MODULE 9 FLUID MECHANICS: FLUID IN MOTION

COMPETENCE/S A-II/2 F1. Navigation at the operational Level

COURSE CO 2. Cite concrete applications of concepts in
OUTCOMES Mechanics particularly in marine navigation.
CO 3. Demonstrate analytical skills in performing problem
solving activities
KNOWLEDGE KUP1: Understanding of fundamental principles of ship
UNDERSTANDING construction and the theories and factors affecting trim
PROFICIENCY and stability and measures necessary to preserve trim
and stability.
KUP 2: Knowledge of the effect on trim and stability of cargoes
and cargo operations.
LEARNING 1. Define the following terms operationally: laminar flow,
turbulent flow, viscosity, turbulence
OUTCOMES 2. State and explain Law of Continuity and Bernoulli’s
Equation
3. Give practical application of the above-mentioned
principles
TOPICS 9.1 Characteristics of Fluid Flow
9.2 Law of Continuity
9.3 Bernoulli’s Equation
LESSON PRESENTATION AND ACTIVITIES
KEY WORDS
Hydrodynamics Law of Continuity Ideal Fluid
Mass Flow Rate Viscosity Real Fluid
Volumetric Flow Rate Bernoulli’s Equation Compressible Fluid

Hydrodynamics is concerned with the study and description of fluids in motion.

Fluids such as gases and liquids in motion are called fluid flow. It involves the
motion of a fluid subjected to unbalanced forces. This motion continues as long as
unbalanced forces are applied.
Fluid low is a part of fluid mechanics, specifically fluid dynamics. The main emphasis
is the conservation laws of mass, energy and momentum. Flowing fluids possess
kinetic energy. This energy can be converted into potential energy (pressure, height)
and vice versa.

Pre-test
 Crossword Puzzle

1 across A fluid that cannot be compressed and has no viscosity

2 down Principle states that fluids moving at higher velocities lead to lower
pressures,
And fluids moving at lower velocities result in higher pressures
3 across A fluid that possess viscosity
1 down As the cross-section of the pipe gets smaller, the velocity of the fluid ______
4 down Gases or liquids

9.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUID FLOW

Fluids are gases or liquids. The following are the types of fluid:
 Ideal Fluid
A fluid that cannot be compressed and has no viscosity. It is an imaginary
fluid which does not exist in reality.
 Real Fluid
A fluid that possesses viscosity. Viscosity is a measure of the thickness of a
fluid, and very gloppy fluids such as motor oil or shampoo are called viscous
fluids.
All the fluids are real as all the fluid possess viscosity.
 Newtonian Fluid
A fluid that obeys Newton’s Law of Viscosity.
 Non-Newtonian Fluid
A fluid that does not obey Newton’s Law of Viscosity.
 Ideal Plastic Fluid
 A fluid with shear stress that is proportional to the velocity gradient and shear
stress is more than the yield value.
 Incompressible Fluid
A fluid with density that does not change with the application of external force.
 Compressible Fluid
A fluid which changes density with the application of external force.

Fluid flow can be steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or

non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational, to name a few. Some of these
characteristics reflect the properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the
fluid is moving.

Fluid flow can be steady or unsteady, depending on the fluid’s velocity. In steady
fluid flow, the velocity of the fluid is constant at any point. When the flow is unsteady,
the fluid’s velocity can differ between any two points.

The amount of fluid replaced in a given interval of time is called the fluid flow
equation. The equations are shown below:

Mass flow rate = ρAV

Volume flow rate = AV
Where:
ρ - density
V - Velocity
A - area

9.2 LAW OF CONTINUITY

When fluids move through a full pipe, the volume of fluid that enters the pipe must
equal the volume of fluid that leaves the pipe, even if the diameter of the pipe
changes. This is a restatement of the Law of Conservation of Mass for fluids.
Consider the pipe below.

The volume of fluid moving through the pipe at any point can be quantified in terms
of the volume flow rate, which is equal to the area of the pipe at that point multiplied
by the velocity of the fluid. This volume flow rate must be constant throughout the
pipe. Below is the equation of continuity for fluids (also known as the fluid continuity
equation).
 A1V1 =A2V2
where:
A1 – cross-sectional area of the pipe at point 1, m 2
V1 – velocity of the fluid at point 1, m/s
A2 – cross-sectional area of the pipe at point 2, m 2
V2 – velocity of the fluid at point 2, m/s

This equation says that as the cross-section of the pipe gets smaller, the velocity of
the fluid increases, and as the cross-section gets larger, the fluid velocity decreases.

