Electric Machines &Power Systems

ISSN: 0731-356X (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uemp19

A Comparison of Resonant Converter Topologies

with Three and Four Energy Storage Elements for
Automatic Inductive Charging Application

R. Laouamer, J.-P. Ferrieux, H. Benqassmi, O. Normand, N. Buchheit

To cite this article: R. Laouamer, J.-P. Ferrieux, H. Benqassmi, O. Normand, N. Buchheit (1999) A
Comparison of Resonant Converter Topologies with Three and Four Energy Storage Elements for
Automatic Inductive Charging Application, Electric Machines &Power Systems, 27:3, 221-236, DOI:
10.1080/073135699269262

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/073135699269262

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Electric Machines and Power Systems, 27:221–236, 1999
Copyright ° c 1999 Taylor & Francis, Inc.
0731-356X / 99 $12.00 + .00

A Comparison of Resonant Converter Topologies

with Three and Four Energy Storage Elements
for A utomatic Inductive Charging Application

R. LAOUAMER
J.-P. FERRIEUX
H. BENQASSMI
Laboratoire d’ Electrotechnique de Grenoble
INPG/ UJF.UMR.CNRS 5529
ENSIEG, BP.46, 38402 Saint Martin
d’ Hères Cedex France
Tel: (33) 4 76 82 62 99
Fax: (33) 4 76 82 63 00
E-mail: Rachid.Laouamer@leg.ensieg.inpg.fr

O. NORMAND
N. BUCHHEIT
EDF (Electricité De France)
Research and Development
Division (DER)
1, Avenue Général de Gaulle
BP 408, 92141 Clamart, France

The full-bridge series-resonant, parallel-resonant, series-parallel type SP-LLCC

and parallel resonant type PRC-LLCC converters are compared for use in auto-
matic inductive charging applications. Three order and four order models must
be considered if, as in the case of this paper, the eŒect of magnetizing induc-
tance and leakage inductance of the inductive coupler is considered. Analysis
and breadboard results show that the series-parallel resonant converter type
LLCC with capacitive output Žlter while maintaining excellent e ciency. A
useful analysis technique based on steady-state analysis and Žrst harmonic ap-
proach is also introduced. The topology selection criteria are based on the major
application goal: minimum size, high switching frequency which is necessary
to reduce the values of the reactive components, and high e ciency is needed
to avoid thermal constraints.

1 Introduction
Inductive charging is a method for magnetic-transfer of power which oŒers several
advantages for fully automatic electrical vehicle (EV) charging stations, such as the
possibility to avoid a complex and expensive active alignment system between the

Manuscript received in Žnal form on December 23, 1997.

Address correspondence to J. P. Ferrieux.

221
222 R. Laouamer et al.

Figure 1. Side view of parking automatic charging.

car and the electrical power station. In our application the cars will be parked in
predeŽned parking positions where the automatic charger are Žtted, Figure 1.
The charging process is fully automatic without any driver intervention. As
shown in Figure 1 the coupler is located under the EV. Mechanical protection of
the EV transformer integrated part is done by an isolating layer to avoid losses
during charging. The layer involves a large air gap between the secondary and
primary windings of the transformer (6 mm–8 mm). This paper will compare the
series-resonant topology type LCL, parallel-resonant topology type LLC, series-
parallel topology type SP-LLCC, and parallel topology type PRC-LLCC for use in
automatic inductive charging applications.

2 Circuit Descriptions
Figure 2 illustrates four types of resonant converters which can be used for in-
ductive charging with a large air gap applications. In the series-inductance, the

Figure 2. DiŒerent full-bridge resonant converters: (a) series loaded (type LCL),
(b) parallel loaded (type LLC), (c) parallel loaded (type PRC-LLCC), and (d)
series-parallel loaded (type SP-LLCC).
 A Comparison of Resonant Converter Topologies 223

leakage inductance of the coupler forms a series-resonant inductance. In the parallel-

inductance, the magnetizing inductance form parallel-resonant inductance. All four
of these converters result in low switching losses for the power devices. The circuits
may be operated either above or below the resonant frequency.

