Unit -6 OPTICS

MIND MAP/ CONCEPT MAP :

Concave mirror :
i)f=-ve , R=-ve
Spherical mirrors: ii)Image is real for all positions of object from infinity upto
i) R =2f focus. Image is virtual for an object between pole & focus.
ii)Mirror Equation:
1/v+1/u=1/f
iii)m = (-v/u)
m = -ve for real image
m = +ve for virtual image Convex mirror:
i)f=+ve ,R=+ve
ii)Image is always virtual & diminished for all positions of the
object.
Laws of reflection:
iii)Image is always formed between pole & focus.
I )Incident ray, reflected ray & normal
all lie on the same plane
II) i = r
Laws of refraction:
i)Incident ray, refracted
REFRACTION ray & the normal all lie
REFLECTION RAY OPTICS
on the same plane.
ii)Snell’s law:
sini n2 v 1 λ1
Refraction at spherical surface: = = =
Refraction through a prism: sinr n1 v 2 λ2
i)Refraction at a spherical
a)Condition for minimum iii)Total internal
surface:
deviation: reflection:
n2 n1 n2−n 1
- = i)i=e When I >ic and the ray
v u R
ii)r1=r2 travels from denser to
ii) Refraction through a lens:
b)Prism formula: rarer medium ,the
a)f=+ve for convex lens.
sin ( A + Dm ) /2 refracted ray returns
f=-ve for concave lens. n=
sinA /2 back to the same
b) Lens maker’s formula:
c)For small angled prism: medium without loss of
1 1 1
= (n21-1) ( − ) Dm=(n-1)A intensity.
f R 1 R2
d) Dispersion: Splitting up of 1
c) Thin lens formula: Sin Ic=
polychromatic light into in its n
1 1 1
− = respective components.
v u f

v
iii)Magnification= m =
u
m=-ve for real image
m=+ve for virtual image
1
iv)Power of a lens =P=
f
 n2 v1 λ1 sin i 1 realdepth
n21= = = = sin r = sin c = apparentdepth
n1 v2 λ2

Optical instruments

Compound microscope
Astronomical telescope

* fe>fo * fo>fe
* Image at near point:
*Image at near point: fo f
M=- (1+ e )
−v 0 D fe D
M= (1+ )
u0 fe *Image at infinity:
fo
M=-
*Image at infinity: fe
L D
M= x
fo fe

Important formula in optical instruments

Magnifying power of microscope and astronomical telescope

Magnification when Final image formed Property of lenses

Name of instrument At D At ∞ used
Simple microscope D D
1+
f f
Compound microscope vo D vo D f o <f e
uo (
1+
fe ) uo f e
Astronomica Refracting fo fe fo f o> f e
l telescope type fe (
1+
D ) fe
Reflecting R Object is a concave
type fo 2 paraboloid
=
f e fe
 I) Angle of Refraction, r=(λ90 0-i p)

2) Brewester’s Law, µ= tan i p

3) Malus Law, I= I O cos2 θ

1) Condition for Maxima, ∆ p= A Sin 1) Resultant Intensity of two waves
θ a) I R =I 1 + I 2+ 2 √ I 1 I 2Cos ∆ ∅
2)Condition for Minima,∆ p=n λ I 1 a21 w1
3) Central Maxima Polarisation b) = 2 =
I 2 a2 w2
2 λD
i) Width, W=
a
2) Resultant amplitude of two waves
2λ
ii)angular widthθ= A= a21 +a 22+2 a1 a2 cos ∆ ∅
a √
4) Secondary Maxima Diffraction 3) Maxima, Minima ratio
Wave Optics
λD I Max a21 +a
2
i) Width, W=
a
ii)angular widthθ=
λ
=
( )
I Min a21−a22
2
2
=

a I 1 +¿ I 2
2
(√ √ )
5) Fresnel Distance, Z F =
a2
λ Interference
Y D S Expt
¿
( (√ √ ) )
I 1−¿ I 2
6) Resolving Power 4) Fringe
2 µSin β λD
i) Microscope, R.P. = i) Width, β=
1.22 λ d
1) Constructive λ
ii) Angular width ∆ θ =
i) Phase diff,∆ ∅=2nπ d
ii) Path diff,∆ p=n λ
5)Position of band
2) Destructive i)Phase diff,∆ ∅=(2n-1)π
Ii Path diff,∆ p=(2n-1) λ n λD
i) nth Maxima, Y=
d
Image formation by mirrors :

VSA (1 mark question) :

