  4
T ( = Stefan’s constant ) 4
 r  2  S0    r 2  S0 
T        T     
= 5.67 108Wm2 K 4  R      R   
1 0 3 4 Hence, the surface temperature of the Sun can be
 Dimensional formula of is  M L T K  determined.

NARAYANAGROUP 101
Kirchhoff’s law :  Cooling curve

 At a give temperature, for a given wavelength range,
Y
the ratio of emissive power to absorptive power of
a body is constant and that constant is equal to the 
emissive power of a perfect black body at the given
temperature and wavelength. 

e
i.e.  constant  E
a t1 t2 X
Time
i.e. good absorbers are good emitters.
 Fraunhoffer lines in solar spectrum can be explained
on the basis of Kirchhoff’s law. 2  0  1  0  e Kt C , 0 temperature of the
Green house effect surroundings

 Limitations of Newton’s law of cooling:
 The warming of earth atmosphere and surface due
a) The excess of temperature   0  must
to greenhouse gases( CO2, N2O,C.F.C, O3 ) is called
green house effect. not be large i.e.   0   30  350
Newton’s law of cooling b) Newton’s law of cooling is a special case of
Stefan’s law, because this law can be derived from
 Rate of loss of heat    0  Stefan’s law.
 The curve between rate of cooling and temperature
dQ d difference is a straight line passing through origin.
  K  0    ms  K  0 
dt dt
 R    0 
d K Y
    0  (K= Cooling constant)
dt ms
d R
where   Rate of fall of temperature or rate
dt
of cooling.
 Rate of loss of heat of a hot body due to cooling
X
dQ d 
 ms .
dt dt
Here ‘m’, ‘s’ are mass and specific heat of the body.  Curve between the rate of cooling and body
temperature.
 The rate of cooling of a hot body is directly
proportional to the mean excess temperature of R  K  0 K K 0
the body above that of the surroundings, provided Y

the difference in temperature of the body and that
of surroundings is small.
d  1  2  d R
 K  s  here = Rate of cooling. 
dt  2  dt X

1 , 2
are the initial and final temperatures of the
body respectively. s is temperature of surroundings 
and K is the cooling constant.

102 
NARAYANAGROUP
 Because log e   0   Kt  loge A .This is the  In Newton’s law of cooling, if air is dry then the
law of cooling remains valid even at high
equation of a straight line, hence the curve between temperatures.
log   0  and ‘t’ will be a straight line .  To determine specific heat of a liquid: In an
Y experiment of Newton’s law of cooling m1 is the
mass of calorimeter, m2 is the mass of water in it
or m3 is the mass of liquid in it. If t1 and t2 are the
loge  
times taken by water and liquid to cool from

temperatures 2 to 1 in the surroundings of
temperature s , then specific heat of liquid can be
X
t calculated from
 Curve between log e R and log e   0  t1 m1 s1  m 2 s 2

t 2 m1 s1  m 3 s 3
Y
Where s1 , s2 and s3 are the specific heats of
calorimeter, water and liquid respectively.
Additional formulae:
 Rate of fall of temperature of a body at temperature
T kept in surroundings of temperature T0 is
X
loge 
d eA 4 4
 If the rates of cooling of two bodies are same then

dt Vs
T  T0  
the rate of fall of temperature of the body with highest  Initial rate of fall of temperature of a spherical body
d 1 4 3
heat capacity will be the least. i.e. 
dt ms of radius ‘r’can be found by substituting V  r
3
if R is constant and A  4r 2 in the above formula.

 If two liquids are cooled under identical conditions d e4r 2 3e
(i.e. surface area, temperature difference and time i.e.,
dt

4 
T4  T04  
rs
T4  T04 
difference are same) then their rates of cooling will r 3s
3
be the same. R1  R2    0 1    0 2
 Initial rate of fall of temperature of cubical body of
 If two liquids are cooled under identical side length L is
circumstances then their rates of fall of temperature
will not be same. The rate of fall of temperature d e6L2 4
 R  of that liquid will be minimum whose specific
 3
dt L s
T  T04    A  6L2 , V  L3 
1 6e
heat is maximum and vice versa. i.e.R 
ms 
Ls

T 4  T04 
 When a solid sphere of radius r, density and
 Ratio of initial rates of fall of temperature of a sphere
specific heat S is heated to temperature and then and a cube of same material in the same surroundings
cooled in an enclosure to temperature 0 , then its
 d / dt 1  e1   L   T14  T04 
d 1 is d / dt     4 
 2e 2   r   T2  T0 
rate of fall of temperature  3  2 4
dt r S

NARAYANAGROUP 103
W.E-22. The plots of intensity versus wavelength W.E-25. If a black body is radiating at T = 1650 K,
for three black bodies at temperatures T1,T2 at what wavelength is the intensity maximum?
and T3 respectively are shown in fig. Their 3
temperatures are shown in fig. How their Sol: According to Wien’s law, mT  2.910 mK
temperatures are related? 3
2.9  10
Y max   1.8 m
1650
T3
W.E-26. Two bodies A and B have thermal emis-
(I) T2 sivities of 0.01 and 0.81 respectively. The outer
surface area of the two bodies are the same.
T1 The two bodies emit total radiant power at the
same rate. The wavelengths A and B corre-
sponding to maximum spectral radiancy in the
X
()
radiation for A and B respectively differ by 1.00
m. If the temperature of A is 5802 K. Find
1 (a) the temperature of B , (b) B
Sol: From Wien’s displacement law m 
T Sol: Given eA  0.01, eB  0.81 and TA  5820 K
from graph 2  3  1 T1  T3  T2
W.E-23. Variation of radiant energy emitted by Sun, Power radiated P  e T 4 and e ATA4  eBTB4
filament of Tungsten Lamp and welding arc
1 1
as a function of its wavelength shown in fig.  eA  4  0.01  4
Identify the temperatures of Sun, filament TB     TA     5802 = 1934 K
lamp and welding arc. e
 B  0.81 
Y
as TB  TA , B  A  B  A  1 m (given)
E
 B  A  1 106 m ......(i)
T3 From Wien’s displacement law,
T2 TA 5802
B
T1
  3  3 ......(ii)
A TB 1934 B A
X
() From Eqs. (i) and (ii) B  1.5  106 m = 1.5 m
Sol: From Wien’s displacement law
Sun-T3, tungsten filament T2, welding arc-T1 W.E-27. Two spherical bodies A (radius 6cm) and
W.E-24. The frequency  m  corresponding to B(radius 18cm) are at temperature T1 and T2 ,
which energy emitted by a black body is respectively. The maximum intensity in the
maximum, may vary with temperature T of the emission spectrum of A is at 500 nm and in
body as shown in figure. Which of the curves
represents correct variation? that of B is at 1500 nm. Considering them to
be black bodies, what will be the ratio of the
1
Sol: From Wien’s displacement law m  rate of total energy radiated by A to that of B.
T
(JEE-2010)
  T Hence graph A is correct
Y TA B 1500
Sol. T  constant ;   3
m DA m TB A 500
C
Rate of total energy radiated P  AT 4  R 2T 4
2 2 4
P  R  T  6
 A   A    A       3  9 :1
4
B
PB  RB   TB   18 
O X
T
104 
NARAYANAGROUP
W.E-28. Find the temperature of an oven if it ra- 2
diates 8.28 cal per second through an open-  r2   2.0 
ing, whose area is 6.1 cm2. Assume that the  I2  I1  12   102    2.55 103 W / m 2
 r2   0.4 
radiation is close to that of a black body.
Sol. The emittance of the oven The power at the surface of the sphere
2
E 
8.28  4.2
6.1  10 4
 5.7  10 4 Watt / m 2  
P = I 2 4 r22  2.55 103  4  0.4 and
2
From Stefan’s law, E  T 4 , Pe AT 4 (or) 2.55  103  4  0.4  =
Where  5.67  108W / m2  K 4 e  5.67  108  4
2 4
 0.4    523
E 5.7 104
T4  ,  11012 K 4 2.55  103
5.67 108 e  4
 0.61
5.67  10 8   523
T  103 K  1000 K
W.E-29.Three very large plates of same area are W.E-31: One end of a rod of length 20cm is in-
kept parallel and close to each other. They are serted in a furnace at 800K. The sides of the
considered as ideal black surface and have very rod are covered with an insulating material
high thermal conductivity . The first and third and the other end emits radiation like a black
plates are maintained at temperatures 2T and body. The temperature of this end is 750 K in
3T respectively. Find the temperature of the the steady state. The temperature of the sur-
middle ( i.e. second ) plate under steady state rounding air is 300K. Assuming radiation to
( 2012 JEE ) be the only important mode of energy transfer
Sol. between the surrounding and the open end of
2T T 1 3T the rod, find the thermal conductivity of the
rod. Stefan’s constant  6.0 108W / m2  K 4
Sol.
Furnace 750 K
800 K Airtemp
Let T1 is the temperature of the middle plate 300 K
20cm
Under steady state, rate of emission = rate of
absorption Quantity of heat flowing through the rod per sec-
4 4 4 ond in steady state.
 2 A T1   A  2T   A  3T 
dQ K . A.d
1  .... (i)
4 dt x
 97 
2T14  16T 4  81T 4  T1    T
 2  Quantity of heat radiated from the end of the rod
W.E-30 : A sphere with diameter of 80cm is held at per second in steady state:
a temperature of 250ºC and is radiating en- dQ
ergy. If the intensity of the radiation detected
dt
A T 4
 T04  --- (ii)
at a distance of 2.0m from the sphere’s centre
is 102 W/m 2, What is the emissivity of the K .d
sphere? From Eqs. (i) and (ii)
x
 T 4
 T04 
1
Sol. From inverse square law I  K  50 4 4
r2  6.0 108  7.5    3   108
0.2  
I2 Intensity on the surface of the sphere r2 K=74 W/mk
  12
I1 Intensity at a distance 2.0m from the centre r2

