Relations and Functions Formula List

FORMULA LIST
Relations and Functions

(1) Relation: Let A and B be two sets. Then a relation R from set A to set B is a subset of A B .
(2) Types of Relations:
2a. Empty Relation: A relation R on a set A is said to an empty relation iff R   i.e.
 a, b   R a, b  A i.e. no element of A will be related to any other element of A with the help of
the relation R.
2b. Universal Relation: A relation R on a set A is said to be a universal relation iff
R  A  A i.e.  a, b   R, a,b  A i.e. each element of A is related to every other element of A with
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the help of the relation R.
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(3) A relation R on A is:
 a , a  R for all a  A
.
3a. Reflexive Relation if
3b. Symmetric Relation if  hs

a , b  R   b , a   R all a , b  A
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3c. Transitive Relation if 
a , b   R ,  b , c   R   a , c   R all a , b , c  A
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(4) A relation R in a set A is said to be an Equivalence Relation if R is reflexive, symmetric and

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transitive.
(5) Equivalence Class
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Let R be an equivalence relation on a set A and let a  A . Then, we define the equivalence class of
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a as  a   b  A, b is related to a  b A :  b, a   R
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(6) Function: Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then a function ‘ f ’ from set A to set B is a
rule which associates elements of set A to elements of set B such that:
(a) All elements of set A are associated to elements in set .
(b) An element of set A is associated to a unique element in set B .
(7) Vertical Line Test: A curve in a plane represents the graph of a real function if and only if no
vertical line intersects it more than once.
Amit Bajaj | amitbajajmaths.com | amitbajajcrpf@gmail.com

(8) Types of functions:
8a. One-One Function (or Injective Function): A function y  f  x  is said to be one –
one iff different pre-images have different images or if images are same
then the pre-images are also same.
i.e. f  x1   f  x2   x1  x2 or x1  x2  f  x1   f  x2 
8b. Many-One Function: A function in which at least two pre-

images have same image is called as many-one function.
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8c. Into Function: A Function is said to be an ‘into’ function if there is at least one element
in the co-domain of the function such that it has no pre-image in domain.
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8d. Onto Function (or Surjective Function): A function is said to be onto function if each
.
element of co-domain has a pre-image in its domain. Alternately, A function ‘f’ will be called an
onto function iff R f  co-domain  f  hs
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8e. Bijective Function: A function which is one – one and onto both is called as bijective
function.
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(9) Horizontal Line Test: f is one-one function if no line parallel to x-axis meets the graph in more
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than one point.

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(10) Let A be any finite set having n elements. Then,

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10a. Number of one-one functions from A to A are n !

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10b. Number of onto functions from A to A are n !
10c. Number of bijective functions from A to A are n !
(11) If A and B are finite sets containing m and n elements, then
11a. Total number of relations from the set A to set B is 2 mn .

2
11b. Total number of relations on the set A is 2 m .
11c. Total number of functions from the set A to set B is n m .
11d. Total number of one-one functions from the set A to set B is n Pm if n  m , otherwise 0.

n
nr n
11e. Total number of onto functions from set A to set B is  (1) Cr r m if m  n ,
r 1
otherwise 0.
11f. Total number of bijective functions from the set A to set B is m! , if m  n , otherwise 0.
(12) COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

If f and g are two functions then their composition
12a. fog is defined iff Rg  D f and fog  x   f  g  x  
12b. gof is defined iff R f  Dg and gof  x   g  f  x  
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(13) a. If f : A  B and g : B  C then gof : A  C .
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b. If f : A  B and g : B  A then fog and gof are both defined, where gof : A  A and
fog : B  B
.
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(14) Identity Function: A function ‘I’ on a set A is said to be an identity function iff I : A  A ,
I  x  x .
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(15) Equal Functions: A function f will be equal to another function g iff
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(i) D f  Dg and (ii) f  x   g  x   x  D f  or Dg 

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(16) Invertible Functions: A function f : A  B is said to be an invertible function iff there exist
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another function g : B  A such that fog  I B and gof  I A . And we write g  f 1

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(17) a. A function is invertible iff it is one-one and onto.

b. In the above definition f and g are both inverse of each other i.e. f 1  g and g 1  f .
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1
c.  f 1   f .
1
d.  fog   g 1of 1
e. fof 1  f 1of  I

Trigonometry and Inverse Trigonometry
(1)1800   radians
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(2)   ,  is measured in radians
r
(3) Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles
1 1 3
cos 45  cos 60  cos 30 
2 2
2
1
1 3 sin 30 
sin 45  sin 60  2
2 2
1
tan 45  1 tan 60  3 tan 30 
3
(4) sin  90     cos cos  90     sin
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;
tan  90     cot  ;  
cot 900   tan 
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sec  90     cos ec ; cosec  90     sec 
.
(5) cos     cos  ; sin      sin  ; tan      tan 
(6) sec  
1
; cosec 
1
; cot  
1
; tan  
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sin 
; cot  
cos 
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cos  sin tan  cos  sin 
(7)sin 2   cos 2   1 ; 1  tan 2   sec 2  ; 1  cot 2   cos ec 2
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(8)  1  sin x  1 ;  1  cos x  1 ;    tan x  

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(9) sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B

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(10) sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B

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(11) cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B

(12) cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B
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tan A  tan B
(13) tan  A  B  
1  tan A tan B
tan A  tan B
(14) tan  A  B  
1  tan A tan B
(15) 2 sin A cos B  sin  A  B   sin  A  B 
(16) 2 cos A sin B  sin  A  B   sin  A  B 
(17) 2 cos A cos B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B 
(18) 2 sin A sin B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B 

 A B   A B 
(19) sin A  sin B  2sin   cos  
 2   2 
 A B   A B 
(20)sin A  sin B  2cos   sin  
 2   2 
 A B   A B 
(21) cos A  cos B  2 cos   cos  
 2   2 
 A B   A B 
(22) cos A  cos B   2sin   sin  
 2   2 
2 tan A
(23) sin 2 A  2 sin A cos A 
1  tan 2 A
1  tan 2 A
(24) cos 2 A  cos 2 A  sin 2 A  2 cos 2 A  1  1  2 sin 2 A 
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1  tan 2 A
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2 tan A
(25) tan 2 A 
1  tan 2 A
.
1  cos 2 A
(26) sin A  
2
1  cos 2 A
hs
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(27) cos A  
2
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cot A cot B 1
(28) cot  A  B  
cot B  cot A
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cot A cot B  1
(29) cot  A  B  
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cot B  cot A
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(30) sin 3 A  3sin A  4 sin 3 A