3 Resonant Converters Circuits A nalysis

For the four resonant converters considered here, the full-bridge converter applies
a square wave of voltage to a resonant network. For the Žrst three circuits, the
resonant network has the eŒect of Žltering the higher harmonic voltages. So that,
essentially, a sine wave of current appears at the input of the resonant circuit (this
is true over most load range of interest). This fact allows classical Žrst harmonic
techniques to be used. The analysis proceeds as follows. The fundamental compo-
nent of the square wave input voltage is applied to the resonant network. Resonant
circuit sine waves of current and voltage are computed using classical ac analysis.
For a rectiŽer with an inductor output Žlter, the average value is considered as the
resulting dc output voltage. For a capacitive output Žlter, a square wave of voltage
appears at the input to the rectiŽer while a sine wave of current is injected into
the rectiŽer. For this case the fundamental component of the square wave voltage
is used in the ac analysis. It is important to note that the power supply battery
resistance is not the same as load resistance which should be used in the ac analysis.
Figure 3 illustrates the derivations of the equivalent resistance to use in loading the
resonant circuit when using an ac analysis. The resonant converter uses an inductor
output Žlter and drives the rectiŽer with an equivalent voltage source. A square
wave of current is drawn by the rectiŽer, and its fundamental component must be
used to model an equivalent ac resistance. For this case, the equivalent ac resistance
is given by:
¼2
R eq = .R s (1)
8
The formulas for computing the fundamental ac components from the actual
circuit values are also given in Figure 3 [7]. Resonant converter uses a capacitive
output Žlter and, therefore, drives the rectiŽer with a current source. A square

Figure 3. Equivalent ac resistance as presented by rectiŽer loads: (a) voltage source

drive (applies to parallel-resonant converters type LCL and type PRC-LLCC) and
(b) current source drive (applies to series-resonant converters type LLC and type
SP-LLCC).
224 R. Laouamer et al.

Figure 4. AC equivalent circuits for resonant converters: (a) series-resonant con-

verter type LCL, (b) parallel-resonant converter type LLC, and (c) parallel resonant
converter type LLCC with inductive output Žlter.

wave of voltage appears at the rectiŽer. For this case the equivalent ac resistance
is given by:
8
R e q = 2 .R s (2)
¼

For the SP-LLCC with capacitive output Žlter, the analysis is complex because
the capacitive output stage is decoupled from the resonant stage for a signiŽcant pe-
riod during the switching cycle. As a result, the number of active resonant elements
changes during the switching cycle, called multi-resonant operation. The circuit is
analyzed by using a state variable transformation introduced in [1, 3], which deŽnes
two pairs of decoupled variables and solves for characteristics of the converter. This
method of analysis generates the describing equations for the various modes and
the resultant equations are subsequently reduced and solved numerically.

3.1 Analysis of Series- Resonant Converter Type LCL

Using the equivalent load resistance and the ac analysis technique derived earlier,
the characteristics of the series-resonant converter will be derived. The equivalent
ac circuit of Figure 4 will be used. Using the equations for a voltage divider, it is a
simple matter to write down the normalized output voltage.

2 2
2 W 2 1 2
¼2
k l .W . 1 .x .
W 8
y (x , W ) = 2
(3)
W .(1 + k l ) 1

with
Vo Io ! 1
y= m, x = .Z s , W = and !b = !s =
e. E.
k !b Ö L s .C s
k m
and
2
Ls 2 2 k
Zs = , L s = L 0 .(1 k ), L p = k .L 0 and kl = (4)
Cs 1 k2
 A Comparison of Resonant Converter Topologies 225

3.2 A nalysis of Parallel-Resonant Converter Type LLC

A similar analysis can be carried out for the parallel resonant converter. Using the
equivalent resistance R e q from Figure 3 and the second equivalent circuit of Figure 4
the normalized output voltage is given by:

8 2
. k1 x 2 .W 2
¼2
y(x , W ) = (5)
1 + k1 W 2

with

Vo Io ! 1
y= m, x = .Z p , W = and !b = !p =
E. k !b L p .C p
k E.
m

and
2 2
k Lp m
kl = 2, Zp = and Cp = 2 .C r (6)
1 k Cp k

3.3 A nalysis of Parallel-Resonant Converter Type LLCC with

Inductive Output Filter
The analysis of the parallel resonant converter type PRC-LLCC proceeds in a man-
ner similar to the earlier ac analyses although more algebra is involved. Using clas-
sical ac analysis techniques, it can be shown that the normalized output voltage of
the third circuit of Figure 4 is (using R e q from Eq. (2)):

8 W 2 1
. 1 .x 2
¼2 W
y (x , W ) = (7)
1 2 2 2 1
1+ . 1 + k! k ! .W
k1 W 2

with
2
Vo Io m ! 1
y= m, x = .Z s , Cp = 2 .C r , W = and !b = !s =
E. e.
k k !b
Ö L s .C s
k m

and

Ls 1 1 fs
Zs = , fs = , fp = and Kw = (8)
Cs 2.¼. Ö L s .C s 2 .¼. L p .C p fp

As seen from the previous expression, the normalized output voltage depends
on the choice of the ratio of C p to C s and the ratio of L p to L s . This second
one depends on air gap width. The choice of k w ratio will be chosen to minimize
semiconductor stresses. For higher coupling factor (~ 0.9) the input impedance for a
third harmonic is smaller than for the Žrst one. As a result, the ac analysis method
is not valid [6].
226 R. Laouamer et al.

Figure 5. Equivalent circuit for type A modes.

3.4 Analysis of Parallel-Resonant Converter Type LLCC with

Capacitive Output Filter
The commutational network of this topology consists of two resonant tanks: the
Ls C s series tank L p C p parallel tank. Unlike previously presented resonant
converter, this circuit represents a fourth-order nonlinear system. To simplify the
analysis, we assume that the diode-transistor circuit T 1 = D 1 , T 2 = D 2 , T 3 = D 3 , and
T 4 =D 4 are ideal and can be represented by bi-directional switches operated at 50%
duty cycle over switching period T s . Hence, we may represent the eŒect of the
switching devices by an equivalent square wave V a b ( t ) with amplitude equal (± E ).
Furthermore, since a large value for the low-pass Žlter capacitor C f is used at the
output circuit, the load voltage V o is considered constant.
This circuit is multi-resonant, when the output rectiŽers are not conducting, the
input voltage is the only voltage source in the circuit and the resonant tank consist
of the four passive elements. Alternately, when the output rectiŽers are conducting,
the parallel tank is clamped to output voltage and series tank is connected to both
the input and output voltage sources. In this mode, only the two series elements
are resonating.
The converter operation can be described as follow: Mode M 1 occurs from time
t 0 to t 1 . At t 0 converter operation starts by turning on T 1 T 4 and turning oŒT 2 T 3 .
Their inverse diodes D 1 D 4 are conducting, the output rectiŽer is decoupled from
the circuit. At t = t 1 the capacitor voltage Vc p changes from Vc p ( t 0 ) to ( V o .k = m ).
During mode M 2( t 1 t 2 ) the output rectiŽers are naturally turned on. At t = t 3
I L s = I L p and the output rectiŽers are naturally turned oŒ. At t = T s = 2, T 1 and
T 4 are gated oŒand T 2 and T 3 can be gated. Mode M 1¢ , M 2¢ , and M 3¢ are the
complementary mode of M 1, M 2, and M 3, respectively, and occur during time
t 4 T s = 2, t 5 t 4 , and T s t 5 .

Figure 6. Equivalent circuit for type B modes.