NARAYANAGROUP 105
W.E-32. A body cools from 80ºC to 50ºC in 5 min- 3. Two rods of different materials having different
utes. Calculate the time it takes to cool from lengths and same cross sectional areas are
60ºC to 30ºC. The temperature of the sur- joined end to end in a straight line. The free
roundings is 20ºC. ends of this compound rod are maintained at
Sol: According to Newton’s law of cooling different temperatures. The temperature
d  1   2
gradient in each rod will be
K   0 1) same 2) zero
dt  2 
3) directly proportional to thermal conductivity ofrod
For decrease of temperature from800 C to 500 C
4) inversely proportional to thermal conductivity of
80  50  80  50  the rod
K  20  ......(1)
5  2  4. A piece of paper wrapped tightly on a wooden
For decrease of temperature from 600 C to 300C rod is found to get charged quickly when held
over a flame compared to similar piece when
60  30  60  30  wrapped on a brass rod. This is because
K  20  ..........(2)
t  2  1) brass is good conductor and wood is a bad
From eq’s (1) and (2) , t  9 min conductor of heat
W.E-33. Two spheres made of same material have 2) brass is a bad conductor of heat
their radii in the ratio 1 : 3. They are heated 3)wood contains large number of free electrons
to the same temperature and kept in the same 4) wood is a good conductor of heat
surroundings at a moderate temperature. 5. When heat flows through a wire of uniform
Show that the ratio of their initial rates of fall cross section under steady state, then
of temperature is 3:1 if the bodies are cooled 1) temperature gradient is same every where
by natural convection and radiation. 2) temperature at a particular point remains same
Sol. The rate of fall of temperature of a hot body is given 3) rate of heat flow is same at all cross sections
d eA 4) all the above
by
dt

ms
T 4  T04  6. Temperature is analogous to
1) charge 2) potential difference

d

e 4 R 2 T 4  T04

d 
1  3) electric field strength 4) force
dt 4 dt R 7. On heating one end of a rod the temperature
R3 s of the whole rod will be uniform when
3
1) k  1 2) k  0 3) k  100 4) k  
d / dt 1 R2 3  R1  8. For an ideal conductor thermal resistance is
    1: 3  1) unity 2) infinity 3) zero 4) 1000
d / dt 2 R1 1  R2  9. A metal rod of area of cross section A has
Their ratio of fall of temperature is 3 : 1. length L and coefficient of thermal conductivity
K.The thermal resistance of the rod is
C.U.Q
L KL KA A
1. Metals are good conductors of heat because 1)
2) 3) 4)
KA A L KL
1) they contain large number of free electrons 10. Thermal conductivity of a metal rod depends
2) their atoms are relatively apart on
3) their atoms collide frequently 1) area of cross section 2) temperature gradient
4) they have reflecting surfaces 3) time of flow of heat 4) all the above
2. In steady state 11. Coefficient of thermal conductivity
1) depends upon nature of the material of the body
1) heat received is partly conducted and partly
2) is independent of dimensions of the body
radiated 2) heat is not absorbed 3) both 1 and 2
3) both 1 and 2 4) all the heat is conducted 4) depends on temperature difference
106 
NARAYANAGROUP
12. If the end of metal rod is heated, then the rate 22. One half of a slab of ice is covered with black
of flow of heat does not depend on cloth and the other half with white cloth. This
1) area of the end of the rod 2) mass of the rod is then placed in sunlight. After some time the
3) time 4) temperature gradient pieces of cloth are removed. Then
13. In the following solids thermal conductivity is 1) ice has melted equally under both the pieces
maximum for 2) more ice has melted under white cloth
1) copper 2) aluminium 3) gold 4) silver 3) more ice has melted under black cloth
14. For a perfect insulator coefficient of thermal 4) it will depend on the medium in which ice is
conductivity is placed
23. Compared to a person with white skin another
1) zero 2) infinite 3) one 4) two
person with dark skin, will experience :
15. It is hotter at some distance over the flames
1) less heat and more cold
than in front of it because
2) more heat and more cold
1) air conducts heat upwards only
3) more heat and less cold
2) heat is radiated upwards only 4) less heat and less cold
3) convection of heat occurs upwards only 24. Which of the following statements is wrong?
4) heat is radiated downwards only 1) rough surfaces are better radiators than smooth
16. The process in which rate of transfer of heat surfaces
maximum is 2) highly polished mirror like surfaces are very good
1) conduction 2) convection 3) radiation radiators
4) in all these heat is transferred with the same speed 3) black surfaces are better absorbers than white
17. By which of the following methods could a cup ones
of hot tea loss heat when placed on metallic 4) black surfaces are better radiators than white
table in a class room ones
a) conduction b) convection 25. The physical factor distinguishes thermal
c) radiation d) evaporation of liquid radiation from visible light is
1) a,b 2) b,c 3)a,b,c 4) a,b,c,d 1) wavelength 2) pressure
18. The thermal radiations are similar to 3) temperature 4) amplitude
1) X-rays 2) cathode rays 26. If we place our hand below a lighted electric
3)  rays 4) -rays bulb. We feel warmer because of
19. The temperature at which a black body ceases 1) convection 2) radiation
to radiate energy is 3) conduction 4) both 1 and 2
1) 0 K 2) 273 K 27. Heating effect of the incoming solar radiation
3) -273 K 4) at all temperatures is maximum at local noon because
20. The intensity of energy radiated by a hot body 1) atmospheric absorption is zero
at a distance r from it varies as 2) sun’s rays travel through minimum air
thickness
1 1 1 3) solar rays are vertical to the ground
1) r2 2) 3) 4 4) 3
r2 r r 4) outgoing radiation is minimum
21. When a body has the same temperature as that 28 The absorptivity of Lamp black and platinum
of its surroundings black is
1) it does not radiate heat 1) 0.91 2) 0.98 3) 1.00 4) 0.99
2) it radiates same quantity of heat as it receives 29. Absorptive power of a white body and of a
from the surroundings perfectly black body respectively are
3) it radiates less quantity of heat as it receives 1) 1,0 2) 0,1 3)-1,-1 4)  ,0
from the surroundings 30. Three bodies A,B,C are at -270C, 00C, 1000C
4) it radiates more quantity of heat as it receives respectively. The body which does not radiate
from the surroundings. heat is
1) A 2) B 3) All the bodies radiate heat 4) C

NARAYANAGROUP 107
31. At high temperature black body spectrum is 41. Four pieces of iron are heated to different
1) continuous absorption 2) line absorption temperatures. The colours exhibited by them
3) continuous emission 4) line emission are respectively red,yellow, orange and white
32. A black body emits respectively. The one that is heated to the
1) radiations of all wave lengths 2)no radiation highest temperature will exhibit the colour
3) radiation of single wave length 1) White 2) Yellow 3) Red 4)Orange
4) radiation of selected wave length 42. A star which appears blue will be
33. The best laboratory approximation to an ideal 1) much hotter than the sun
black body is 2) colder than the Sun
1) a lump of charcoal heated to high temperature 3) as hot as the Sun 4) at -2730 C
2) a glass surface coated with coal tar 43. If a star is colder than the Sun it appears
1) Yellow 2) Red 3) Blue 4) Violet
3) a metal coated with black dye
44. The amount of radiation emitted by a perfectly
4) a hollow enclosure blackened inside with lamp
black body is proportional to
black and have a small hole
1) temperature on ideal gas scale
34. A black body does not
2) fourth root of temperature on ideal gas scale
1) emit radiation 2) reflect radiation
3) fourth power of temperature on ideal gas
3) absorb radiation
scale
4) emit and absorb radiation 4) source of temperature on ideal gas scale
35. If the amount of heat energy received per unit 45. At a given temperature, the ratio between
area from the Sun is measured on Earth, Mars emissive power and absorptive power is same
and Jupiter, it will be for all bodies and is equal to the emissive power
1) the same for all of black body.This statement is called
2) in decreasing order of Jupiter, Mars, Earth 1) Newton’s Law 2) Planck’s law 3 )
3) in increasing order of Jupiter, Mars, Earth Kirchoff’s law 4) Wien’s
4) in decreasing order of Mars, Earth, Jupiter law
36. The colour of a star is a measure of its 46. If the sun become twice hotter, it will radiate
1) age 2) temperature 1) energy sixteen times larger
3) size 4) distance from the earth 2) predominantly in the infrared
37. A polished metal plate with a rough black spot 3) predominantly in the ultra violet
on it is heated to about 1400K and quickly 4) energy sixteen times smaller
taken into a dark room. Then 47. Three identical spheres of different materials
1) the spot will appear brighter than the plate iron, gold and silver are at the same
2) the spot will appear darker than the plate temperature. The one that radiates more
3) heat conduction is easier downward energy is
4) it is easier and more convenient to do so 1) Gold 2) Silver
38. If ‘p’ calorie of heat energy is incident on a 3) Iron 4) All radiate equally
body and absorbs ‘q’ calories, its coefficient 48. Cooling graphs are drawn for three liquids a,b
of absorption is and c. The specific heat is maximum for liquid
1) p/q 2) p - q 3) q/p 4) q + p Y
39. The velocity of heat radiation in vacuum is
1) Equal to that of light 2)Less than that of light T
e a
3) Greater than that of light
m b
4) Equal to that of sound p
40. Distribution of energy in the spectrum of a c
X
black body can be correctly represented by Time
1) Wien’s law 2) Stefan’s las 1) a 2) b 3) c
3) Planck’s law 4) Kirchhoff’s law 4) for all the three a,b and c
108 
NARAYANAGROUP
49. A black body of temperature T is inside a 5  54 5