(31) cos 3 A  4 cos3 A  3cos A
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3 tan A  tan 3 A
(32) tan 3 A 
1  3 tan 2 A
(33) Area of triangle formula:
1 1 1
 ab sin C  bc sin A  ac sin B
2 2 2

(34) Trigonometric Equation General Solution
(i) sin   0   n , n Z

(ii ) cos   0    2n 1 , n Z
2
(iii ) tan   0   n , n  Z
n
(iv ) sin   sin    n   1  , nZ
(v ) cos   cos    2n   , nZ
(vi) tan   tan    n   , n Z
sin 2   sin 2  

(vii) cos 2   cos 2     n   , n Z
tan 2   tan 2  
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n
(35) sin n  0 ; cos n   1 ; tan n  0
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Inverse Trigonometry
.
(1) Inverse Function Domain Range
sin 1  1 , 1 hs   
 2 , 2 
 
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cos 1  1 , 1 0 ,  
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  
tan 1 R  , 
 2 2
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  
cos ec 1 R   1 , 1   2 , 2   0
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 

0 ,    
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sec 1 R   1 , 1 
2
cot 1 R 0 ,  
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(2) sin 1   x    sin 1  x  for all x   1 , 1

(3) cos 1   x     cos 1  x  for all x   1 , 1
(4) tan 1   x    tan 1  x  for all x  R
(5) cos ec 1   x    cos ec 1  x  for all x  1
(6) sec1   x     sec1  x  for all x  1
(7) cot 1   x     cot 1  x  for all x  R

1
(8) sin 1    cos ec 1  x  ; for all x 1
 x
1
(9) cos1    sec1  x  ; for all x 1
x
1
 1   cot  x  , for x  0
(10) tan 1     1
 x    cot  x  , for x  0

(11)sin 1 x  cos 1 x  ;for all x   1 , 1
2

(12) tan 1 x  cot 1 x  ;for all x  R
2

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(13)sec1 x  cosec1 x  ;for all x 1
2
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  ; if either x  y 1 or xy  0 , x 1, y 1
(14) sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1 x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2 2 2
.
(15) sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin  x 1  y  y 1  x  ; if either x  y 1 or xy  0, x 1, y 1
1 2 2 2 2
(16) cos 1 x  cos 1 1 2 hs

y  cos  xy  1  x 1  y  ; if x  y  0 , x  1, y  1
2
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(17) cos 1 x  cos 1 y  cos  xy  1  x 1  y  ; if x  y , x  1, y  1
1 2 2
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1 1

(18) 2sin 1 x  sin 1 2 x 1  x 2  ; if  x
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2 2
 
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(19) 2cos1 x  cos1 2 x 2  1 ; if 0  x  1

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 1  x  y 
 tan   , if xy  1
  1  xy 
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 x y

(20) tan 1 x  tan 1 y     tan 1   , if x  0, y  0 and xy  1
  1  xy 
  
  tan 1  x  y  , if x  0 , y  0 and xy  1
  1  xy 
 1  x  y 
 tan   , if xy   1
  1  xy 
 x y

(21) tan 1 x  tan 1 y     tan 1   , if x  0 , y  0 and xy   1
  1  xy 
  
  tan 1  x  y  , if x  0 , y  0 and xy   1
  1  xy 

1 1
(22) 3sin 1 x  sin 1  3 x  4 x 3  ; if  x 
2 2
1
(23) 3cos 1 x  cos 1  4 x 3  3 x  ; if  x 1
2
1  3x  x3 
1 1 1
(24) 3 tan x  tan  2 
; if  x
 1 3x  3 3
 1  2x 
 sin  2 
, 1 x  1
 1  x 
 2
1  1  1  x 
(25) 2 tan x  cos  2 
, 0  x 
  1 x 
  
 tan 1  2 x 
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2
,  1  x 1
 1  x 
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 xy  1 
(26) cot 1 x  cot 1 y  cot 1  
 yx 
.
 xy  1 
(27) cot 1 x  cot 1 y  cot 1 
 yx 
 hs
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(28)Some useful substitutions
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Expression Substitution
a 2  x2 x  a tan  or a cot 
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2
1 x x  tan  or cot 
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2 2
a x x  a sin  or a cos 
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2
1 x x  sin  or cos 
2 2
x a x  a sec  or a cosec 
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x2  1 x  sec  or cosec 
ax ax 
; 
ax ax 
 x  a cos 2
ax ax 
;
ax ax 

Ch 3 Matrices
(1) A matrix in which number of rows is equal to number of columns, say n is known as square
matrix of order n .
(2) Properties of Transpose of a Matrix:
T T
 
(i ) AT  A (ii )  A  B   AT  BT
T T
(iii )  kA   kAT (iv )  AB   BT AT
T
(v)  ABC   C T BT AT
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(3) A square matrix A   aij  is called a symmetric matrix, if aij  a ji for all i , j  AT  A .
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(4) A square matrix A   aij  is called a skew-symmetric matrix, if
aij   a ji for all i , j  AT   A
.
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(5) All main diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero.
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(6) Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric
matrix.
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Determinants
(1) A square matrix A is a singular matrix if A  0
(2) For any square matrix A, the |A| satisfy following properties.
2a. |AB| = |A| B|
2b. If we interchange any two rows (or columns), then sign of determinant changes.
2c. If any two rows or any two columns are identical or proportional, then value of
determinant is zero.
2d. If we multiply each element of a row or a column of a determinant by constant k, then
value of determinant is multiplied by k.
2e. Multiplying a determinant by k means multiply elements of only one row (or one
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column) by k.
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2f. If elements of a row or a column in a determinant can be expressed as sum of two or
more elements, then the given determinant can be expressed as sum of two or more
.
determinants.
hs
2g. If to each element of a row or a column of a determinant the equimultiples of
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corresponding elements of other rows or columns are added, then value of determinant
m
remains same.
(3) Let A   aij  be a square matrix. The Minor M ij of an element aij of A is the determinant of
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the matrix obtained by deleting ith row and j th column of A . Minor of an element of a square
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matrix of order n ( n  2 ) is a determinant of order  n  1 .

