Temperature increase

Higher temperature bodies

emit greater radiation
Radiation emitted Radiation absorbed
> Radiation absorbed > Radiation emitted

All bodies emit

infrared radiation Temperature decrease
Rate of absorption of radiation
= Rate of emission of radiation
Radiation
Constant temperature

Temperature

5.1: LIGHT AND

Reflection from
Minimum incident angle ELCTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM smooth surface in
one direction
required for all light to
under TIR (Physics only)
Critical Reflection Specular
angle
Law of Diffuse
reflection Reflection from
TIR rough surface,
KEY Angle of incidence
causing scattering
‘Higher tier only’ = Angle of reflection
written in green. Total internal Used in optical
‘Physics only’ reflection fibres
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 A real image can be A virtual image cannot be
projected onto a screen projected onto a screen

Always a
Real or virtual virtual image Rays diverge
image

Rays converge Negative focal

Convex Concave lengths

Positive focal
lengths 5.2: LIGHT AND
ELCTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: Power
LENSES
Depends on
Refraction (Physics only) focal length
and shape
The changing of speed, and The shorter the
so direction, as a wave focal length, the
enters a new medium more powerful Focal Length

The distance from

Lenses make use of this the lens to the
KEY effect to cause rays to
converge and diverge
principal focus
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 A body that absorbs all
wavelengths of light appears black
A body that reflects all
wavelengths of light appears white
Human eyes can only see a Depends on wavelengths of light
limited range of frequencies that it absorbs and reflects

Disinfecting water Vision

Colour
Security marking
Ultraviolet Visible light

X-Rays 5.3: LIGHT AND Microwaves

Body imaging
ELCTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: Satellite
USES Communications
Identifying bone
fractures and breakages
Gamma Rays Radio Waves
Infrared
Radio
Cancer Thermal Imaging Communications
detection and
treatment Short-range Broadcasting
communication
KEY Highly penetrating

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 Exposure shielding used by those
regularly working with X-rays
Exposure measuring badges
Controlling exposure

Cell mutation Greater exposure

leading to cancers means greater risk
X-Rays Exposure

5.4: LIGHT AND Microwaves

ELCTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: Internal heating
DANGERS of body cells
Gamma Rays
Infrared
Ultraviolet
Cell mutations Damage to eyes
causing cancers
Surface cell damage
leading to skin cancer

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 All travel at the same
speed in a vacuum
All travel at the same
speed in a vacuum Speed of light = 3x10⁸ m/s
Continuous Spectrum
5.5: LIGHT AND
High Frequency ELCTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Low Frequency
/ Long Wavelength
/ Short Wavelength

Gamma Rays Radio Waves

X-Rays Microwaves
Ultraviolet Infrared
Visible light

To remember order: Giant Xylophones Usually Live In Music Rooms

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