4 4 T  T 4
chamber of temperature T0 . Now the closed 1) TB 2) TS 3) TB  TS  4 4)  B S 
 
chamber is slightly opened to Sun such that 57. Newton’s law of cooling is a law connected with
temperature of black body T  and chamber 1) Conduction 2) Convection
T0  remain constant 3) Radiation 4) Convection and Radiation
1) Black body will absorb more radiation from the 58. Newton’s law of cooling holds good provided
Sun the temperature difference between the body
2) Black body will absorb less radiation from the and the surroundings is
Sun 1) large 2) small
3) Black body emits more thermal energy 3) very large 4) any value
4) Black body emits thermal energy equal to the 59. A block of steel heated to 1000C is left in a
thermal energy absorbed by it. room to cool. Which of the curves shown in
50. The rate of cooling of a body is the figure, represents the correct behaviour
1) independent of the nature of the surface of Y
the body T
2) independent of the area of the body e C
3) dependent on the excess of temperature of m B
the body above that of the surroundings. p A
4) independent of the temperature of the
X
surroundings. Time
51. A cube, a sphere and a circular plate made of 1) A 2) B 3) C 4)A and C
same material and having same mass are 60. Let there be four articles having colours blue,
heated to same high temperature. The body red, black and white. When they are heated
that cools at the least rate when left in air at together and allowed to cool, the article that
room temperature is cool earlier is
1) Sphere 2) Cube 1) Blue 2) Red 3) Black 4) White
3) Circular plate 4) All at the same rate 61. Which of the following qualities are best suited
52. Newton’s law of cooling is applied in laboratory for cooking utensils?
for the determination of the 1) High specific heat and low thermal conductivity
1) Specific heat of gases 2) Latent heat of gases 2) High specific heat and high thermal conductivity
3) Specific heat of liquids 4)Latent heat of liquids 3) Low specific heat and low thermal conductivity
53. Newton’s law of cooling is a special case of 4) Low specific heat and high thermal conductivity
1) Kirchoff’s law 2) Wien’s law 62. The bulb of a thermometer is spherical and that
3) Stefan-Boltzmann’s law 4) Planck’s law
of another is cylindrical. Equal quantity of
54. The amount of heat energy radiated per second
by a surface depends upon: mercury is filled in them. Then
1) Area of the surface 1) thermometer with spherical bulb will respond
2) Difference of temperature between the surface quickly
and its surroundings 2) thermometer with cylindrical bulb will respond
3) Nature of the surface 4) All the above slowly
55. Four identical copper cylinders are painted. If 3) thermometer with spherical bulb will respond
they are all heated to the same temperature slowly
and left in vacuum which will cool most rapidly. 4) thermometer with cylindrical bulb will respond
1)Painted shiny white 2)Painted rough black quickly
3)Painted shiny black 4)Painted rough white 63. Which of the following methods of flow of heat
56. If TB and T s are the temperatures of the body is (are) based on gravitational attraction?
and the surroundings and TB  TS is of very 1) Conduction 2) Convection
high value, then the rate of cooling in natural 3) Radiation 4) All of these
convection is proportional to

NARAYANAGROUP 109
64. Two rods A and B of same metal and of same 73. A surface at temperature T0 K receives power
cross-section have length in the ratio 1:2. One P by radiation from a small sphere at
0
end of each rod is at O C and temperature of temperature T  T0 and at a distance d. If both
other ends are 300C and 400C respectively. T and d are doubled, the power received by
Which of the rod will have higher flow of heat? the surface will become
1) Rod A 2) Rod B 3) Both will have same 1) P 2) 2P 3) 4P 4) 16P
4) Depends upon the shape 74. Two circular disc A and B with equal radii are
65. While measuring the thermal conductivity of blackened. They are heated to same
liquids, the upper part is kept hot and lower temperature and are cooled under identical
cooled so that conditions. What inference do you draw from
1) convectional flow is stopped their cooling curves (R is rate of cooling)?
2) radiation is stopped 3) conduction is easier
4) it is easier to perform the experiment Y
66. The amplitude of radiations from a cylindrical A
R
heat source is related to the distance is
1
1) A  1 / d 2 2) A  B
d
2
3) A  d 4) A  d
67. Kirchoff’s law states that
1) a body absorbs radiation of shorter wavelengths
and emits radiation of higher wavelength X
2) a body absorbs radiation of any wavelength but 
emits radiation of specific wavelengths
1) A and B have same specific heats
3) a body absorbs and emits radiation of same
2) Specific heat of A is less
wavelengths
3) Specific heat of B is less 4)Nothing can be said
4) none of these
68. If pressure on a gas is increased from P to 2P, 75. A solid at temperature T1 is kept in an
then its heat conductivity evacuated chamber at temperature
1) increases 3) decreases T2 ( T2 > T1 ). The rate of increase of
3) becomes zero 4) remains unchanged temperature of the body is proportional to
69. Two layers of cloth of equal thickness provide
1) T2  T1 2) T22  T12 3) T23  T13 4) T24  T14
warmer covering than a single layer of cloth
of double the thickness,because they 76. The thermal radiation emitted by a body is
1) behave like a thermos 2) have lesser thickness proportional to Tn where T is its absolute
3) allow heat from atmosphere to the body temperature. The value of n is exactly 4 for
4) enclose between them a layer of air 1) a blackbody 2) all bodies
70. In a room containing air, heat can go from one 3) bodies painted black only
place to another by 4) polished bodies only
1) conduction 2) convection 77. A blackbody does not
3) radiation 4) all of these 1) emit radiation 2) absorb radiation
71. The reflectance and emittance of a perfectly 3) reflect and refract radiation 4) All the above
black body are respectively 78. In summer, a mild wind is often found on the
1) 0,1 2) 1,0 3) 0.5,0.5 4) 0,0 shore of a calm river. This is used due to
72. Wien’s displacement law fails at 1)difference in thermal conductivity of water and soil
1) low temperature 2) high temperature 2) convection currents
3) short wavelength 4) long wavelength 3) conduction between air and the soil
4) radiation from the soil
110 
NARAYANAGROUP
79. A heated body emits radiation which has C.U.Q - KEY

maximum intensity near the frequency 0 . The 01) 1 02) 3 03) 4 04) 1 05) 4 06) 2
emissivity of the material is 0.5. If the absolute 07) 4 08) 3 09) 1 10) 4 11) 3 12) 2
temperature of the body is doubled, 13) 4 14) 1 15) 3 16) 3 17) 4 18) 1
1) the maximum intensity of radiation will be near 19) 1 20) 2 21) 2 22) 3 23) 2 24) 2
25) 1 26) 2 27) 2 28) 2 29) 2 30) 3
the frequency 2 0
31) 3 32) 1 33) 4 34) 2 35) 3 36) 2
2) the maximum intensity of radiation will be near 37) 1 38) 3 39) 1 40) 3 41) 1 42) 1
0
43) 2 44) 3 45) 3 46) 1 47) 4 48) 1
the frequency 49) 4 50) 3 51) 1 52) 3 53) 3 54) 4
2
3) the total energy emitted will increase by a factor 55) 2 56) 1 57) 4 58) 2 59) 1 60) 3
of 32 61) 4 62) 4 63) 2 64) 1 65) 1 66) 2
4) the total energy emitted will increase by a factor 67) 3 68) 4 69) 4 70) 2 71) 1 72) 4
of 8 73) 3 74) 2 75) 4 76) 2 77) 3 78) 2
80. Radiation is passing through a transparent 79) 1 80) 3 81) 3 82) 3
medium, then
1) the temperature of medium increases LEVEL - I (C.W)
2) the temperature of medium decreases
3) the temperature of medium does not alter CONDUCTION
4) the temperature of medium first increases and 1. In a steady state of heat conduction the
then becomes steady. temperature of the ends A and B of a rod 100cm
81. The graph shown in the adjacent diagram, long are 0º C and 100º C . The temperature
represents the variation of temperature T of of the rod at a point 60cm distant from the end
two bodies x and y having same surface area, A is
with time (t) due to emission of radiation. Find 1) 0º C 2) 40º C 3) 60ºC 4) 100º C
the correct relation between emissive power(E) 2. An aluminium meter rod of area of cross section
and absorptive power(a) of the two bodies 0
4cm 2 with K  0.5cal /gm- C is observed that at
Y steady state 360 cal of heat flows per minute.
The temperature gradient along the rod is
1) 30 C / cm 2) 60C/ cm 3) 120C/ cm 4) 200C/ cm
T
3. One end of metal bar of area of cross section
y 5cm2 and 25cm in length is in steam other in
contact with ice, the amount of ice melts in one
minute is (Lice=80cal/gm,K=0.8cgs units )
X 1) 16 gm 2) 12 gm 3) 24 gm 4)36 gm
4. Which of the following rods made of same
material will conduct more heat in a given time
t X when their ends are maintained at the same
temperature difference.
1) E x  E y and a x  a y 1)   1m, r  1cm 2)   2m, r  2cm
2) E x  E y and a x  a y
3)   3m, r  1cm 4)   100c m, r  2cm
3) E x  E y and a x  a y
5. A cylindrical rod with one end in a steam
4) E x  E y and a x  a y chamber and the other end is in ice. It is found
82. In which of the following process, convection that 1gm of ice melts per second. If the rod is
does not takes place primarily? replaced by another one of same material
1) Sea and Land breeze double the length and double area of cross
2) Boiling of water section, The mass of ice that melts per second
3) Warming of glass of bulb due to filament is
4) Heating of air around a furnace 1) 2 gm 2) 4 gm 3) 1 gm 4) 0.5 gm