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i j
(4) The Cofactor Aij of an element aij of a square matrix A   aij  is defined as Aij   1 M ij .
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(5) A =Sum of product of elements (of any row or column) with their corresponding cofactors.
(6) If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of any other row (or column),
then their sum is zero.
(7) Adjoint of a matrix A is the transpose of a cofactor matrix.

(8) If A and B are square matrices of the same order n , then:
(a) A  adj A   A I n   adj A  A (b) adj  AB    adj B  adj A 

T T n 1
(c) adj  A    adj A  (d) adj A  A

 n 12
(e) adj  adj A   A n2
A (f) adj  adj A   A
1
(g) adj  kA   k n 1  adjA  , k  R (h)  adjA  adjA1
(9) A square matrix A of order n is invertible if there exists a square matrix B of the same order
such that AB  I n  BA . We write, A1  B .
(10) Properties of inverse of a matrix:

(a) Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
1 1
 b   A1  A (c)  AB 
1
 B 1 A 1 (d) A1 
A
1 T 1
 e   AT   
 A1 (f) A1  adj  A 
m
A
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(11) Let A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  and C  x3 , y3  be any three points in XY-plane. Then, area of triangle
x1 y1 1
.
1
ABC is given by   x2
2
x3
y2 1 .
y3 1 hs
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(12) A system AX  B of n linear equations has a unique solution given by X  A1 B , if
m
A  0.
aj
(13) If A  0 and  adjA  B  0 , then the system is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.
aj
But if A  0 and  adjA  B  0 , then the system is inconsistent.

itb
am

Continuity and Differentiability
(1) Limits
xn  an sin x tan x
lim  na n 1 ; lim 1 ; lim 1
x a xa x 0 x
x 0 x
ex  1 ax  1 log 1  x 
lim 1 ; lim  log e a ; lim 1
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x
(2) A function f ( x) is continuous at x  a if lim f ( x)  f ( a ) i.e. lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )  f ( a) .
xa x a x a
(3) Following functions are continuous everywhere:

(a) Constant function (b) Identity function (c) Polynomial function
(d) Modulus function (e) Exponential function (f) Sine & Cosine functions
m
(4) Following functions are continuous in their domains:
co
(a) Logarithmic function (b) Rational function
(c) Tan, Cot, Sec & Cosec functions (d) all inverse trigonometric functions
.
(5) If f is continuous function then f and
1
f hs
are continuous in their domains.
at
f ( x )  f ( a)
(6) A function f ( x) is differentiable at x  a if lim exists finitely i.e.
x a xa
m
f ( a  h)  f ( a ) f (a  h)  f (a)
aj
lim  lim .
h 0 h h  0 h
aj
(7) Every differentiable function is continuous but, converse is not true.

itb
(8) Following functions are differentiable everywhere/their defined domain:

(a) Polynomial function (b) exponential function (c) constant function
am
(d) Logarithmic function (e) trigonometric & inverse trigonometric functions

(9) The sum, difference, product, quotient and composition of two differentiable functions is
differentiable.
(10) Some Standard Derivatives:
d n d 1 d x
(i)
dx
 x  n xn 1 (ii)
dx
 log e x  
x
(iii )
dx
 
e  ex
d x d d
(iv )  
dx
a  a x log e a (v )
dx
 sin x   cos x (vii)
dx
 cos x    sin x
d d d
(viii)  tan x   sec2 x (ix )  cot x    cos ec 2 x ( x) sec x   sec x tan x
dx dx dx
d
( xi )  cos ecx    cos ecx cot x
dx

d 1 d 1 d 1
( xii )
dx
 
sin 1 x 
1  x2
( xiii)
dx
 
cos 1 x  
1  x2
( xiv)
dx
 
tan 1 x 
1  x2
d 1 d 1 d 1
( xv )
dx
 
cot 1 x  
1  x2
( xvi)
dx
 
sec 1 x 
x 2
x 1
( xvii )
dx
 
co sec 1 x  
x x2  1
(11) Chain rule:

dz dz dy
If z  f  y  and y  g  x  , then  .
dx dy dx
(12) Product Rule

dy du dv
y  uv then  vu
dx dx dx
m
(13) Quotient Rule
co
du dv
u dy dx
vu
If y  then  dx
v dx 2
v
.
hs
(14) For a function in the parametric form, say y  f  t  , x  g  t  we have:
at
 dy 
dy  dt  d 2 y d  dy 
 and 2   
m
dx  dx  dx dt  dx 
 
 dt 
aj
(15) Rolle’s Theorem:

aj
Let f be a real valued function defined on  a , b such that:

itb
(a) continuous on  a , b (b) differentiable on  a , b  (c) f  a   f  b 

am
then, there exist a real number c  a , b  such that f '  c   0 .
(16) Mean Value Theorem:

Let f be a real valued function defined on  a , b such that:
(a) continuous on  a , b (b) differentiable on  a , b 
f b   f  a 
then, there exist a real number c  a , b  such that f '  c   .
ba

Ch 6 Applications of Derivatives
(1) Tangents and Normals

 dy 
If y  f  x  , then   is slope of tangent to y  f  x  at a point P .
 dx  P
1
If y  f  x  , then  is slope of normal to y  f  x  at a point P .
 dy 
 
 dx  P
dy dx
(2) If tangent is parallel to x-axis, then 0 ; If tangent is parallel to y-axis, then 0
dx dy
(3) If P  x1 , y1  is a point on the curve y  f  x  , then:
m
 dy 
Equation of tangent at P is y  y1     x  x1 
co
 dx  P
1
Equation of normal at P is y  y1    x  x1 
.
 dy 
 
 dx  P
hs
(4) The angle between the tangents to two given curves at their point of intersection is defined as the
at
angle of intersection of two curves.
m
(5) Approximations:
aj
Let y = f (x), x be a small increment in x and y be the increment in y corresponding to the

aj
dy
increment in x, i.e.,  y = f (x +  x) – f (x). Then y  x
itb
dx
Also, f  x  x   f  x   f '  x  x
am
Increasing and Decreasing Function

