Light :

light is an
electromagnetic wave

· speed in vacuum =
3x108ms1

transverse
·
wave
e

Reflection :

normal Laws of reflection :

incident ↑ reflected
angle of incidence =

angle of reflection
ray jo fo
ray

I mirror · normal , angle of incidence and angle of reflection must lie in the same plane
angle of angle of
incidence reflection

size, distance from mirror at a point should also be same if reflected from plane mirror

for
anything to be to human must
-----
visible
eye, light -
-

e) e)
reflect and enter e)
eye

from the surface

normal perpendicular drawn
reflecting
:

angle of between the incident and

incidence the
angle ray normal
:

reflection the between the reflected and

angle of :
angle ray normal

Refraction it from medium to another

bending of light when
:

moves one
incident
ray
refractive index :

(n)
I
i angle of
incidence

ratio of speed of light in two different mediums

angle of
refraction
ir
sin : Law shows the the
Snells relationship between
:

n =

sinc

refracted
ray path taken
by light in two different mediums

sin60
ine
n = 1 60
. =

45 Sinc
AIR 68°
i ais
-
refractive index (n) :
Sin 45 =
1 .
60

sin 28 diamond
Is
0

DIAMOND ~ x
r =
sint sin60
=
320
1 60
.
Refraction Experiment :

Apparatus :

Rectangular glass , 7
light source , plain paper , pencil , common pins

use pins to mark path of light

-> plain
paper
i air
-
·
join all the lines ,
measure the angles
glass
rectangular
>glass calculate refractive index
air
I

repeat using different incident

ray

W
a) angle of incidence 28°
:

29

air
18
-

b) angle of refraction
rectangular

-"I
LasS
c) refractive index sin28 1 52
=S
.

= =

Sin 18
19

&) if angle of incidence is now 45 %, what is the new refraction angle

sin
sin 45 1 52 sinc
45 r= sinU5
.
=
=

1 52
sinz
.

= 27 7 .

Total Internal Reflection light ray is reflected back into the medium
~

z
air
2
r
1
·
7 -

sin(c)
- ~ n (refractive index)
i i glass

(c)
Ejz sin
=

greater than the

critical angle
Critical Angle :

an
angle that makes a 90% angle of refraction
c =
sin
(sal

Application of T I . .
R :

Optic Fibre Cables : data transmission (telecommunication internet) ,

·
faster transmission
T
· data
safety
 Lenses :

Converging Lense (Convex Diverging Jense

(Concave)

focal
Length
< > focal
point
o ⑳

Principle ⑧ ⑧
axis
-
focal
point focalistance
Optical center

Principle Short Long Sightedness

axis
Sightedness
:

line
passing through the optical centre of Lens

⑲ &
2
⑭ ⑭
focal point :
⑧

point at which all rays meet

focul length :
light focuses #
before retina

distance between optical centre and focal point ·

distant objects light focuses after retina
become blus · closer
object becomes
blurry
·

diverging lens ·
converging lens used
used for correction for correction

Norma Vision