NARAYANAGROUP 111
WIEN’S DISPLACEMENT LAW AND NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

KIRCHHOFF’S LAW 13. A body at 500 C cools in a surroundings
6. In an atomic bomb, the temperature of
maintained at 300 C . The temperature at
10million degrees is developed at the moment
of explosion. In what region of the spectrum which the rate of cooling is half that of the
do the wavelength corresponding to maximum beginning is
energy density lie? 1) 16.320 C 2) 26.30 C 3) 400 C 4) 46.30 C
14. A body cools from 700C to 600C in 8 minute.
 b  0.28 10 S.I.unit 
2
The same body cools from 600C to 500C in
1) Ultra-violet 2) Visible 1) 8 minutes 2) less than 8 minute
3) Infra-red rays 4) x-rays 3) More than 8 minute
7. Solar radiation emitted by sun resembles that 4) 1 or 2 or 3 depending on the specific heat of the
emitted by a black body at a temperature of
6000 K. Maximum intensity is emitted at a body
wavelength of about 4800A0. If the sun was LEVEL - I (C.W) - KEY
cooled down from 6000 K to 3000 K. then the 01) 3 02) 1 03)2 04) 4 05) 3 06) 4
peak intensity would occur at a wavelength of 07) 2 08) 3 09) 1 10) 4 11) 1 12) 3
1) 4800 A0 2) 9600 A0 3) 2400 A 0 4) 19200A0 13) 3 14) 3
STEFAN’S LAW LEVEL - I (C.W) - HINTS
8. Two spheres of the same material have radii
1m and 4m and temperature 4000K and 2000K KA    t 1  2  2
1. Q  
respectively. The energy radiated per second l L 
by the first sphere is :
KA  1  2  t KA  1  t
1) greater than that of the second 2. Q 3. Q  mL  2
2) less than that of the second  

3) equal in both cases
4) the information is incomplete to draw any 4. Q
K  r2  t  Q  r 2
conclusion l l
9. Two objects A & B have exactly the same KA  1   t  m2  A2  l1
2
shape and are radiating the same power. If 5. Q  mL 
m1 A1 l2

their temperatures are in the ratio 3 :1 then
6. m Tb
the ratio of their emissivities is.
1) 1: 9 2) 9 : 1 3) 3 : 1 4) 1 : 3 7. m  T  constant, T 
1 1 2 2 T
0
10. A black body at 127 C emits the energy at the 2 4
rate of 106 J/m2 s. The temperature of a black P1  r1   T1 
body at which the rate of energy emission is 8. P  AT 4  4 r 2T 4  P   r    T 
2  2  2
16 106 J/m2 s is 4
1) 5080C 2) 2730C 3) 4000 C 4) 5270C e1  T2 
11. An incandescent light bulb has a tungsten fila- 9. P  e AT 4  e   T 
2  1
ment that is heated to a temperature 3×103 K 4
when an electric current passes through it. If E1  T1 
10. E  T 4    11.
1. P  eA T 4
the surface area of the filament is approxi- E2  T2 
mately 10-4 m 2 and it has an emissivity of 0.3, 4 4
the power radiated by the bulb is nearly E1 TB1  T0
(  5.67 108W / m2  K 4 )
12. E  T 4
T 0
4
  
E2 TB2 4  T0 4
1) 138 w 2) 175 w 3) 200 w 4) 225 w
d
12. Two black bodies at 3270C and 6270C are 13.  K   0   R   0
suspended in an environment at 270C. The dt
ratio of their emissive powers is 14. Rate of cooling decreases with fall of temperature.
1) 15 : 8 2) 16 : 3 3) 3 : 16 4) 5 : 8 Hence, time increases..
112 
NARAYANAGROUP
emission radiations rates are 140A0 and 4200
LEVEL - I (H.W) A0 respectively :
1) 1 :30 2) 30 :1 3) 42 : 14 4) 14 : 42
CONDUCTION STEFAN’S LAW
1. In the steady state the two ends of a meter 8. The rate of radiation from a black body at 00C
rod are at 300 C and 200 C , the temperature is E. The rate of radiation from this black body
at the 40 th cm from the end at higher at 2730C is
temperature is 1. 2E 2. E/2 3. 16 E 4. E/16
1) 220 C 2) 260 C 3) 250 C 4) 240 C 9. Two bodies of same shape, same size and same
2. A rod of length 1 m having cross-sectional area radiating power have emissivities 0.2 and 0.8.
1
0.75m2 conducts heat at 6000 Js . Then the The ratio of their temperature is
temperature difference across the rod is, if 1) 2) 2 :1 3) 1: 5 4) 1: 3
3 :1
K  200 Wm 1K 1
1) 200 C 2) 400 C 3) 800 C 4) 1000 C 10. Two spheres have radii 1m, 2m are at same
temperatures, have emissivities e, 2e then ra-
3. A 3cm cube of iron one face at 1000 C and the
tio of radiant energy emitted per second is
other in a block of ice at 00 C . If K of 1) 1:2 2) 1:4 3) 1:8 4) 1:1
iron = 0.2 CGS units and L for ice is 80 cal/gm, 11. The radiant power of a furnace of surface area
then the amount of ice that melts in 10 min- of 0.6 m2 is 34.2 KW. The temperature of the
utes is (assume steady state heat transfer) furnace is [ = 5.7 x 10-8 Wm-2K-4]
1) 450 g 2) 900 g 3) 350 g 4) 500 g 1) 3400 K 2) 1012 K 3) 1000 K 4) 5700 K
4. Heat is flowing through two cylindrical rods of 12. How many watt of energy is required to keep
same material. The diameters of the rods are a black body in the form of a cube of side 1cm
in the ratio 1 : 2 and their lengths are in the at 2000K? (Temperature of surrounding is
ratio 2 : 1. If the temperature difference be- 270C and  5.67  105 Wm 2 K 4 )
tween their ends is same, then the ratio of
1) 444 KW 2) 544 KW
amounts of heat conducted through them per
3) 644 KW 4) 64 KW
unit time will be
1) 1 :1 2) 2 : 1 3) 1 : 4 4) 1 : 8 NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
5. One end of a cylindrical rod is kept in steam 13. The rates of cooling of a body at temperatures
chamber and the other end in melting Ice. Now 1000 C and 800 C are x1 and x2 respectively ,
0.5 gm of ice melts in 1 sec. If the rod is re- when placed in a room of temperature 400 C
placed by another rod of same length, half the
diameter and double the conductivity of the first x1
then x is
rod, then rate of melting of ice will be (in gm/ 2
sec) ( 2008 E ) 1) 4/5 2) 5/4 3) 3/2 4) 2/3
1) 0.25 2) 0.5 3) 1 4) 2 14. A vessel full of hot water is kept in a room and
WIEN’S DISPLACEMENT LAWAND it cools from 800C to 750C in T 1 minutes, from
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW 750C to 700C in T2 minutes and from 700C to
6. The wavelength of maximum energy released 650C in T3 minutes. Then
during an atomic explosion was 2.93  1010 m . 1. T1=T2 =T3 2. T1>T2 >T3
3
Given that Wien’s constant is 2.93 10 mK , 3. T1<T2 =T3 4. T1<T2 <T3
the maximum temperature attained must be
of the order of LEVEL - I (H.W) - KEY
1) 107 K 2) 107 K 01) 2 02) 2 03) 1 04) 4 05) 1 06) 2
3) 1013 K 4) 5.86  107 K 07) 2 08) 3 09) 2 10) 3 11) 3 12) 2
7. What will be the ratio of temperatures of sun 13) 3 14) 4
and moon if the wavelengths of their maximum

NARAYANAGROUP 113
LEVEL - I (H.W) - HINTS 2. Three rods A,B and C have the same
KA    t   1 dimensions. Their conductivities are K A , K B
1. Q  1 2  and K C respectively. A and B are placed end
l L l
Q KA    KA   t to end, with their free ends kept at certain
2.  3. mL f  temperature difference. C is placed separately
t l l
with its ends kept at same temperature
KA  1  2  t Q K r 
2

4. Q   difference. The two arrangements conduct
 t l
heat at the same rate K c must be equal to
Q 
 t 
 1  K 1   r1 
2
KA  KB 1 KAKB
    1) KA+KB 2) K K 3)  KA KB  4) K  K
Q  K 2  r2  A B 2 A B
 
 t 2 3. Two rods (one semi-circular and other straight)
KA   t of same material and of same cross-sectional
5. mL f  area are joined as shown in the figure. The
l points A and B are maintained at different
m temperatures. The ratio of heat transferred
  K2  d2 
2
through a cross-section of a semicircular rod
 t 2
    to the heat transferred through a cross section
m K 1  d 1  , d = diameter of the straight rod in a given time is
 
 t 1 Semi circular rod
6. m T  b
7. m T  constant  1T1  2T2
Straight rod
4
P1  T1 
8. P  AT  P   T  (given that P1 = E)
4 A B
2  2 1) 2 : 2) 1:2 3) : 2 4) 3:2
1
4
4. Two identical slabs are welded end to end and
T e 
4 20cal of heat flows through it for 4min. If the
9. P  eA T  2   1 
T1  e2  two slabs are now welded by placing them one
2 2
above the other, and the same heat is flowing
P  r  T  through two ends under the same difference of
10. P  e  2
 4
4 r T  1   1   1 
P2  r2   T2 
temperatures, the time taken is
1) 1min 2) 2 min 3) 4 min 4) 16 min
5. A slab consists of two parallel layers of copper
11. P  e AT 4 4