(6) A function f is said to be:
6a. Increasing on  a , b  if x1  x2 in  a , b   f  x1   f  x2  for all x1 , x2   a , b  .
Alternatively, f '  x   0 for each x in  a , b 
6b. Decreasing on  a , b  if x1  x2 in  a , b   f  x1   f  x2  for all x1 , x2   a , b  .
Alternatively, f '  x   0 for each x in  a , b 
6c. Strictly increasing on  a , b  if x1  x2 in  a , b   f  x1   f  x2  for all x1 , x2   a , b  .
Alternatively, f '  x   0 for each x in  a , b  .
6d. Strictly decreasing on  a , b  if x1  x2 in  a , b   f  x1   f  x2  for all x1 , x2   a , b  .
Alternatively, f '  x   0 for each x in  a , b 

(7) A function f is monotonic on  a , b  if it is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing on  a , b  .
(8) A point c in the domain of a function f at which either f '  c   0 or f is not differentiable is
called a critical point.

Maxima and Minima
(9) First Derivative Test
Given a curve y = f(x),
(a) For the stationary point at x = a,
dy
(i) if changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through a, the point S is a
dx
minimum point,
m
dy
(ii) if changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through a, the point S is a
dx
co
maximum point,
dy
(iii) if does not change sign as x increase through a, the point S is a point of inflexion.
.
dx
hs
(b) A stationary point is called a turning point if it is either a maximum point or a minimum point.
at
(10) Second Derivative Test
Given a curve y = f(x),
m
dy d2y
(a) = 0 and  0 at x = a  S(a, f(a)) is a turning point.
aj
dx dx 2
d2y d2y
aj
(i) If > 0, then S is a minimum point. (ii) If < 0, then S is a maximum point.
dx 2 dx 2
itb
dy d2y
(b) = 0 and 2 = 0 at x = a, go back to First Derivative Test.
dx dx
am
(11) Working rule for finding absolute maxima and/or absolute minima:
Step1: Find all critical points of f in the given interval.
Step 2: Take end points of the interval.
Step 3: At all these points (listed in step 1 and 2), calculate the values of f .
Step 4: Identify the maximum and minimum values of f out of values calculated in step 3.

Integrals
(1) Standard Formulas
x n 1
(i )  x n dx   c ; n  1
n 1
1
(ii )  dx  log e x  c
x
ax
(iii )  a x dx  c
log e a
1 1
(iv )  2
dx    c
x x
m
1
(v )  dx  2 x  c
x
co
2
(vi )  x dx  x 3 2  c
3
.
(vii)  sin x dx   cos x  c
(viii)  cos x dx  sin x  c

hs
at
(ix )  sec 2 x dx  tan x  c
m
( x)  cos ec 2 x dx   cot x  c
aj
( x)  sec x tan x dx  sec x  c

aj
( xi )  cos ecx cot x dx   cos ecx  c

itb
( xii )  tan x dx  log sec x  c
( xiii )  cot x dx  log sin x  c

am
 x 
( xiv )  sec x dx  log sec x  tan x  c  log tan     c
 4 2
x
( xv)  cos ecx dx  log cosec x  cot x  c  log tan c
2

1 1 xa
( xvi )  2 2
dx  log c
x a 2a xa
1 1 ax
( xvii )  2
2
dx  log c
a x 2a ax
1 1 x
( xviii )  22
dx  tan 1    c
x a a a
1
( xix )  dx  log x  x 2  a 2  c
2 2
x a
1 x
( xx )  dx  sin 1    c
a x2 2
a
m
1
( xxi )  dx  log x  x 2  a 2  c
2 2
co
x a
2 2 x 2 2 a2
( xxii )  x  a dx  x  a  log x  x 2  a 2  c
.
2 2
( xxiii )  a 2  x 2 dx 
2
x 2 2 a2
2
x
a  x  sin 1    c
a
hs
at
x 2 a2
( xxiv)  x 2  a 2 dx  x  a 2  log x  x 2  a 2  c
m
2 2
(2) By Parts (ILATE Rule):
aj
 du 
aj
If u and v are two functions of x , then  uv dx  u  vdx     vdx dx

 dx 
itb
i.e. (first function) x (integral of second function) – integral of {(derivative of first function) x
(integral of second function)}
am
We can choose the first function as the function which comes first in the word ILATE, where
I stands for inverse trigonometric functions, L for logarithmic functions, A for algebraic
functions, T for trigonometric functions and E for exponential function.
' x
(3)   f  x   f  x  e dx  e x f  x   c
P x
(4) Integration by Partial fraction of Rational Function of the form :
Q x
If degree of P  x   degree of Q  x  , then divide P  x  by Q  x 

Form Partial Fraction
px  q A B
(i ) 
 x  a  x  b   x  a   x  b
px  q A B
(ii ) 2

 x  a  x  a   x  a 2
px 2  qx  r A B C
(iii )  
 x  a  x  b  x  c   x  a  x  b  x  c
px 2  qx  r A B C
(iv ) 2
 2

 x  a  x b  x  a  x  a  x  b
px 2  qx  r A Bx  C
(v )  2 here, x 2  bx  c can't be factorised.
m
 2
 x  a  x  bx  c   x  a  x  bx  c
co
dx dx
(5) For Integrals of the form  2
or  use completing the square
ax  bx  c ax 2  bx  c
.
method and then applying formulas xvi to xxi . hs
at
(6) For Integrals of the form
px  q px  q
m
 ax 2
dx or  dx or   px  q  ax 2  bx  c dx , write
 bx  c 2
ax  bx  c
aj
d
px  q  A  
ax 2  bx  c  B where A and B are determined by comparing coefficients on
aj
dx
both sides.
itb

am
1 1 1
 a  b sin 2
x
dx or  a  b cos 2
x
dx or  a sin 2
x  b cos 2 x
dx or
1 1 1
  a sin x  b cos x  2
dx or  a  b sin 2 x dx or 
a  b cos 2 x
dx
Algorithm:
Step 1: Divide numerator and denominator by cos2 x
Step 2: Replace sec2 x , if any, in denominator by 1  tan 2 x
1
Step 3: Put tan x  t so that sec 2 x dx  dt . This will reduce the integral in form  at 2
dx
 bt  c
Step 4: Evaluate the integral now using completing the square method.