1 Write Snell’s law.

2 What is the angle of refraction when angle of incidence is equal to critical angle?
3 Write the relation between critical angle & refractive index.
4 Can you obtain total internal reflection when light travels from rarer medium to denser medium?
5 Name the property of light is used to explain the formation of mirage.
6 Name the principle used in propagation of waves through optical fiber.
7 Show with diagram how light can bend by 90 0 with the help total reflecting prism.
8 Draw a diagram showing the path when light bend by 180 0 through as total reflecting prism.
9 What is the cause of glittering of diamond?
10 If angle of incidence is --------------------- than critical angle, we can observe total internal
reflection.
11 If when light travels from a medium having refractive index 2 1/2 to vacuum what will be the
critical angle for the pair of the medium.
12 The refractive index of diamond is 2.4. What is the critical angle for it if light travels from
diamond to vacuum?
13 How does the critical angle change when a total reflecting prism is dipped in water?
14 Write two conditions to observe total internal reflection.
15 How does total internal reflection differs from internal reflection.
16 Sketch the variation of intensity of light with path difference in the interference pattern of
Young’s double slit experiment.
17 Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity of polarized light transmitted by an analyser.
18 At what angle of incidence should a light beam strike a glass slab of refractive index √ 3 , such
that the reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other?
19 Among the following waves which can be polarized? (sound waves, radio waves, X-rays, cathode
rays)
20 In a single- slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original width.
How does this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band?
SAQ 2 & 3 MARKS :
1 A bi concave lens of µ=1.5 is placed inside a liquid of µ=1.8, Will the lens behave as a converging
or diverging lens.
2 In Young’s double slit experiment, write the expression for fringe width.
3 In single slit diffraction pattern write the expression for width of the central bright fringe
4 How will the position of the image be affected if the lower half of the mirror’s reflecting surface is
painted black?
5 Two polaroid are kept in crossed position. When a third polaroid is placed between the two
making 300with the first. Find the intensity of light after third polaroid if intensity of light falling
on 1st is I0.
6 A convex lens of focal length 25cm is kept in contact with a concave lens of focal length 20cm.
Find the power of the combination. Will the system be converging or diverging in nature?
7 Find the expression for magnification of compound microscope when the image is formed at
infinity.
8 When light travels from rarer to denser medium, what happens to the frequency of light. Does
decrease in speed imply a reduction in energy?
9 Sketch the shape of wave front emerging from (i) a point source and (ii) distance source and also
mark the rays.
10 State Huygens’ principle. Verify Snell’s law from it.
11 In Young’s double slit experiment, find the expression for fringe width.
12 Find the expression for width of central maxima in single slit diffraction pattern.
13 Draw a ray diagram of a reflecting telescope. Mention its two advantages over the refracting
telescope.
14 Write lens maker formula. A convex lens of focal length 20cm in air is placed in water of
refractive index 1.3. What will be the focal length of the lens?
15 A convex lens is used to obtain a magnified image of an object on a screen 10 m from the lens. If
the magnification is 19, find the focal length of the lens?

16 A glass prism causes dispersion while a glass plate does not. Why?
17 Draw a labelled ray diagram of a telescope .mention its two advantages over the refracting
telescope.
18 What is the effect on interference pattern observed in a young’s double slit experiment :
a) The separation between the two slits is halved
b) The apparatus is immersed in water
c) The source slit is moved closer to the double slit.
19 A convex lens of focal length 10 cm is placed coaxially 5 cm away from a concave lens of focal
length 10 cm .if an object is placed 30 cm in front of the convex lens , find the position of the final
image formed by the combined system.
 20 State three characteristic features which distinguish between interference pattern and
diffraction pattern due to single slit.

5 marks questions
1. a.) Derive lens maker’s formula for a thin lens.
b.)A biconvex lens with radii of curvature 20 cm and refractive index 1.5 is dipped in a
liquid of refractive index 1.33. Determine the power of the lens inside the liquid.
2. a.) what are coherent sources? Why two different sources cannot be coherent?
b.) In Young’s double slit experiment, show that distance between two consecutive
maximas is equal to the distance between two consecutive minimas.
1.
Formulae based numerical from text book

1) A 4.5 cm needle is placed 12 cm away from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm . Give the location
of the image and magnification. Describe what happens as needle is moved from the mirror.

(Ans : v = 6.7 cm, magnification = 5/9, u→∞, v→f)

2) What focal length should have a person for whom the least distance of distant vision is 50 cm.