12. P  A T  Ts
4
 and brass of the same thickness and having
d thermal conductivities in the ratio 1 : 4. If the
13.   0 R  0
dt free face of brass is at 100 ºC and that of
14. Rate of cooling decreases with fall of temperature. copper at 0º C , the temperature of interface
Hence, time increases.. is
1) 80º C 2) 20º C 3) 60º C 4) 40º C
LEVEL -II (C.W) 6. Two metal plates of same area and thickness
CONDUCTION  1 and  2 are arranged in series. If the thermal
1. The co-efficient of thermal conductivity of conductivities of the materials of the two plates
copper, mercury and glass respectively Kc ,Km are K1 and K 2 . The thermal conductivity of
and K g such that Kc  K m  K g if the same the combination is
quantity of heat is flow per sec per unit area of 2K1K2 K1  K2
each and corresponding temperature gradient 1) K  K 2)
1 2 2
are X c , X m and X g :
K1K2   1   2 
1) X c  X m  X g 2) X c  X m  X g 3) 4) K1  K2
3) X c  X m  X g 4) X m  X c  X g K1 2  K21
114 
NARAYANAGROUP
7. Two hollow spheres of same material one with 11 A cube of side 10cm is filled with ice of density
double the radius of the other and double the 0.9gm/c.c. Thickness of the walls of the cube is
thickness of the other filled with ice, The ratio 1mm and thermal conductivity of the material of
of times in which ice gets melted in the two the cube is 0.01 C.G.S. units. If the cube is placed
spheres is in steam bath maintained at a temperature of
1) 2 :1 2) 1 : 2 3) 4 : 1 4) 1 : 4 1000 C , the time in which ice completely melts
8. A wall has two layers A and B, each made of a is  Lice  80 cal / gm 
different material. Both the layers have the 1) 6 sec 2) 12 sec 3) 24 sec 4) 48 sec
same thickness. The thermal conductivity of WIEN’S DISPLACEMENT LAW
the material of A is twice that of B. Under
thermal equilibrium, the temperature
AND KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
12. A black body is at a temperature of 2800 K.
difference across the wall is 36º C . The
The energy of radiation emitted by this object
temperature difference across the layer A is
with wavelength between 499 nm and 500 nm
1) 6ºC 2) 12º C 3) 18º C 4) 24º C is U1 , between 999 nm and 1000 nm is U 2 and
9. Two rods of length  and 2 thermal between 1499 nm and 1500 nm is U 3 . The
conductivities 2Kand Kare connected end to Wien’s constant b  2.80  106 nm K. Then
end. If cross sectional areas of two rods are 1) U1  0 2) U 3  0 3) U1  U 2 4) U 2  U1
equal, then equivalent thermal conductivity of 13. When the temperature of a black body
the system is increases, it is observed that the wavelength
corresponding to maximum energy changes
5 
1) 6 K 2) 1.5K 3) 1.2 K 4) 9 K 8  from 0.26 m to 0.13 m . The ratio of the
emissive powers of the body at the respective
10. Three rods of identical cross-sectional area
and made from the same metal form the sides temperatures is :
of an isosceles triangle ABC right angled at 16 4 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
1 1 4 16
B . The points A and B are maintained at
temperatures T and 2T , respectively, in the 14. For an enclosure maintained at 1000K the
steady state. Assuming that only heat maximum radiation occurs at wavelength .
m
conduction takes place, temperature of point If the temperature is raised to 2000K, the peak
C is will shift to (CBSE, PMT 1998)
1) 0.5 m 2) m 3) 4 m 4)8 m
A STEFAN’S LAW
15. The power radiated by a black body is P and it
radiates maximum energy around the
wavelength 0 . If the temperature of the black
body is now changed so that it radiates
maximum energy around a wavelength 3 0 / 4 ,
the power radiated by it will increase by a factor
of
B C
1) 4/3 2) 16/9 3) 64/27 4) 256/81
16. The rates of heat radiation from two patches
3T T of skin each of area A, on a patient’s chest
1) 2)
2 1 2 1 differ by 2%. If the patch of the lower temp is
T at 300K and emissivity of both the patches is
3) T assumed to be unity, the temp. of other patch
4)
3  2 1  2 1 would be.
1) 306K 2) 312K 3) 308.5K 4) 301.5K

NARAYANAGROUP 115
17. A spherical black body with a radius of 12cm NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
radiates 450W power at 500K. If the radius 25. A body cools from 500C to 450C in 5 min and to
were halved and the temperature doubled, the 400C in another 8 min. The temperature of the
power radiated in watts would be surrounding is
1) 225 2) 450 3) 900 4) 1800 1) 340C 2) 300C 3) 430C 4) 370C
18. If the temperature of the sun were to increase 26. A hot body is placed in cold surroundings. It’s
from T to 2T and its radius from R to 2R, then rate of cooling is 30 C per minute when its
the ratio of the radiant energy received on earth temperature is 700C and 1.50C per minute
to what it was previously, will be when its temperature is 500C it’s rate of cooling
1) 4 2) 16 3) 32 4) 64 when its temperature is 400C.
19. The radiation emitted by a star A is 10,000 times 1. 0.250C / min 2. 0.50C / min
that of the Sun. If the surface temperature of 0
3. 0.75 C / min 4. 10C / min
the sun and the star A are 6000K and 2000k 27. A calorimeter of water equivalent ‘5g’ has
respectively, the ratio of the radii of the star A water of mass 55 g upto a certain level. Another
and the Sun is identical calorimeter has a liquid of mass ‘38g’
1) 300 : 1 2) 600: 1 3) 900 : 1 4) 1200:1 upto same level. As both of them cool in the
20. Two electric bulbs have filaments of lengths L same surroundings from 500C to 460C, water
and 2 L, diameters 2d and d and emissivities takes 80 s where as the liquid takes 32 s to
3e and 4e. If their temperatures are in the ratio cool. If the specific heat of water is 1 cal/g-0C,
2 : 3, their powers will be in the ratio of the specific heat of the liquid in cal/g-0C is
1) 8 : 27 2) 4 : 27 3) 8 : 3 4) 4 : 9
1) 0.8 2) 0.4 3) 0.5 4) 0.2
21. If the absolute temperature of a black body is
doubled the percentage increase in the rate of
LEVEL - II (C.W) - KEY
01) 3 02) 4 03) 1 04) 1 05) 1 06) 3
loss of heat by radiation is
07) 3 08) 2 09) 3 10) 1 11) 2 12) 4
1) 15% 2) 16% 3)1600% 4) 1500% 13) 4 14) 1 15) 4 16) 4 17) 4 18) 4
22. A sphere and cube of same material and same 19) 3 20) 2 21) 4 22) 3 23) 1 24) 4
volume are heated upto the same temperature 25) 1 26) 3 27) 3
and allowed to cool in the same surroundings.
The ratio of the amounts of radiations emitted LEVEL - II (C.W)- HINTS
will be KA    t  
1. Q   K   const
1/3 2/3 l  l 
4   14 
1) 1:1 2) :1 3)   :1 4)   :1
3 6 2 3    1 1
    X  ;Since, K c  K m  K g
23. A black metal foil is warmed by radiation from  l  K K
a small sphere at temperature T and at a  For same quantity of heat flow per sec per unit
distance d it is found that the power received area of each X c  X m  X g
by the foil is P. If both the temperature and
2. When A and B are in series
the distance are doubled, the power received
by the foil will be l1  l2 l1 l 2K A KB
  2  Keff 
1) 64P 2) 16P 3) 4P 4) 8P Keff K1 K2 K A  KB
24. A very small hole in an electric furnace is used
for heating metals. The hole nearly acts as a  2K AK B 
black body. The area of the hole is 200 mm .To 2   A 
Q  K A  KB  ........ (i)
keep a metal at 727º C , heat energy flowing 
t 2l
through this hole per sec, in joules
Q KC A   
is   5.67  10 Wm K  (EAM-2014E)
8 2 4
For rod C  ........ (ii)
t l
1) 22.68 2) 2.268 3) 1.134 4) 11.34 From (i) and (ii) we get value of K C
116 
NARAYANAGROUP
KA   Given that temperature difference across the wall

Q
t
3. is 36º C
l
Let temperature difference across A is  then
Q1 KA   t  2R 2 temperature difference across B is 36  
 
Q2 R KA   t 2 KA KA  36   
In steady state, 
R  radius of semi-circle. x x
4. In series (end-to-end)
  
K K 9. In series, Reff  R1  R2  R  
 KA 
2K  K
K eff  K  1   2 1  2
KK  
In parallel (place one above the other) K eff k1 k 2
10.
K
K A
K K
K eff  K
2
KA   t
Q here Q, K,  are same in both
l
t2 l 2 A1 B C
cases.  t  l  A
1 1 2 Q Q
5.  t   t 
  BC  CA
00C  1000C
KA  2T  Tc   KA T  T  c
K 4K l 2l
x x KA   t
11. mLice 
Let be temperature of interface d
 Q  Q 4KA100   KA 0 
K 6a 2  t
 t   t  ; ice  a 
3
Lice 
 Brass  Cu x x d
   1   2 1  2 here, a, d are side and thickness of cube.
  