1 1 1
(8) For Integrals of the form  dx or  a  b cos x dx or  a sin x  b cos x dx
a  b sin x
Algorithm:
2 tan x 2 1  tan 2 x 2
Put sin x  , cos x 
1  tan 2 x 2 1  tan 2 x 2
a sin x  b cos x
(9) For Integrals of the form  dx .
c sin x  d cos x
Algorithm:
Put Numerator  A  Denominator   B  Derivative of Denominator 
m
co
x2 1 1 1
 x4   x2 1 dx or x 4
dx or  tan x dx or  cot x dx or  dx
  x2 1 sin x  cos 4 x
4
.
Algorithm:
Step1: Divide numerator and denominator by x2 . hs
at
2
 1
Step2: Express the denominator in the form  x    k 2
m
 x
 1  1
aj
Step3: Introduce d  x   or d  x   in the numerator.

 x  x
aj
1 1
Step4: Substitute x   t or x   t as the case may be.
itb
x x
sin x  cos x
(11) For Integrals of the form  dx , Put Derivativeof Numerator = t
am
presence of sin 2 x
1
(12) For Integrals of the form  dx Put cx  d  t 2
 ax  b  cx  d
1
(13) For Integrals of the form  dx Put px  q  t 2
 ax  bx  c  px  q
2
1 1
(14) For Integrals of the form  dx Put ax  b 
 ax  b  px 2  qx  r t

1 1 tdt
 dx Put x  to obtain  and then put c  dt 2  u 2
 ax 2
 b 2
cx  d t  a  bt  c  dt
2 2
(16) First fundamental theorem of integral calculus:

x
Let the area function be defined by A  x    f  x  dx for all x  a where the function f is
a
assumed to be continuous on  a , b  . Then A '  x   f  x  for all x  a , b 
(17) Second fundamental theorem of integral calculus:

Let f be a continuous function of x defined on the closed interval [a, b] and let F be another function
m
b
d
co
such that F  x   f  x  for all x in the domain of f , then  f  x  dx  F  b   F  a  .
dx a
.
(18) Properties of Definite Integral
b b
hs
at
(i )  f  x  dx   f  t  dt
a a
m
b a
(ii )  f  x  dx    f  x  dx
aj
a b
b c b
aj
(iii )  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx where a  c  b
a a c
itb
b b
(iv )  f  x  dx   f  a  b  x  dx
a a
am
a a
(v )  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx
0 0
 a
2 f  x  dx if f   x   f  x  i.e. f is even function
a
(vi)  f  x  dx   0
a  0 if f   x    f  x  i.e. f is odd function

 a
2 f  x  dx if f  2a  x   f  x 
2a
(vii )  f  x  dx   0
0  0 if f  2a  x    f  x 


(19) Limit as a Sum
b
 f  x  dx  lim h  f  a   f  a  h   f  a  2h   ...  f  a  (n 1 h 

a
h 0
where nh  b  a
n  n 1
(20) 1  2  3  ...   n 1 
2
2 n  n 1 2n  1
(21) 12  22  32  ...   n 1 
6
e x 1 x
(22) lim  1  lim x
x 0 x x 0 e 1
m
 r n 1 
(23) a  ar  ar 2  ... ar n 1  a  
 r 1 
. co
hs
at
m
aj
aj
itb
am

Application of Integration
Area between a Curve and an Axis
In general, if A(x) is an area function under the curve y = f(x), then area under the curve y = f(x)
b
from x = a to x = b is given by A   f  x  dx
a
where f(x)  0 for a  x  b.
m
. co
hs
at
m
aj
aj
itb
am

Differential Equations
(1) Order of a differential equation: is the order of the highest order derivative appearing in the
equation.
(2) Degree of a differential equation: is the degree of the highest order derivative, when
differential coefficients are made free from radicals and fractions.
(3) Solution of a differential equation:
3a. Variable separable form:
An equation whose variables are separable can be put into the form
f1  x  dx  f 2  y  dy  0 . Integrating, the general solution is given by
 f  x  dx   f  y  dy  C , where C is an arbitrary constant.
m
1 2
3b. Homogeneous differential equation:
co
dy f x , y
A differential equation of the form  where f  x , y  and g  x , y  are both
g x , y
.
dx
hs
homogeneous function of the same degree in x and y i.e. an equation of the form
at
dy  y
 F .
dx x
m
dy dv
To solve, put y  vx , then  v  x and on substituting these values in the given
aj
dx dx
equation it will be reducible to variable separable.
aj
dx x
itb
Another form:  G   , can be solved by substitution x  vy

dy y
am
3c. Linear Differential Equation:

dy
Equation of the form  P. y  Q where both P and Q are functions of x only.
dx
To solve, find Integrating Factor (I.F.) = e 

P dx
and the solution is given by
y.( I .F .)   Q .( I .F .) dx  c .
dx
Another Form: Equation of form  P. x  Q where both P and Q are functions of y only.
dy
e
P dx
To solve, find Integrating Factor (I.F.) = and the solution is given by
x.( I .F .)   Q .( I .F .) dy  c .

Vectors
 
(1) Position vector of a point P  x , y , z  is given by OP  r  x i  y j  zkˆ and its magnitude is
given by x2  y2  z2 .
 
(2) If a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ , then a1 , a2 and a3 are direction ratios of a .
  
(3) Triangle law of vector addition: AB  BC  AC

(4) The vector sum of the three sides of a triangle taken in order is 0 .