 A Comparison of Resonant Converter Topologies 227

Table 1
DiŒerent modes for the equivalent circuit

Mode E Vo VE 1 VE 2 Type Time

M1 + O .C +E — A t0 t1
M2 + + + E Vo + Vo B t1 t2
M3 + O .C +E — A t 2 T s =2
M 1¢ + E — A T s =2 t 4
M 2¢ O .C E + Vo Vo B t4 t5
M 3¢ E — A t5 Ts

Clearly, two diŒerent types of mode can be distinguished in the operation of this
trajectory. Modes type A are deŽned as modes in which the capacitively-Žltered load
is decoupled and the input source voltage supplies only the four passive elements
as shown in Figure 5 [1, 3]. Modes type B are deŽned as modes in which the load is
diode-coupled to the resonant tanks. The voltage across the parallel capacitor, C p ,
is clamped to ( V o .k =m ). Consequently, only the two series elements are resonating.
The equivalent circuit for mode B can be reduced to the two simple decoupled
circuits shown in Figure 6. The diŒerent modes for the equivalent circuit are shown
in Table 1.

Steady-State A nalysis
Mathematical Description
M ode A . The steady-state response may be derived from the idealized equiv-
alent circuit of Figure 5, the voltage V C s , I L s , V C p , I L p , are deŽned according to
this Žgure. The following diŒerential equations give the mathematical description
for the circuit model of Figure 5.
d 1
.V C s ( t ) = .I L s ( t )
dt Cs
d 1 1 1
.I L s ( t ) = .V C s ( t ) .VC p ( t ) + .VE 1
dt Ls Ls Ls
(9)
d 1 1
.VC p ( t ) = .I L s ( t ) .I L p ( t )
dt Cp Cp
d 1
.I L p ( t ) = .VC p ( t )
dt Lp
The diŒerential equations can be given in matrix form:
1
VC s ( t ) 0 Cs
0 0 VC s ( t ) 0
1 1 1
d I L s(t) Ls
0 Ls
0 I L s(t) Ls
= 1 1 . + .VE 1 (10)
dt VC p (t) 0 Cp
0 Cp VC p(t) 0
1
I L p(t) 0 0 Lp
0 I L p(t) 0

It is clear from Eq. (9) that the circuit variables V C s , I L s , V C p , I L p are all
coupled and their steady state representation is only possible in a four-dimensional
228 R. Laouamer et al.

state plane. However, it can be shown that there exists a new state variable [1] from
which the steady-state response of the converter can be obtained from a pair of the
two-dimensional state planes.

V1(t ) VC s ( t )
I 1(t ) I L s (t)
= [T ] . (11)
V2(t ) VC p ( t )
I 2(t ) I L p(t)

with
1 0 K1 0
0 1 0 K3
T = (12)
1 0 K2 0
0 1 0 K4

and

2
1 Ls Cp Ls Cp Cp
K1 = . 1+ + 1+ + 4.
2 Lp Cs Lp Cs Cs

2
1 Ls Cp Ls Cp Cp
K2 = . 1+ 1+ + 4.
2 Lp Cs Lp Cs Cs

Lp
K3 = .(1 K 1)
Ls
Lp
K4 = .(1 K 2)
Ls

Using the above equations it can be shown that the general solution for the
state variables pair is given by Eq. (A1). Given the general solution in terms of the
decoupled state variables, the corresponding solution using the actual component
variable values can be found using the inverse of the matrix, T .
There exist impedance Z 01 Z 02 and radial frequencies !01 , !02 corresponding
to the resonant transition of the decoupled pairs. In our case the duration of this
mode is longer than in [3].
M ode B. In mode type B there are only three passive elements to be consid-
ered since V C p is clamped to the output voltage ( V o .k/ m). The circuit in Figure 6
can be described by the equations:
1 0 0
VC s ( t ) 0 Cs
0 0 VC s ( t )
1 1
d I L s (t) 0 0 0 I L s(t) Ls
0 VE 1
= Ls
. + . (13)
dt VC p ( t ) 0 0 0 0 VC p(t) 0 0 VE 2
1
I L p (t) 0 0 0 0 I L p(t) 0 Lp

The solution of this system is given by Eq. (A2).