6. Reff  R1  R2  R   ; K Heat conducts through six faces.
 KA  eff k1 k 2
12. For any temperature the energy is maximum in the
KA   t 4 3 K4 R2    t middle range of wavelength. So, the energy is
7. mLice   R  Lice  maximum for wavelength 1000 nm.
d 3 d
t R  d  13. P  AT 4 and m T  const

 1   1  1  4 4
t2  R2   d 2  P1  T1   
2
    
A B P2  T2   1 
14. T  const  T  T2
m 1 1 2
8. 2K K
4
P2  T2 
x x 15. P  AT 4 and  
m T  const P1  T1 

NARAYANAGROUP 117
16. P  AT 4
LEVEL-II (H.W)
P
4  T 
PT   100  4   100 
P  T  CONDUCTION
 temp of other patch = T  T 1. Three metal rods of coefficient of thermal
conductivities K, 2K,3K conducts heats of 3Q,
4
17. P  AT  P  4 R T 2 4
2Q, Q per seconds through unit area then the
2 4
P1  R1   T1  ratio of temperature gradients
    1) 9:3:1 2) 9:1:1 3) 3:1:1 4) 1:1:1
P2  R 2   T2 
2. Three rods A,B and C have the same
18. P  AT  P 
4
4 R T 2 4
dimensions. Their conductivities are
2 4 K A , K B and K C respectively they are kept at
P1  R1   T1 
     same temperature difference. The rate of heat
P2  R2   T2  flow through C is equal to rate of combined
2
R PA  Tsun  heat flow through A and B then K C must be
19. P  4 R 2
 4
T  A 
R sun
 
PSun  T A  equal to
20. P  e 4 R2 T 4   KAKB 1  KAKB 
1) KA+KB 2) K  K 3)  KA KB  4) 2 K K 
4
A B 2  A B
P1 e1 r1 1  T1  3. Two rods one is semi circular of thermal
    
P2 e2 r2  2  T2  conductivity K1 and other is straight of thermal
conductivity K 2 and of same cross-sectional
21. P  AT 4 
area are joined as shown in the figure. The
P2  P1  T  4  points A and B are maintained at same
100   2   1  100 temperature difference. If rate of flow of heat
P1  T1  
is same in two rods then, K1 / K 2 is
22. Given, Volume  sphere  Volume cube Semi circular rod
1
4 R  3 3
R3  a3     Straight rod
3 a 4 
A B
Here, R, a are radius of this sphere and side of the
cube 1) 2 : 2) 1:2 3) : 2 4) 3:2
P A 4 R2
4. Two identical rods of same metal are first
 4
P  e A T 4  TS  1  1 
P2 A2 
6a 2
welded in series and then in parallel are
maintained at same temperature difference
4 4 2
e AT I T   d  then the ratio of heats conducted in same time
23. I 2
 2   2    1  hereI =P is
d I1  T1   d 2  1
1) 1:1 2) 1:2 3) 1:4 4) 1:3
d  1 2  5. Two slabs A and B of equal surface area are
24. P  AT 4 25. K  0
dt  2  placed one over the other such that their surfaces
d are completely in contact. The thickness and
26.
dt
  0 ; R   0  
coefficient of thermal conductivities of slab A is
twice that of B. The first surface of slab A is
27. From Newton’s law of cooling
maintained at 1000 C , while the second surface
d 1
  t  ms of slab B is maintained at 250 C . The
dt ms
temperature at the contact of their surfaces is
W  m1 s1 t1
 W  m s  t ; W= thermal capacity of (2008 E)
2 2 2
1) 150 C 2) 62.50 C 3) 550 C 4) 850 C
calorimeter
118 
NARAYANAGROUP
6. Three metal rods of same lengths and same WIEN’S DISPLACEMENT LAW
area of cross - sections having conductivities
1,2,3 units are connected in series. Then their
AND KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
effective conductivity will be 12. The temperature of a furnace is 22270C and
1) 2 units 2) 1.6 units 3) 2.4 units 4) 2.8 units the intensity is maximum in its spectrum nearly
7. Two hollow spheres of same thickness are filled at 12000A0. If the intensity in the spectrum of
with ice. The ratio of their diameter is 1 : 2 star is maximum nearly at 4800A0, then the
and the ratio of thermal conductivities of the surface temperature of the star is
materials is 2 : 3. The ratio of times in which 1) 84000C 2)62500C 3) 72000C 4)59770C
the ice gets melted in the two spheres is 13. Black body at a temperature of 1640 K has
1) 3 : 4 2) 4 : 3 3) 3 : 8 4) 8 : 3
8. Three rods of same dimensions have the wavelength corresponding to maximum
thermal conductivity 3K,2K and K. They are emission equal to 1.75 m. Assuming the
arranged as shown in figure. Then the moon to be a perfectly black body, the tem-
temperature of the junction in steady state is perature of the moon, if the wavelength corre-
( 2009 E ) sponding to maximum emission is 14.35 m,
0
50 C is
2K 1) 100 K 2) 150 K 3) 200 K 4) 250 K
3K
14. A particular star (assuming it as a black body)
0 4
100 C has a surface temperature of about 5 10 K .
K The wave length in nano-meters at which its
00C
radiation becomes maximum is ( b = 0.0029mk)
(2003M)
200 0 100 0 50 0
1) C 2) C 3) 75 0 C 4) C 1) 48 2) 58 3) 60 4) 70
3 3 3
9. Three rods of lengths L,2L and 3L having ther- STEFAN’S LAW
mal conductivities 3K,2K and K are connected 15. The power radiated by a black body is ‘P’ and
end to end. If cross sectional areas of three it radiates maximum energy around the
rods are equal then equivalent thermal con-
wavelength 0 . If the temperature of the black
ductivity of the system is.
1) 18K / 13 2) 36K / 13 3) 9K / 13 4)12K / 13 body is now changed so that it radiates
10. Three rods of identical cross sectional area and maximum energy around a wavelength
made from the same metal form the sides of / 2 ,the power radiated becomes(2012 E )
0
an equilateral triangle ABC. The points A and
1) 4P 2) 16P 3) 64P 4) 256P
B are maintained at temperatures 3 T and
16. There is a temperature difference of 1K
T respectively . In the steady state, the tem- between two black patches of skin on patient’s
perature of the point C is TC . Assuming that chest and each patch having area A. The
only heat conduction takes place, the value of radiant heat emitted from them is differ by 2
TC / T is equal to % , then temperatures of two patches may be.
1) 100 K, 101 K 2) 300 K, 301 K
1 3 1 3 1 2 1 2 3) 200 K, 201 K 4) 400 K, 401 K
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 2 2 17. A black body radiates energy at the rate of E
11. A hollow metal cube, with side 0.5m and wall
thickness 5x10-3m is filled with ice. It is watt/ m 2 at a high temperature TK when the
immersed in water tank maintained at 1000C. T 
Calculate the amount of ice melted in 335sec. temperature is reduced to   K . Then
( Conductivity of metal 2
= 0.5Wm-1 K -1, Latent heat of fusion of radiant energy is (2007E)
ice=335x103Jkg-1) E
1) 15kg 2) 15g 3) 1.5kg 4) 1.5g E E
1) 2) 2E 3) 4)
2 4 16

NARAYANAGROUP 119
18. The radiant energy from the Sun, incident 26. Two bodies have thermal capacities in the ratio
normally at the surface of earth, is 20kcal/m2 - 3:4 and the rates of loss of heat in the ratio
min. What would have been the radiant energy 3:5. Their rates of cooling will be in the ratio
incident normally on the earth, if the sun had a of
temperature twice of the present one? 1) 9 : 20 2) 4 : 5 3) 5 : 4 4) 1 : 1
1. 40 kcal/(m2 - min) 2. 80kcal/(m2-min) 27. A calorimeter of water equivalent 6 g has wa-
3. 160 kCal/(m2-min) 4. 320 Kcal/(m2-min) ter of mass 64 g up to a certain volume. An-
19. A star behaves like perfect Black body other identical calorimeter has liquid of mass
emitting radiant energy. The ratio of radiant 50 g and specific heat 0.6 cal/g-0C upto same
energy emitted per sec by this star to that level. If both of them cool in the same sur-
emitted by another star having 8 times the roundings through same range of temperature
radius of the former but having Kelvin and the time taken for the water to cool is 140
temperature one fourth of the former is s, the time taken for the liquid to cool is
1) 1:4 2) 1:8 3) 4:1 4) 1:16 1) 72 s 2) 140 s 3) 36 s 4) 120 s
20. Two spherical bodies have radii R,2R and LEVEL - II (H.W) -KEY
emissivities e,2e. If the temperature ratio is 01) 1 02) 1 03) 3 04) 3 05) 2 06) 2
2:1 then the powers will be in the ratio 07) 1 08) 1 09) 1 10) 1 11) 1 12) 4
1) 1:1 2) 2:1 3) 3:1 4) 4:1 13) 3 14) 2 15) 2 16) 3 17) 4 18) 4
19) 3 20) 2 21) 4 22) 3 23) 1 24) 3
21. The temperature of a black body is increased
25) 2 26) 2 27) 1
by 50%. The amount of radiation emitted by
the body increases by LEVEL - II (H.W) - HINTS
1)50% 2)100% 3)225% 4)406.25%
22. A solid sphere is at a temperature T K. The KA    t    Q
1. Q    ,
sphere is cut into two halves. the fraction of l  l  K
energy emitted per second by the half sphere  Q X : X : X  Q1 : Q2 : Q3
to that by complete sphere is let X  X  1 2 3
l K K K K 1 2 3
1 1 3 1
1) 2) 3) 4) Q Q  Q
2 4 4 16 2.       
23. A black metal foil is warmed by radiation from  t  C  t A  t  B
a small sphere at temperature ‘T’ and at a Kc A     K A A    K B A   
distance d. It is found that the power received
by the foil is P. If both the temperature and l l l
the distance are halved, the power received Q Q
3.    
by the foil will be in the ratio  t  semicircular rod  t  straightrod
1) 1:4 2) 1:8 3) 1:16 4) 1:64
K1 A   
K 2 A  
24. Power radiated by a black body is P0 and the r = radius of semi circle.
r 2r
wavelength corresponding to maximum energy
KA    t
is around 0 . On changing the temperature of 4. Q
the black body, it was observed that the power l
Q1 K s  t
A l
radiated becomes
256
P0 . The shift in Q2

2l

K p 2A t
 here K s  Kp
81
wavelength corres-ponding to the maximum Q Q 2 K 100   K   25 
energy will be 5.  t    t   2l

l
 A  B
l1  l 2  l 3 l1 l l
0 0 0 0 6. Reff  R1  R2  R3   2  3
1)  2)  3)  4)  K eff K1 K2 K3
4 2 4 2
KA   t 4 3 K4 R2    t
NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING 7. mLice   R Lice 
d 3 d
25. A body cools from 700 C to 500 C in 5 minutes.
t R K
Temperature of surroundings is 200 C . Its  1  1 2
t2 R2 K1
temperature after next 10 minutes is (2008 M)
1) 250 C 2) 300 C 3) 350 C 4) 450 C
120 NARAYANAGROUP

Q  Q  Q  P1 A
8.  t     t  4
 1
 3K  t 2K  K 22. P  e AT 
P2 A2
3 K A 100   2 KA   50  KA   0
  A1  4 R 2 and A2  2 R 2  R 2
l l l
is temperature of the junction. e AT 4 I T   d 
4 2
9. Reff  R1  R2  R3 23. I  2
 2   2    1  here I =P
d I1  T1   d 2  1
l1  l 2  l3 l l l
 1  2  3 24. m T  const. and P  AT4 ,    0
K eff K1 K 2 K 3
10. d  1  2 dQ d 
25. K  26.   ms 
0 
A  3T  dt  2 dt  dt 
d 1
27. From Newton’s law cooling   t  ms ;
dt ms
m1 s1  m2 s2 m1 s1  m3 s3

t1 t2
B(T) C
LEVEL - III
Q Q
 t   t 

KA 3T TC   KAT T
C
  AC  CB
;
l l
CONDUCTION
1. One end of a copper rod of uniform cross
KA   t
11. Let mass of ice melted=m; mLice  section and of length 1.5m is kept in contact
x with ice and the other end with water at 100ºC.
Q K 6A   t At what point along its length should a
m   ; x = wall thickness,
Lice Lice x temperature of 200ºC be maintained so that in
A = area of each face. steady sate, the mass of ice melting be equal
Heat is conducted across all the six faces. to that of the steam produced in same interval
12. mT  constant  1T1  2T2 of time?Assume that the whole system is
insulated from surroundings.(Lice=80 cal/gm
13. mT  constant  1T1  2T2
and Lsteam= 540 cal/gm)
14. mT  b 15. mT  cons tan t and P  T 4 1.5m
x
16. P  AT 4 0
0
Ice 0 C (water 100 C)
P  T 
 100  4   100  ; T  T  T 2000C
P  T  2 1 1) 8.59 cm from ice end 2) 10.34 cm from water end
4
E1  T1  3) 10.34 cm from ice end 4)8.76 cm from water end
17. E  T 4    2. Three rods of material ‘x’ and three rods of
E2  T2  material y are connected as shown in figure.All
E2  T2 
4 the rods are of identical length and cross-
4
18. E  e T     section. If the end A is maintained at 600C and
E1  T1  the junction E at 100C, find effective Thermal
19. P  AT 4  P  4 R 2T 4 Resistance. Given length of each rod=l, area
2 4 of cross-section=A, conductivity of x=K and
P  R  T  conductivity of y=2K.
 2  2   2 C
P1  R1   T1 
X X
20. P  e A T 4  P  e 4 R 2 T 4
4 A B
P T  e R X E
 1  1 1 1 Y
P2  T2  e2 R2 Y Y
4
E2  E1  T  
2 D
21. E  T 4 ; E  100      1 100
 T1   4l 7l 4 KA 7 KA
1 1) 2) 3) 4)
3KA 6 KA 3l 3l

NARAYANAGROUP 121
3. A cylinder of radius R made of a material of 8. Two ends of a conducting rod of varying cross
thermal conductivity K1is surrounded by a section are maintained at 2000 C and 00 C
cylindrical shell of inner radius R and outer respectively . In steady state
radius 3R made of material of thermal
conductivity K2 . The ends of the combined
system are maintained at two different A B C D
temperatures. There is no loss of heat across
the cylindrical surface and the system is in 0C
0
steady state. The effective thermal 2000C X

X
conductivity is 1) temperature difference across AB and CD are
K1K2 K  3K2 K  8K 2 equal
1) K1  K2 2) K  K 3) 1 4) 1
1 2 4 9 2) temperature difference across AB is greater
4. Water is being boiled in a flat bottomed kettle than that of across CD
placed on a stove. The area of the bottom is 3) temperature difference across AB is less than
300cm2 and the thickness is 2mm. If the amount that of across CD
of steam produced is 1gm min -1, then the
difference of the temperature between the 4) temperature difference may be equal or different
inner and the outer surface of the bottom is depending on the thermal conductivity of the rod
(thermal conductivity of the material of the 9. Three rods of same dimensions are arranged
kettle 0.5cal cm-1s-1C-1, latent heat of the steam as shown in the figure. They have thermal
is equal to 540calg-1) conductivities K1 , K 2 and K 3 . The points P and
1) 120C 2)20C 3)0.120C 4) 0.0120C Q are maintained at different temperatures for
5. A point source of heat of power ‘P’ is placed at the heat to flow at the same rate along PRQ
the centre of a spherical shell of mean radius and PQ. Which of the following options is
‘R’. The material of the shell has thermal correct? R
conductivity ‘K’. If the temperature difference
between the outer and inner surfaces of the
shell is not to exceed ‘T’, the thickness of the
shell should not be less than K1 K2
4 KR 2T 4 KR 2 4 R 2T 4 R 2T
1) 2) 3) 4)
P TP KP KT
6. The temperature of the two outer surfaces of P
K3
Q
a composite slab, consists of two materials
having coefficients of thermal conductivity K 1
1) K3   K1  K2  2) K3  K1  K 2
and 2K and thickness x and 4x respectively 2
areT2 and T1(T2>T1). The rate of heat transfer K1 K 2
through slab, in a steady state is 3) K 3  K  K 4) K3  2  K1  K 2 
1 2
 A  T2  T1  K 
  f , with f equals to 10. A boiler is made of a copper plate 2.4 mm thick
 x  with an inside coating of a 0.2 mm thick layer
x 4x of tin. The surface area exposed to gases at
2
T2 K 2K T1 7000 C is 400 cm . The maximum amount of
steam that could be generated per hour at
atmospheric pressure is
0 0
1) 1 2) 1/2 3) 2/3 4) 1/3  Kcu  0.9 cal / cm  s  & ktin  0.15 cal / cm  s  C 
 
7. A and B are two points on a uniform metal ring  and Lsteam  540 cal / g 
whose centre is O. The angle AOB  . A and 1)5000Kg 2)1000Kg 3)4000Kg 4)200Kg
0
B are maintained at two different constant 11. Water in a lake is changing into ice at 0 C.
0
temperatures. When  180 0 , the rate of total when the atmospheric temperature is 10 C. If
the time taken for 1cm thick ice layer to be
heat flow from A to B is 1.2W. When  900 , formed is 7hour, the time required for the
this rate will be thickness of ice to increase from 1cm to 2cm is
1) 0.6 watt2) 0.9 watt 3) 1.6 watt 4) 1.8 watt 1) 7hour 2) 14 hour 3) <7hour 4) >14 hour
122 
NARAYANAGROUP
RADIATION 4 r0 2 R 2 T 4 r0 2 R 2 T 4
1) 2)
12. Two metallic spheres S1 and S2 are made of r2 r2
the same material and have identical surface r0 2 R 2 T 4 R 2 T4
finish. The mass of S 1 is three times that of S 2. 3) 4)
4 r2 r2
Both the spheres are heated to the same high NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
temperature and placed in the same room 18. Two solid spheres are heated to the same
having lower temperature but are thermally temperature and allowed to cool under
insulated from each other. The ratio of the identical conditions. Assume that all the
initial rate of cooling of S 1 to that S 2 is : surfaces have the same emissivity and ratios
1
1) 1/3 2) 1 / 33 3) 1/ 3 4) 3 /1 of their radii, specific heats and densities are
13. The temperature of an isolated black body falls respectively 1: ,1: ,1: . Then the ratio of
from T1 to T2 in time ‘t’. Let ‘c’ be a constant, initial rates of loss of heat and initial rates of
then...... fall of temperature is
1) :1,1: 2 2) 1: 2 , :1
 1 1   1 1  2 2
1) t  c  T  T  2) t  c  T 2  T 2  3) :1, :1 4) :1,1:
 2 1   2 1  19. A heated object (at time t = 0 and temperature
 1 1   1 1  T  T0 ) is taken out of the oven to cool and
3) t  c  T 3  T 3  4) t  c  T 4  T 4  placed on a table near an open window. Write
 2 1   2 1 
14. A star behaves like a perfectly black body an expression for its temperature as function
emitting radiant energy. The ratio of radiant of time T, where Ts is the surrounding
energy per second by this star to that emitted temperature.
by another star having 8 times the radius of
former, but having temperature, one-fourth 1) T  Ts   T0  Ts  e  kt
that of the former in Kelvin is
1) 1 : 4 2) 1 : 16 3) 4 : 1 4) 16 : 1 2) T  Ts  T0  Ts  e kt
15. A sphere of density ‘d’, specific heat capacity 3) T  Ts   T0  Ts  e  kt
‘c’ and radius ‘r’ is hung by a thermally insulating
thread in an enclosure which is kept at lower 4) T  Ts   T0  Ts  e  kt
temperature than the sphere. The temperature 20. A system ‘S’ receives heat continuously from
of the sphere starts to drop at a rate which is an electrical heater of power 10W. The
proportional to temperature of S becomes constant at 500C
3 3 3
1) c / r d 2) 1 / r dc 3) 3r dc 4) 1 / rdc when the surrounding temperature is 200C.
16. Two bodies A and B have thermal emissivities After the heater is switched off, S cools from
of 0.01 and 0.16 respectively. The outer 35.10C to 34.90C in 1 minute. The heat capacity
surface areas of the two bodies are the same. of S is
The two bodies radiate energy at the same 1) 750J(0C)-1 2) 1500J(0C)-1
0 -1
rate. The wavelength B corresponding to the 3) 3000J( C) 4) 6000J(0C)-1
maximum spectral radiancy in the radiation 21. According to Newton’s Law of cooling, the rate
n
from ‘B’ is shifted from the wavelength of cooling of a body is proportional to    ,
corresponding to the maximum spectral
radiancy in the radiation from ‘A’ by 1.00 m . where  is the difference of temperature of
If the temperature of ‘A’ is 5802 K, the body and the surroundings, then n is equal
1) the temperature of ‘B’ is 1934K to
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 1
2) B  1.6 m
3) the temperature of B is 11604K 22. A liquid in a beaker has temperature  t  at
4) the temperature of B is 2901K time ‘t’ and ‘ 0 ’ is temperature of
17. Assuming the sun to be a spherical body of surroundings, then according to Newton’s law
radius R at a temperature ‘T’ K, evaluate the of cooling the correct graph between loge
total radiant power incident on earth, at a   0  and t is (2012 JEE)
distance r from the sun. (Take r0 is radius of
earth ‘ ’ Stefan’ss constant)