(5) If r  a i  b j  c kˆ , then a , b , c are proportional to its direction ratios and its direction cosine
m
a b c
are l , m , n given by  , , . Here
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c a b c a  b2  c2
2
co
l 2  m2  n2  1

.


b a.
 hs
(6) Two vectors a and b are collinear if and only if there exists a nonzero scalar  such that
at
 
(7) If a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ and b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ then the two vectors are collinear if and only
m
a1 a2 a3
if :  
aj
b1 b2 b3
(8) The vector sum of two co- initial vectors is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram whose
aj
adjacent sides are the given vectors.

itb

 a 
(9) For a given vector a , the vector aˆ   gives the unit vector in the direction of a .
a
am
(10) If P  x1 , y1 , z1  and Q  x2 , y2 , z 2  are any two points, then the vector joining P and Q is
given by PQ   x2  x1  iˆ   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  kˆ
(11) Section Formula: The position vector of a point R dividing a line segment joining the
 
points P and Q whose position vectors are a and b respectively, in the ratio m :n
   
mb  na mb  na
(i) Internally, is given by (ii) externally, is given by
mn mn
 
(12) The Scalar (dot) Product of two given vectors a and b having angle  between them is
   
a . b  a b cos 

   
(13) If a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ and b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ , then: a . b  a1b1  a2 b2  a3b3 .
  2
(14) a . a  a
   
  a .b   a .b
(15) Projection of vector a on b   and Projection of vector b on a   .
b a
   
(16) If a  b , then a .b  0
(17) For mutually perpendicular unit vectors iˆ , ˆj and kˆ , we have:


iˆ . iˆ  j . ˆj  kˆ. kˆ  1 and iˆ . ˆj  ˆj. kˆ  kˆ. iˆ  0
 
m
(18) The Vector (cross) Product of two given vectors a and b having angle  between them is
     
co
a  b  a b sin  nˆ , where n̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing a and b .
  
i j k
.
   
hs
(19) If a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ and b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ , then: a  b  a1
b1
a2
b2
a3
b3
at
   
(20) If a || b , then a  b  0
m
(21) For mutually perpendicular unit vectors iˆ , ˆj and kˆ , we have:

aj

iˆ  iˆ  j  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  0 and iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , ˆj  kˆ  iˆ , kˆ  iˆ  ˆj
aj
 
(22) Area of a triangle: If a and b represent the adjacent sides of a triangle then its area is
itb
1  
given as a b .
2
am
1   1   1  

Also, Area of  ABC  AB  AC  BC  BA  CB  CA
2 2 2
  
(23) If a , b , c are p.v. of the vertices A , B , C of  ABC , then Area of
1      
 ABC  a b  b  c  c  a
2
   
(24) Area of a parallelogram having two adjacent sides as a and b = a  b
  
 a b
(25) Unit vectors perpendicular to the plane of a and b are    .
a b
       
(26) a . b  b . a and a  b   b  a 
   2   2 2 2
(27) For any two vectors a and b , we have a  b  a . b    a b .
   2  2 2 2
(28) For any two vectors a and b , we have a  b  a  b  2 a  b  
(29) Scalar Triple Product
     
 
Let a , b , c be three vectors. Then the scalar a  b . c is known as scalar triple product and is
  
denoted by  a b c  .
  
(30) Geometrically,  a b c  represents the volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous
  
m
edges are a , b and c .
(31) Properties of Scalar Triple Product:
co
        
   
(a) a  b . c  b  c . a   c  a  . b
.
           
   
hs
(b)  a b c    b a c     c b a     a c b 
     
at
(c) a  b . c  a . b  c
           
m
(d)  a b c  = 0 , if a  b or b  c or c  a i.e. a , b , c are coplanar.

     
aj
(e)   a b c     a b c 
aj
      
  
(f) a  b  c  a  b   a  c  
itb
  
(g) If a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ , b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ and c  c1iˆ  c2 ˆj  c3kˆ , then:
am
a1 a2 a3
  
 a b c   b1 b2 b3
 
c1 c2 c3
  
(h) Four points A , B , C and D are coplanar if  AB AC AD   0

Three Dimensional Geometry
LINE
(1) Equation of a line through a given point and parallel to given vector
m

Vector Form: Equation of a line passing through point with position vector a and parallel to the
co
    
vector b is given by: r  a  b , where r is position vector of any point on the line.
.
Cartesian Form: Cartesian equation of a line passing through the point  x1 , y1 , z1  and parallel to
the line having D-ratios  a, b, c  is given by: hs

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
a

b

c
at
(2) Equation of a line passing through two points
m
 
Vector Form: Equation of a line passing through two points with position vector a and b is
aj
   

given by r  a   b  a ,   R 
aj
Cartesian Form: Cartesian equation of a line passing through the points with  x1 , y1 , z1  and
itb
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 x2 , y2 , z2  is given by:  
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
am
(3) Angle between two lines: Angle between the lines with d.r.’s  a1 , b1 , c1  and  a2 , b2 , c2  is
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2

given by: cos  
a1  b12  c12 a2 2  b2 2  c2 2
2
(4) Two lines with d.r.’s  a1 , b1 , c1  and  a2 , b2 , c2 
4a. will be perpendicular to each other iff a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  0
a1 b1 c1
4b. will be parallel to each other iff  
a2 b2 c2
(5) Angle between the two lines with direction cosines  l1 , m1 , n1  and  l2 , m2 , n2  is given by
cos   l1l2  m1m2  n1n2

(6) Skew Lines: Two lines in the space which are neither parallel and nor intersecting.
(7) If two lines are coplanar then they are either parallel or intersecting. Also, two lines are
neither parallel nor intersecting iff they are non-coplanar.
(8) Shortest Distance (SD) between two lines:

     
Vector Form: If r  a1   b1 and r  a2  b2 are the vector equations of two lines then the
shortest distance between them is the length of the line of the line segment perpendicular to both
of them, it is denoted by ‘ d ’.
m
  
 b  b . a  a1 
co
1 2 2
d  
b1  b2
.
Cartesian Form: If
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
a1

b1

c1
and
a2

hs
x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
b2

c2
are the equations of two
at
skew lines then the shortest distance between them ‘ d ’ is given by:
m
x2  x1 yy z2  z1
a1 b1 c1
aj
a2 b2 c2
d
aj
2 2 2
 a1b2  a2b1    b1c2  b2 c1    c1a2  c2 a1 
 
itb
   
(9) Two skew lines r  a1   b1 and r  a2  b2 will be intersecting each other iff the shortest
 
distance between them is zero iff  b1  b2  .  a2  a1   0 iff the lines are coplanar.
am
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
(10) Two skew lines   and   will be intersecting
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
x2  x1 y y z 2  z1
each other iff a1 b1 c1  0 .
a2 b2 c2
  