 A Comparison of Resonant Converter Topologies 229

Figure 7. Typical waveforms for V a b , V C s , I L s , V C p , I L p of the SP-LLCC.

Steady-State Trajectory
Based on the above discussion and for our steady-state, there are eleven unknowns
as follows: V C s 0 , V C p0 , I L s 0 , I L p0 , V C s 1 , I L s 1 , I L p1 , V C s 2 , I L s 2 , t 1 , t 2 . Additionally,
there are 11 mode transition equations, 8 type A and 3 type B . Thus there are 11
equations and 11 unknowns and unique solution exists for given component values,
input voltage, output voltage, and frequency F s . The reduction of the equations to
two no linear has been found in terms of two variables ( t 1 , t 2 ). The unique solution
can be determined numerically and I L p 0 , V C p0 , I L s 0 , V C s 0 , V C s 1 , I L s 1 , I L p1 , V C s 2 ,
I L s 2 can be calculated. Figure 7 shows ( V C s , I L s , V C p , I L p ) as function of time.

4 Topologies Comparison
The comparative analysis of the four selected converters topologies results in diŒer-
ences in component sizes, control characteristics, and power losses. In the following,
each of the four analyzed resonant converter topologies will be discussed with a view
toward selecting the proper converter for a given application. The four converters
have been optimized to reduce their size and increase e ciency as much as possible.

4.1 Series-Resonant Converter Type LCL

By using leakage and magnetizing inductances, only a capacitor should be added
to complete resonant circuit. This capacitor would be located in series with the
transformer. It allows the elimination of current low-frequency component from the
inductive interface. Furthermore, the capacitive output Žlter provides less sensitiv-
ity to frequency and power.
Figure 8 represents output characteristics for the two frequency ranges. These
traces are obtained by plotting normalized output voltage with normalized fre-
quency.
The main disadvantage of the series-resonant converter is that the current car-
ried by the power FETs and resonant components is relatively load independent.
Figure 9 shows calculated values of the resonant circuit input current (i.e., the
current through the resonant inductor as well as the power FETs) as a function
of load resistance. Due to the load variation, the operating frequency increases to
230 R. Laouamer et al.

Figure 8. Output characteristics for the PRC-LLCC converter: (a) Range I and
(b) Range II.

keep the output voltage constant. The resonant current is insensitive to this out-
put regulation. The evolution of input current, which presents also current stress
in semiconductor, as a function of load impedance is depicted in Figure 9 for dif-
ferent output voltage levels. Consequently, the conduction losses in the FETs and
the reactive components remain relatively Žxed which means a low e ciency for
light-load operation of the converter. At switching frequencies lower than resonant
frequency, the voltage gain of the LLC-type converter is lower than the gain of
the LCL which allows a lower turn-ration transformer. The resonant circuit input
current is high which increase the losses of power FETs and components. In fact,
the e ciency of this topology decreases.

4.2 Parallel- Resonant Converter Type LLC

The main advantage of the parallel-resonant converter is that there is one additional
element. For this topology, higher e ciency was obtained in ZCS (Zero Current
Switching) mode. Due to the tail current eŒect and the tail current bump under
ZVS, especially at high die temperature, which the turn oŒlosses even under ZVS

Figure 9. Inverter peak current for diŒerent normalized output voltage levels.
 A Comparison of Resonant Converter Topologies 231

Figure 10. Output characteristics for the PRC-LLCC converter: (a) Range I,
(b) Range II, and (c) Range III.

are signiŽcant and cannot be neglected [1]. However, for low powers, ZVS (Zero
Voltage Switching) has several advantages comparing with ZCS mode.
One of the disadvantages of this topology is that a low variation of the nor-
malized output current needs a high variation of the frequency. In addition, this
topology requires an output Žlter inductor. This Žlter is sensitive to frequency and
also power level variations. In addition, it has a considerable size and a heavy weight.
Because of these properties, it is not desirable. Note here, power FETs’ losses are
high compared to ZVS mode. These losses added to low and high frequency smooth-
ing inductance losses cause to decrease the e ciency of this topology.
Characteristic control can be obtained by plotting normalized output voltage
with normalized frequency. Figure 10 represents output characteristics for the three
frequency ranges. These frequency ranges are separated by their switching mode.

4.3 Parallel- Resonant Converter Type LLCC with Inductive

Output Filter
The frequency range of classical resonant converter (LCL and LLC) is relatively
large for an industrial application. In order to reduce this range, a PRC-LLCC
topology with four reactive components has been proposed. This fourth-order con-
verter requires small variation in its switching under load and line regulation
232 R. Laouamer et al.

Figure 11. Output characteristics for the PRC-LLCC converter.

(Figure 11). Another advantage of this topology is that the current in the power de-
vices decreases as the load decreases (Figure 12). This advantage allows the power
device conduction losses (as well as other circuit losses) to decrease as the load
decreases, thus maintaining high e ciency even for low power. But Žlter inductor
that has to be placed on the EV consist a signiŽcant weight and cost penalty. This
topology operates in ZVS mode which reduces the power FETs losses in comparison
to LLC topology. The resonant circuit input current is low which causes to reduce
losses in diŒerent components. The e ciency of this topology is higher than LCL
and LLC topologies.

4.4 Series-Parallel Resonant Converter Type LLCC with Capacitive

Output Filter
The combination parallel-resonant converter type SP-LLCC attempts to take the
advantage of Series-resonant converter type LCL, parallel-resonant converter type
LLC, and parallel-resonant converter type PRC-LLCC while eliminating the out-
put inductor of the LLC and PRC-LLCC and the load independent of the LCL. In
addition, the diode’s junction capacitor of the output rectiŽer (nondissipative com-
ponent) can be used as the parallel resonant capacitor. Figure 13 shows calculated
values of the resonant circuit input current to as a function of load resistance.

Figure 12. Inverter peak current for diŒerent normalized output voltage levels.
 A Comparison of Resonant Converter Topologies 233

Figure 13. Inverter RMS current for diŒerent load.

In this topology we replace the smoothing inductance by a capacitor. This

results in to decrease the losses. In addition, this topology has all advantages of the
PRC-LLCC topology and permits to increase the e ciency.
Output characteristics and semiconductor or passive components stresses are
very close together. As a result, this converter seems to give a good compromise
between e ciency, component size, and control characteristics.

5 Experimental Results
Considering the combination of output characteristics, e ciency, and minimum
size, converter d was selected. Based on the steady state analysis the series-parallel
converter type SP-LLCC was built. The circuit was designed to deliver 8 kW to
a 350 V load. The input voltage was 540 V dc. The series capacitor and parallel
capacitor were equal to 0.1 ¹F and 0.44 ¹F , respectively, k = 0 .56 with 7 mm air
gap width which gives L s = 142 .4 ¹H and L p = 65 .07 ¹H . The comparison of
experimental and analytical data in Table 2 shows a good correlation between the
two data sets.

Table 2
Comparison of experimental and analytical data

Var Unit Analysis Exp’ t Error (%)

VC s0 V 1098.48 1030 6.64

I L s0 A 2.8 2.5 12
V C p0 V 409.72 400 2.43
I L p0 A 46.2 46.1 0.2
VC s1 V 1085.6 1060.5 2.3
I L s1 A 4.99 4.8 3.95
I L p1 A 38.02 37.5 1.38
VC s2 V 322.86 300 7.62
I L s2 A 4.84 4.7 2.97
t1 ¹s 1 1 0
t2 ¹s 7.6 7.5 1.33
234 R. Laouamer et al.

Figure 14. Inverter rms current to as function of load.

Figure 15. Topology e ciency to as function of load, at constant voltage.

Figure 14 gives the measured rms current to the resonant circuit (i.e., the rms
FET current or circulating current).
As seen, the circulation current decreases with load, which accounts, for the
good hold-up of e ciency at light load. The frequency varied between approximately
50 and 37 kHz for a load variation of 4 kW–8 kW output and a constant 540 V dc
input. The inuence of the load on the e ciency is presented below (Figure 15).
Figure 15 shows measured e ciency data for a range of output power. As
seen, the e ciency remains high as the output power varies. With the PRC-LLCC
topology we have obtained 89% e ciency at a 3 kW output power [6]. However, the
SP-LLCC we have obtained 88.8% e ciency at a 8 kW output power. Note here
that the inductive coupler is twice as large as the Žrst one.

6 Conclusion
An ac analysis method was used to derive the characteristics of the full-bridge
series-resonant converter type LCL, parallel-resonant converter type LLC, and the
parallel-resonant converter type PRC-LLCC. The series-parallel resonant converter
type SP-LLCC was analyzed by using a state variable transformation introduced in
[1]. A comparison of converters is presented using these analytical results, as well as
experimental results. The selection of power electronic conversion topologies for an
automatic inductive charger system is rather di cult due to its special constraints.
A series-parallel resonant converter type SP-LLCC was selected, fabricated, and
tested.
 A Comparison of Resonant Converter Topologies 235

A ppendix
The general solution to type A in terms of decoupled state mode is shown in
Eq. (A1):
V1 ( t)
I1 ( t)
=
V2 ( t)
I2 ( t)
cos(!01 ( t t i )) Z 01 . sin(!01 ( t t i )) 0 0
1
Z 01 . sin(!01 ( t t i )) cos(!01 ( t t i )) 0 0
0 0 cos(!02 ( t t i )) Z 02 . sin(!02 ( t t i ))
1
0 0 Z 02 .
sin(!02 ( t ti ) cos(!02 ( t t i ))

V1 ( ti ) 1 cos(!01 ( t t i ))
1
I1 ( ti ) Z 01 . sin(!01 ( t t i ))
. + .VE 1 (A1)
V2 ( ti ) 1 cos(!02 ( t t i ))
1
I2 ( ti ) Z 02 . sin(!0 2 ( t t i ))

with

1 Cs 1 Cs
!01 = . 1+ .K 1 , !02 = . 1+ .K 2
L s .C s Cp L s .C s Cp

and
Ls Cs Ls Cs
Z 01 = . 1+ .K 1 , Z 02 = . 1+ .K 2
Cs Cp Cs Cp

The complete solution to type B mode is shown in Eq. (A2):

VC s ( t ) cos( !0 ( t t i )) Z 0 . sin( !0 ( t t i )) 0 0 VC s ( t i )
1
I L s (t) . sin( !0 ( t t i )) cos( !0 ( t t i )) 0 0 I L s (ti )
= Z0
.
VC p ( t) 0 0 1 0 VC p ( t i )
I L p(t) 0 0 0 1 I L p (ti )
(A2)
1 cos( !0 ( t t i )) 0
1
Z0
. sin( !0 ( t t i )) 0 VE 1
+ .
0 0 VE 2
1
0 Lp
(t ti )

with
1
!0 =
Ö L s .C s

and
Ls
Z0 =
Cs
236 R. Laouamer et al.

Nomenclatures
L0 primary open-circuited inductance
Ls leakage inductance
Lp magnetizing inductance
Cs series resonant capacitor
Cr parallel resonant capacitor
m ratio transformer
fs series resonant frequency
fp parallel resonant frequency
k coupling factor of the transformer
Io output current
VE 1 , VE 2 equivalent voltage sources for the simpliŽed equivalent
circuits
Lf smoothing capacitor
Cp terms deŽned in Eq. (6)
Vo output voltage
Rs output load
y normalized output voltage
x normalized output current
Zs series characteristic impedance
Zp parallel characteristic impedance
E DC input voltage
W normalized switch frequency
Lf smoothing inductance
s 1, s 2, s 3, and s 4 switches
K l, K w terms deŽned in Eqs. (4) and (8)
! switching frequency
!b base frequency

References
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