(Ans : f = + 50 cm , convex lens)

3) A beam of light converges at a point P .A lens is placed in the path of convergent beam 12cm from
P. At what point does the beam converges if the lens is
(A) A convex lens of focal ;length 20 cm
(B) A concave lens of focal length 16 cm

(C)Two slits are made 1mm apart and the screen is placed one metre away . What is the
fringe separation when blue- green light of wave length 500 nm is used.
(Ans : (A) 7.5 cm from the lens on its right side (B) 48 cm from the lens on its right side
(C) 0.5 mm)
(4) Assume that light of wave length 6000 AU is coming from a star . What is the limit of resolution of a
Telescope has a diameter of 100 inch.

(Ans : 2.9 x 10-7 radian)

(5) A beam of light consists of two wave 650 nm and 520 nm is used to obtain interference fringes in a
young’s double slit experiment. Find the distance of the 3 rd bright from the central maximum wave
length 650 nm. What is the least distance the central maximum where the bright fringes due to both
the wave lengths coincides?

(Ans : (a) 1.17 mm (b) 1.56 mm)

(6) A parallel beam of light of wavelength 500 nm falls on a narrow slit and the resulting diffraction
pattern is observed on a screen 1 m away. It is observed that the first minimum is at a distance of
2.5 mm from the centre of the screen. Find the width of the slit. (Ans : 0.2 nm)
 Graph related questions :-

1. Name the phenomenon related to superposition of light as depicted in the graph.

Intensity

- 3 λ /2 -λ - λ/2 0 λ/2 λ 3 λ/2 distance

PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS

1. The graph shows variation of angle of deviation with angle of incidence for a prism .What is the
angle of emergence at B?

400 i

2 .Complete the given ray diagram for the given incident ray.

3. The graph shows variation of v with u for a convex lens .Calculate f.

20cm

45o

u
20cm

4. The given graph shows the variation of 1/v with1/u for a concave mirror .Find f.

0.015 cm-1

1/v

0.01 cm -1 1/u
5. How can you identify a plane mirror, a convex mirror ,a concave ,a glass plate without touching them.
6. The graph between u and v lies in which quadrant of coordinate system?
7. What is the shape of the graph between u and v in case of a concave mirror?
8. What is the shape of the graph between 1/u and 1/v in case of a concave mirror?
9. How is to get the rough focal length in case of a concave mirror?
10 In a prism experiment, the red colored light is replaced by a blue colored light. How it affects the angle of
. minimum deviation?
11 What is the minimum distance of eye to remove the parallax?
.
12 For finding the focal length of convex mirror whose position should not be changed in the observation?
.
13 Which chemical is used to silver the ordinary mirrors?
.
14 Is mirror formula equally applicable to plane mirrors?
.
15 Can we find the rough focal length of a convex mirror?
.
16 What is the relation between i, e, A and D.
.
17 What is the shape of the i – D curve.
.
18 What is the relation between i and e at angle of minimum deviation.
.
19 What is the significance of minimum deviation?
.
20 The i – δ curve that is obtained in this experiment is a non-linear curve. In such situations, more readings
. should be taken in the minimum deviation region. Why?
21 Why the two pins should be fixed with maximum separation in a prism experiment?
.
22 Define dispersion.
.
24 Under which condition the refracted ray inside the prism becomes parallel to its base so as to satisfy the
. condition r = r ′?
25 What is the condition for total internal reflection?
.
26 four double convex lenses , with the following specifications are available :
. Lens Focal length aperture
A 100 cm 10 cm
B 100 cm 5 cm
C 10 cm 2 cm
D 5 cm 2 cm
Which two of the given four lenses , should be selected as the objective and eyepiece to construct an
astronomical telescope and why?
27 How does the angular separation between fringes in single slit experiment change when the distance of
. separation between the slit and screen is doubled.
28 A biconvex lens has a focal length 2/3 times the radius of curvature of either surface , calculate refractive
. index of lens material.

List of important derivations & ray diagrams:

 (1). Compound microscope – Expression for magnification when the image forms at (i) near point (ii)
normal adjustment position.

(2). Astronomical telescope - Expression for magnification when the image forms at (i) near point (ii)
normal adjustment position.

(3). Prism – Expression for refractive index of material of a prism.

(4). Young’s double slit experiment – (i) Expression for resultant intensity and conditions for formation of
dark and bright bands (ii) Expression for fringe width.

(5). Diffraction at single slit experiment.

(6). Expression for Lens makers formula and lens formula.

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS