Amity School of Engineering & Technology

Amity School of Engg &

Technology
B.Tech , Semester VII
Fiber Optic Communication
Lecture 2
Dr Sanmukh Kaur

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 Learning ObjectivesAmity
&School
Outcomes
of Engineering & Technology

• To view the structure of optical fiber waveguide and understand the need of
cladding

• Identify the different layers of fiber and their need in fiber structure

• Appreciate the advantages of Fiber Optic Communication system

• Ability to recognize the process of light propagation in Fiber

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Optical fiber structure

I. Introduction

• This structure consists of a transparent core with a refractive index n 1

surrounded by a transparent cladding of slightly lower refractive index n 2

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Optical fiber structure

II. Need of Cladding

• Cladding is required to

- Supports the waveguide structure

- When sufficiently thick, may substantially reduce the radiation loss into the
surrounding air

• In essence, the light energy travels in both the core and the cladding allowing
the
associated fields to decay to a negligible value at the cladding–air interface.

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Advantages of optical fiber communication

• Enormous potential bandwidth

• Small size and weight

• Electrical isolation

• Immunity to interference and crosstalk

• Signal security

• Low transmission loss

• System reliability and ease of maintenance

• Potential low cost

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Total internal reflection through ray theory model

• Refractive index of Dielectric medium
- The refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of the velocity of light in a

vacuum to the velocity of light in the medium.

• Snell’s law of refraction

- The angles of incidence φ1 and refraction φ2 are related to each other and to the
refractive indices of the dielectrics by
Snell’s law of refraction which states that:

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Fig.1
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Total internal reflection

• If n1 is greater than n2, the angle of refraction is always greater than the angle of
incidence.

• When the angle of refraction is 90°, the refracted ray emerges parallel to the
interface
between the dielectrics [Fig.2].

• This is the limiting case of refraction and the

angle of incidence is now known as the
critical angle φc

Fig.2
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Total internal reflection

• The value of critical angle is given by :

• At angles of incidence greater than the critical angle , the light is reflected back into

the originating dielectric medium (total internal reflection) with high efficiency
(around 99.9%).

• This phenomenon is called total internal reflection [Fig.3]

Fig.3 8
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Discussion

1013 - 1016 Hz

Coax cable
Mm wave rf
Noninvasive manner