(11) Distance between two parallel lines: Distance between two parallel lines r  a1   b and
  
r  a2  b and is given by:
  
b   a2  a1 
d 
b

PLANE
(12) Normal form of the Plane:
Vector Form: Equation of a plane having unit vector normal to the plane n̂ and at a distance of

m
‘d’ from the origin is r .nˆ  d , where,

co
r =Position vector of any point on the plane, n̂ = Unit vector normal to the plane
d = Distance of plane from the origin to the plane
.
Cartesian Form: Equation of the plane with  l , m, n  as d-cosine of the normal to the plane is
hs
lx  my  nz  d
at
Where, d = Distance of plane from the origin to the plane.
m
(13) General form of the equation of the plane:

 
Vector Form: Equation of plane having normal vector to it as n is given by r .n  p
aj
Note: 1. Here ‘ p ’ is not the distance from the origin to the plane
aj

2. In order to convert the equation r .n  p to unit vector normal form we divide the
itb

  n p
equation by n i.e. the unit vector normal form becomes r .   
n n
am
p
and then , d = Distance of plane from the origin to the plane = 
n
Cartesian Form: Equation of plane with d.r.’s of normal vector to it as  a, b, c  is
ax  by  cz  p  0
Note: 1. Here ‘ p ’ is not the distance from the origin to the plane
2. In order to convert the equation ax  by  cz  p  0 to normal form we divide the
equation by a 2  b 2  c 2 i.e. the normal form becomes

a b c p
x y z 0
a 2  b2  c2 a2  b2  c 2 a 2  b2  c 2 a2  b2  c 2

p
and then , d = Distance of plane from the origin to the plane = .
a2  b2  c 2
(14) Equation of a plane passing through a given point and with given normal vector:

Vector Form: Equation of a plane passing through the point a and having normal to the plane as

vector n is given by
  
 r  a  .n  0
m
co
Cartesian Form:: Equation of a plane passing through the point  x1 , y1 , z1  and having  a, b, c 
.
hs
as the d.r. of the normal to the plane is a  x  x1   b  y  y1   c  z  z1   0
(15) Equation of a plane passing through three non collinear points:

at
  
Vector Form: Equation of plane passing through three points A  a  , B b and C  c  , where  
m
  
a, b and c are the position vectors of three points A, B and C , is given by:
aj
     
 
 r  a  .  b  a   c  a   0
aj
Cartesian Form: Equation of the plane passing through the three points
itb
A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x2 , y2 , z2  and C  x3 , y3 , z3  is:
am
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1  0
x3  x1 y3  y1 z3  z1
(16) Intercept form of the plane: Equation of a plane having x , y and z intercept as
x y z
a, b and c respectively is given by   1
a b c
(17) Equation of a plane passing through the intersection of two given planes:
Vector Form: Equation of a plane passing through the intersection of two planes
 
r .n1  d1 and r .n2  d 2 is given by
  
r .  n1   n2   d1   d 2 , where  R

Cartesian Form: Equation of plane passing through the intersection of the two planes
a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2  0 is given by
a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1    a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2   0 , where   R
(18) Coplanarity of two lines:

     
Vector Form: Two lines r  a1   b1 and r  a2  b2 will be coplanar iff they lie in a common
   
 
plane iff b1  b2 .  a2  a1   0 .
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
Cartesian Form: Two lines   and   will be coplanar
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
m
iff
co
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
a1 b1 c1  0
.
a2 b2 c2
And equation of the plane containing these two lines is:

hs
at
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
m
a1 b1 c1  0
a2 b2 c2
aj
(19) Angle between two planes:

aj
Vector Form: Angle between two intersecting planes is the angle between the normal to the
itb
 
planes i.e. Angle ‘  ’ between the planes r .n1  d1 and r .n2  d 2 is given by
 
am
n1.n2
cos    
n1 n2
Cartesian Form: Angle ‘  ’ between planes a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2  0 is

given by
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
cos  
a12  b12  c12 a2 2  b2 2  c2 2
(20) Angle between a line and a plane:


    b .n
Vector Form: Angle ‘  ’between a line r  a  b and a plane r .n  d is given by sin    
b .n

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
Cartesian Form: Angle ‘  ’between a line   and a plane
a1 b1 c1
aa1  bb1  cc1
ax  by  cz  d  0 is given by sin  
a  b 2  c 2 a12  b12  c12
2
(21) Distance of a point from a line:

 
Vector Form: Distance of a point a (not on the plane) from a plane r .n  p is given by

r .n  p
D 
n
Cartesian Form: Distance of a point  x1 , y1 , z1  (not on the plane) from a plane
m
ax1  by1  cz1  d
co
ax  by  cz  d  0 is given by D 
a2  b2  c2
.
hs
at
m
aj
aj
itb
am

Linear Programming
(1) Theorem 1 Let R be the feasible region (convex polygon) for a linear programming problem
and let Z = ax + by be the objective function. When Z has an optimal value (maximum or
minimum), where the variables x and y are subject to constraints described by linear inequalities,
this optimal value must occur at a corner point (vertex) of the feasible region.
(2) Theorem 2 Let R be the feasible region for a linear programming problem, and let
Z = ax + by be the objective function. If R is bounded, then the objective function Z has both a
maximum and a minimum value on R and each of these occurs at a corner point (vertex) of R.
m
(3) If R is unbounded, then a maximum or a minimum value of the objective function may not
co
exist. However, if it exists, it must occur at a corner point of R.
(4) If two corner points of the feasible region are both optimal solutions of the same type, i.e.,
.
hs
both produce the same maximum or minimum, then any point on the line segment joining these
at
two points is also an optimal solution of the same type.
m
(5) Corner Point Method:

aj
Step 1: Find the feasible region of the linear programming problem and determine its
aj
corner points (vertices) either by inspection or by solving the two equations of the lines
itb
intersecting at that point.

am
Step 2: Evaluate the objective function Z = ax + by at each corner point. Let M and m,
respectively denote the largest and smallest values of these points.
Step 3a: When the feasible region is bounded, M and m are the maximum and minimum
values of Z.
Step 3b: In case, the feasible region is unbounded, we have:
(a) M is the maximum value of Z, if the open half plane determined by ax + by > M has
no point in common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no maximum value.
(b) Similarly, m is the minimum value of Z, if the open half plane determined by ax + by
<m has no point in common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no minimum value.
Probability
Number of favorable outcomes in E n( E )
(1) P( E )  
Number of possible outcomes in S n( S )
 
(2) P A  1  P  A
(3) P  A  B   P  A   P  B   P  A  B 
(4) If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then P  A  B   0 .
 