NARAYANAGROUP 123
Y Y
log e (?-? 0 )
log e (?-? 0 ) A1  R 2 and A2  (9 R 2  R 2 )
mL KA  1  2 
4. 
1) 2) t d
0 X
0 X Q K 4 R 2  
Y t
Y t
5. Rate of heat flow  P 
t d
log e (?-? 0 ) log e (?-? 0 ) d=Thickness of shell
x 4x 3x
6. Req   
3) 4) KA 2 KA KA
0 X 0 X Q  T  T   T  T  KA
 2 1  2 1
t t
23. If a piece of metal is heated to temperature t Req 3x
and then allowed to cool in room which is at Compare this equation
R
with given equation.
2
temperature 0 , the graph between the
temperature T of the metal and time t will be A o B
closest to ( 2013 JEE )
Y
7.
Y
R
T 2
T   I   1.2 watt
1) 2) Thermal current I  R net ;
1
R
X X 4
0 O
t
t  R   3R 
Y    3R
4 4 
Y R net    
T If  900 then  R   3R  16
T   
4  4 
  4
.3)  4)  I2   I1
X X  3R  3
O t O  
t  16 
Q
LEVEL - III - KEY 8.   t  thermal resistance
01) 2 02) 2 03) 4 04) 4 05) 1 06) 4 l
07) 3 08) 3 09) 3 10) 3 11) 4 12) 2   thermal resistance (R); where R  KA
13) 3 14) 3 15) 4 16) 4 17) 2 18) 2 1
  , Area across CD is less. Therefore ,
19) 3 20) 2 21) 4 22) 1 23) 3 A
temperature difference across CD will be more.
LEVEL - III - HINTS 9. R
KA  200  0  t KA  200  100  t
1. mice  80 1.5  x ; msteam 
  540  x
K1
According to given problem, mice  msteam K2 Q Q
Given    
2. No heat is flowing through the road CD  t  PQR  t  PQ
C
P Q
R R K3
B Ks A    K3 A   
2 K1K 2
A E  , here K s 
R Req  RAB  R BE , 2l l K1  K 2
2 R R
2  Q  temperaturedifference 2  1
2 D 10.  t   thermal resi tan ce  R  R
2R  R 2R R 2 R 7R 7l   1 2
R BE   Req    
2R  R 3 2 3 6 6 KA Q
3. Two rods are in parallel    giventime
t
m  
K eff  A1  A2   K1 A1  K 2 A2 Lice
124 
NARAYANAGROUP
L 2 d
11. t 
2 KT
 x2  x12 ; t  x2 2  x12 19.
dt
  K  T  Ts 
d T
d
t
ms  e A  T 4  T04   
12.
dt T T  Ts   K 0 dt log  TT0  TTss   Kt  C

4 3 d d 1 1 0
rs  e 4 r 2 T 4  T04  ; dQ 1
3 dt dt r m1/3 20.  T  T0 ; 10   50  20  ; 
dT t ms T dT
2
dt 3
13. ms   AT 4 ;  dt         
dt 0 A T T4
1  ms  1 2

1 2
 s 
14. t  2 
P  AT 4  P  4 R 2T 4
2 4 here 1  35.1º C; 2  34.9º C
P1  R1   T1  21. According to Newton’s Law of cooling
    
P2  R2   T2  dQ dQ n
  ; but     n 1
d dt dt
15. ms
dt
 KA  0   d d
t
4 3 d 22.  k   0  ;    k 0 dt
 0

3
r d c
 dt
 K 4 r2  0   dt 0
ln   0   kt  C so graph is a straight line.

d 1 d
 d   K  dt
dt rdc 23.  k   0  ; 
dt  0
16. P  e A T 4  e A T A4  e B T B4
log   0    Kt  C   0  e  Kt C
mT  const  AT A  BTB Given B  A  1 n
17. Energy radiated per sec by the Sun in all possible  0  e  Kt C
directions (Assume the Sun as perfect black body)
E   4 R 2  T4 LEVEL - IV
Intensity (I) of the Sun on the Earth surface MATCHINGTYPE QUESTIONS
I
 4 R 2  T4 R 4
   T
2
1. Match the following:
4 r 2
r  List -I List -II
Total radiant energy per sec as received on earth A) Coefficient of thermal E) Wm2 K 4
2
R 2 4 conductivity
  r0  I 
2
  0 r T B) Temperature gradient F) Wm1K 1
r
 
C) Stefan’s constant G) mK
[  The area of the Earth which receives the energy
D) Wien’s constant H) Km1
1
is only th of total surface area of the Earth 2. Match the following
4 A) Thermal resistance E) MT 3K 4
 r  R  whose disc has surface area equal to B) Stefan's constant F) MLT 3K 1
2
r0 w.r.t sun ] C) Wien's constant G) M 1L2T 3K
 dQ  D) coefficient of thermal H) M 0 LK
  A  R 
2
dQ  dt 1 1 1 conductivity
18.  Ae T 4  T04   dQ   A2   R2 
 
dt  dt  3. Match the following
 2 List - I List - II
d 
  A) Fraunhoffer lines E)Newton law
d Ae 4  dt 1  A1 m2 s2 
4      of cooling
dt

ms
 T  T0   d   A2 m1 s1 
  B) Black body F) Kirchoff’s law
 dt 2
d  C) Specific heat of G) Ferry
  a liquid
 dt 1  R2  2  s2
d  R1 s1 D) Thermal conductivity H) Searle’s apparatus
1
  of a metal
 dt 2

NARAYANAGROUP 125
ASSERTION & REASON TYPE ORDERARRANGING QUESTIONS
1) Both A and R are true, R is correct 13. I) A sphere II) A cube III)A thin circular plate.
explanation of A All made of the same material having the same
2) Both A and R are true, R is not correct mass are initially heated to 2000C. Identify the
explanation of A order in which the objects cool faster when left
3) Both A and R are true
in air at room temperature
4) Both A and R are false
1) III,II and I 2) II, I and III
4. Assertion (A): Woolen clothes keep the body warm
in winter 3) I, II and III 4) II, III and I
Reason (R): Air is a bad conductor of heat 14. A beaker full of hot water is kept in a room and
5. Assertion (A): The radiation from the sun surface it cools from
varies as the fourth power of its absolute temperature. I) 900C to 800C in t1 sec. II) 800C to 700C in t2 sec.
Reason (R): Sun is not a black body. III) 700C to 600C in t3 sec. IV) 600C to 500C in t4 sec.
6. Assertion (A): Thermal radiations are If the room temperature is 100C, identify the
electromagnetic radiation with wave lengths greater order in which the times of cooling increases
than visible light. 1) IV,III,II & 1 2) I,III,IV & II
Reason (R): Thermal radiations can propagate 3) I, II,III & IV 4) III, I, II & IV
through vacuum. 15. In the following, which statement is correct
7. Assertion (A): Two metallic spheres of same size, A) A hot body emits hot radiations only.
one of copper and other of aluminium heated to the B) A cold body absorbs the radiations only.
same temperatures, will cool at the same rate when
C) A cold body emits cold radiations only.
they are suspended in the same enclosure.
D) All the bodies emits and absorbs radiations
Reason (R): The rate of cooling of a body is directly
proportional to the excess of temperature of the simultaneously
body over the surroundings. 1)A 2) B 3) C 4) D
STATEMENT TYPE QUESTIONS LEVEL -IV - KEY
Options : MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Statement A is true and statement B is true 1) A-F, B-H, C-E, D-G 2) A-G, B-E, C-H, D-F
3) A-F, B-G, C-E, D-H
2. StatementA is true and statement B is false
ASSERTION & REASONTYPE QUESTION
3.Statement A is false and statement B is true 4) 1 5) 2 6) 2 7) 1
4.Statement A is false and statement B is false STATEMENTTYPE QUESTION
8. (A) Heat transfer by conduction and convection 8) 1 9) 1 10) 1 11) 4 12) 1
require a material medium. ORDER ARRANGING QUESTIONS
(B) Heat transfer by radiation doesn’t effect the 13) 1 14) 3 15) 4
medium through which it passes. LEVEL -IV - HINTS
9. (A) A body of low thermal capacity gets heated or 4. Some air is trapped in pores of woolen clothes will
cooled quickly. act as bad conductor of heat.
(B) Good emitters are bad reflectors. 5. Radiation emitted from the sun is measured with the
10. (A) Greater the mass of radiating body, slower will help of Stefan’s law by considering the sun as
be cooling blackbody, but sun is not a perfect black body.
(B)Greater the temperature of the surroundings, 6. Thermal radiations are electromagnetic radiations
lower will be cooling which belongs to infrared region. Electromagnetic
11. (A) Water can be boiled inside the artificial satellite energy does not require material medium for their
by convection propagation.
(B) Heavy liquid can be boiled in artificial satellite by 7. Rate of cooling depends on surface area and
convection temperature difference between the body and the
12. (A) Black body radiation is white surroundings.
(B) Emissive power of a body is proportional to its
absorptive power
126 
NARAYANAGROUP

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TRANSMISSION OF HEAT JEE-MAIN PHYSICS-VOL-IV

 Let two rods of same cross-sectional area having

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