Examples:
1. Water runs through a water main of cross-sectional area 0.4 m 2 with a velocity of
6 m/s. Determine the velocity of the water in the pipe when the pipe tapers down
to
a cross-sectional area of 0.3 m2.
Solution:

 
 
 2.Water enters a typical garden hose of diameter 1.6 cm with a velocity of 3 m/s.
Calculate the exit velocity of water from the garden hose when a nozzle of
diameter
0.5 cm is attached to the end of the hose.
Solution:
Computing the cross-sectional areas of the entry (A 1) and exit (A2) sides
of the hose,

Applying the continuity equation for fluids to solve for the water velocity
as it exits the hose (V2),

9.3 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

Law of Conservation of Energy, when applied to fluids in motion, leads to Bernoulli’s

Principle. Bernoulli’s Principle states that fluids moving at higher velocities lead to
lower pressures, and fluids moving at lower velocities result in higher pressures.
This principle is also used in sailboats, carburetors, gas delivery systems, and even
water-powered sump pumps.

Fluid speeds up when it goes from a wide to a narrow part of the pipe for continuous
flow. Water flowing from a hose speeds up when one squeezes the end of the hose
to make the stream narrower.

The motion of a fluid in steady flow follows imaginary streamlines, represented by

thin lines as shown in the figure below. Streamlines are the smooth paths of fluid. In
narrower regions, the lines are closer together. Daniel Bernoulli, an 18th-century
Swiss scientist, studied the fluid flow in pipes. His discovery, a physical principle,
called Bernoulli’s Principle.  Bernoulli's Principle states that pressure and velocity
are inversely related, or that the pressure in a fluid decreases when the fluid's
velocity increases.

Flow speed is greater and pressure within the fluid is less where streamlines of a
fluid are closer together. Internal pressure is greater in slower-moving fluid in the
wider region, as evidenced by the more squeezed bubbles in the figure below. The
bubbles are bigger in the narrow part because internal pressure there is less.

Bernoulli’s principle applies to a smooth, steady flow (laminar flow) of constant

density fluid. At speeds above some critical point, however, the flow may become
chaotic (turbulent flow). This exerts friction on the fluid and dissipates some of its
energy. Then, Bernoulli’s principle does not apply.

Bernoulli’s principle is expressed in the following equation:

 P1  + ½ρ v1  2 + ρgh1  = P  2  + ½ρv2  2 + ρgh2 
where:
 P1  -pressure at point 1
ρ - density of the fluid
V1 - velocity of the fluid at point 1
g - acceleration due to gravity
 h1- elevation of point 1

P2 - pressure at point 2
V2 - velocity of the fluid at point 2
h2 - elevation of point 2

Interaction between two vessels during overtaking in open waters involves

Bernoulli’s principle. It is also observed on bow cushion, bank suction, and squat
effect. Bernoulli's equation is used in specifying optimal and efficient pipe sizes
when designing pipelines and transport systems. 

Examples:
1. Water is flowing in a hose with a velocity of 1.0 m/s and a pressure of 200000
Pa. At the nozzle the pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure (101300
Pa), there is no change in height. Use the Bernoulli equation to calculate the
velocity of the water exiting the nozzle. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3
and gravity g is 9.8 m/s2.
Solution:
1/2 𝜌V12 + 𝜌gh1+ P1 = 1/2 𝜌V22 + 𝜌gh2 + P2
h1=h2
1/2 𝜌V12 + P1 = 1/2 𝜌V22 + P2
V22 = 2(1/2 𝜌V12 + P1 – P2) / ρ
= 2 [ (1/2)(1000)(1.0 2) + 200,000 – 101,300)] / 1000
V2 = 14 m/s

2. Water sits in a large open jug at a height of 0.2m above the spigot. With what
velocity will the water leave the spigot when the spigot is opened?
 Solution:
Since the top of the jug and the spigot are both open to atmosphere
P1 = P2 
Since the jug is much larger than the spigot, it can be assumed that,
V1 = 0
Using the Bernoulli’s Equation,

Solving for V2,

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Watch the videos provided in the Learning Packet for additional information on the
topics discussed in this module.

REFERENCE  Engineering Made Esay (2019). Continuity Equation

S https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mx2M5MuAUFo
 Tutor Vista (n.d.). Bernoulli’s theorem- definition, application,
experiment. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bC8v6hlXnSk
 Creative Learning (2015). Bernoulli’s Principle.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJ3-Zm1wbIQ
 http://www.fkm.utm.my/~koh/skmo2333/NOTES-SKMO2333.pdf
 AplusPhysics.com (2017). Fluids.
https://www.aplusphysics.com/courses/honors/fluids/buoyancy.ht
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