(5) P A  B  P  B   P  A  B 
(6) Probability of occurrence of exactly one of A and B =

P  A  P  B   2P  A  B   P  A  B   P  A  B 
m
(7) If A , B and C are three events, then
P  A  B  C   P  A  P  B   P C   P  A  B   P  B  C   P  A  C   P  A  B  C 
co
(9)
.
hs
at
m
aj
(10) Conditional Probability: P  A | B   Probability of occurrence of A when B has already

aj
itb
P  A B
occured =
PB
am
(11) P  A | B   1  P  A | B 
(12) Multiplication Theorem on Probability: P  A  B   P  A  . P  B | A   P  B  . P  A | B 
(13) Independent events: If A and B are independent events, then P  A  B   P  A   P  B 
(14) If A and B are independent events, then P  A  B   P  at least one of A or B   1  P  A  P  B 
(15) If A and B are independent events, then A and B ; A and B ; A and B are all independent.
(16) Three events A, B and C are said to be mutually independent, if:
(a) P  A  B   P  A   P  B  (b) P  B  C   P  B   P  C 

(c) P  A  C   P  A   P  C  (d) P  A  B  C   P  A   P  B   P  C 
(17) Bayes’ Theorem:
If E1 , E2 , E3 ,... En are n non empty events which constitute a partition of sample space S i.e.
E1 , E2 , E3 ,... En are pair- wise disjoint and E1  E2  E3  ...  En  S and A is any event, then
P  Ei  P  A| Ei 
P  Ei | A  n
; where i  1, 2,3,..., n
 P  E  P  A| E 
i 1
i i
For Example, for two events E1 and E2 , we have
m
P  E1  P  A | E1  P  E2  P  A | E 2 
P  E1 | A   and P  E2 | A  
P  E1  P  A | E1   P  E2  P  A | E2  P  E1  P  A | E1   P  E2  P  A | E 2 
co
(18) Probability Distribution: If a random variable X takes values x1 , x2 , x3 ,..., xn with respective
.
probabilities p1 , p2 , p3 ,..., pn , then
hs
at
X : x1 x2 x3 ..... xn n
P X  : p1 p2 p3 ..... pn
is known as probability distribution of X . Here, p i 1
m
i 1
n
aj
(19) Mean (Expectation) / Expected Value of Random Variable: E  X     x p i i

i 1
aj
2
n  n 
itb
2 2
(20) Variance of Random Variable: Var  X    x   xi pi    xi pi 
i 1  i 1 
am
(21) Standard Deviation of a Random Variable:  x  Var  X 

Relations and Functions Formula List

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FORMULA LIST

Relations and Functions

3b. Symmetric Relation if  hs

(4) A relation R in a set A is said to be an Equivalence Relation if R is reflexive, symmetric and

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8b. Many-One Function: A function in which at least two pre-

than one point.

(10) Let A be any finite set having n elements. Then,

10a. Number of one-one functions from A to A are n !

10b. Number of onto functions from A to A are n !

10c. Number of bijective functions from A to A are n !

(11) If A and B are finite sets containing m and n elements, then

11a. Total number of relations from the set A to set B is 2 mn .

11c. Total number of functions from the set A to set B is n m .

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(12) COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

12a. fog is defined iff Rg  D f and fog  x   f  g  x  

12b. gof is defined iff R f  Dg and gof  x   g  f  x  

(i) D f  Dg and (ii) f  x   g  x   x  D f  or Dg 

another function g : B  A such that fog  I B and gof  I A . And we write g  f 1

(17) a. A function is invertible iff it is one-one and onto.

Amit Bajaj | amitbajajmaths.com | amitbajajcrpf@gmail.com

(8)  1  sin x  1 ;  1  cos x  1 ;    tan x  

(9) sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B

(10) sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B

(11) cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B

Amit Bajaj | amitbajajmaths.com | amitbajajcrpf@gmail.com

(30) sin 3 A  3sin A  4 sin 3 A

Amit Bajaj | amitbajajmaths.com | amitbajajcrpf@gmail.com

(2) sin 1   x    sin 1  x  for all x   1 , 1

Amit Bajaj | amitbajajmaths.com | amitbajajcrpf@gmail.com

(16) cos 1 x  cos 1 1 2 hs

(19) 2cos1 x  cos1 2 x 2  1 ; if 0  x  1

Amit Bajaj | amitbajajmaths.com | amitbajajcrpf@gmail.com

Amit Bajaj | amitbajajmaths.com | amitbajajcrpf@gmail.com

aij   a ji for all i , j  AT   A

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matrix of order n ( n  2 ) is a determinant of order  n  1 .

then their sum is zero.

(7) Adjoint of a matrix A is the transpose of a cofactor matrix.

(a) A  adj A   A I n   adj A  A (b) adj  AB    adj B  adj A 

Amit Bajaj | amitbajajmaths.com | amitbajajcrpf@gmail.com

(10) Properties of inverse of a matrix:

But if A  0 and  adjA  B  0 , then the system is inconsistent.

Amit Bajaj | amitbajajmaths.com | amitbajajcrpf@gmail.com

(3) Following functions are continuous everywhere:

(7) Every differentiable function is continuous but, converse is not true.

(8) Following functions are differentiable everywhere/their defined domain:

(d) Logarithmic function (e) trigonometric & inverse trigonometric functions

Amit Bajaj | amitbajajmaths.com | amitbajajcrpf@gmail.com

(11) Chain rule:

(12) Product Rule

(15) Rolle’s Theorem:

Let f be a real valued function defined on  a , b such that:

(a) continuous on  a , b (b) differentiable on  a , b  (c) f  a   f  b 

then, there exist a real number c  a , b  such that f '  c   0 .

(16) Mean Value Theorem:

(a) continuous on  a , b (b) differentiable on  a , b 

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(1) Tangents and Normals

(3) If P  x1 , y1  is a point on the curve y  f  x  , then:

Let y = f (x), x be a small increment in x and y be the increment in y corresponding to the

Increasing and Decreasing Function