AT 0pti And

⑥**oadgnnss-txamme.at#
Some basic
properties of light
•

inLight travels with

vacuum i. e.
a

3×108
constant
Ms
- '
speed
Rectilinear travels
propagation Light
• -

line
in a
straight is called
Ray
The
path of light
• -
a

Beamray Bundle
.

is called Beam
of rays
• - .

Reflection of light
Laws
of reflection
Law The incidence 4) is equal to
angle of angle of
1st -

the
reflection (a)
2nd Law -
The incident
ray ,
the
reflected
in the
ray and the normal
,
at
the point of incidence , all lie same
plane .

Signfollow
correction :
-

the Cartesian
connectionssystem of
we

sign
-

•
All distances are measured from the
mirror
poletheor lens
the or
optical center

of .

direction incident
The
of light is
•

taken at
is
positive
and the
opposite
direction taken as
negative .

ants and
•
The direction measured
upward
ants
w.int the n -

perpendicular to the
principal are
positive and the
heights
measured downwards are
negative
.
 Focal
length of spherical Mirrors

Principal focus A paraxial -

ray of light
after reflection converge or to
appear
diverge from a point after
reflection from concave
a or convene mirror

respectively Thisthepoint •

mirror
is F called the

principal focus of
Focal
plane -

If the
paraxial rays of light
incident
were
ants making the some
angle with
the
principal ,
reflected rays
converge
or
appear to
diverge from point a

in a
plane throughcalled F normal to the

principal ants This is

.
the
focal plane
mirror
of the
.

The distance between the

and length
Focal
focus F
-

is
pole of P a mirror a
part of
is called the
focal length of
the mirror 4- .

Radius
of curvature -
The radius
of the sphere of which the mirror
is is called the radius curvature the
a
part of of of
mirror R .

Note :-

We will make all calculations and formulas for paraxial rays

i. e.
rays
which are incident at
points close to the
pole and make
small
angles with the
principal ants .

Refraction PYQ 2019,17 ,

13

direction incident 0° ciao

The
of propagation of an
obliquely
enters the other medium
ray of light
that ,

the two media This

changes
called
at the
interface of phenomenon .

is refraction of light
.

lawofre_fraction
d) The incident
ray to
the refracted
the normal
,
the ray
interface
,

at incidence
the
lie in
point ofsame all ,

the
Iii ) Snell 's law
plane
ratio
.

- The of
is
the sine
angle of
ofsine incidence
to the
of constant
angle of
refraction color ( r) is fora
given
pair of media .
of light and
given
Sini =
Man
Sinn
Refractive Index PYQ 2019

The constant Ma, is called the refractive index medium 2

with medium 1-
of
respect to can be
defined as the
ratio
i. e.
of speed of light in medium 1 to that in medium
2
in
Um = Yr where Ya and 112
medium 1 and
are speed of light
V2 2
resp
.

Refractive index medium depends on the

of but is independent
wavelength of light
in the
incidence
medium
.
of the
angle of
with increase in tie Maud
u decreases
travels
wavelength .

thiiolet .

If Mz , > 1 light
bends
,
towards normal
slower in
the medium
medium
is Such
2 and refracted
hay called
a .

It
optically denser medium than medium 1-
travels in medium 2 and the refracted
Ma , C 1 ,
light faster
hay
bends from the
away rarer
normal such a medium is called
medium than medium 1
an
optically
Optical and mass density d=mass_ should not be
.

density 1101m

confused .
An
optically denser medium
may for
have a lower mass

other medium
density than the
is less than that
. e.
g. it
mass
density
of turpentine of water but is more
dense
optically .

tlzp = 9-
tlpz

Refraction in Rectangular glass slab a

consider a slab as
rectangular glass
shown
slab
for
-
.

rectangular glassa

takes
refraction air
place at two
air
interfaces glass and glass
-
-

In
figure
is
rz=iz i. emergent
to the incident
e.

ray parallel
i. e. there is deviation
The ray
no .

the
emergent ray
incident
is
laterally shifted displaced won t •

ray .

Apparent Depth
When an
object in a denser medium is viewed from a

rarer medium

suppose XY separate medium air and liquid of R.IM • Let

inside liquid
0 be the
object lying the .
 N c
air
incident
A
ray
normal
0A
to the
surface .
alongthe
Another '

✗
A -

g-
- - - -

ray of lightat alongsurface

OP and
M

along
Pc
refracted '
N
i
'

LOPN = LAOP =
-

t
LNPC =
LABP = r

In DAPB og
,
h= AP as r= tana
FB
gn DAPO ,
i
A¥n
=

using Snell 's Law

Sini
sin or
=
In
i
q
=
1µ
small
as
angles are
very
AP
F- AB
µ = =

AP / OA
u = 0A =
realdepth
OB Apparent depth
apparent depth =
realdep1h_
u

Normal shift = Real depth Apparent depth

-

= d -
d
U

shift = d l -

In Phenomenon due to refraction

lateral shift
A
IN
consider a
glass slab bounded °

by parallel
and
face XY and
thickness 't
i -

of
' '

Y ✗
'
.
"
in air t
A
ray of light
AO travelling incident
along gets i. After
^
path ,
or
XY at
on
angle
it reaches in
two refraction N
'
Q
air QB
- 9

along e <
,

B
 '
In DOO Q g

sin i -

r = d
OQ
or D= OQ Sin i -

r 1

'
In DON Q ,

OQ = Secr
'
ON
'
OQ = ON Secr
= t Secr =
t
cos r

Putting
in
eqni ,

D= t sin i -
r

cos a

Phenomenon due to refraction

1
Early sunrise Delayed sunset
sun through the
As -

light coming from

atmosphere it
the

passes which
,
is visible
gets refracted As a result .

of ,
the sun
little before the actual sunrise and the little
after
the actual sunset The time .

difference between actual

sunset is about two minutes .

sunrise flattening
2
Apparent oral
shape of the sun at sunset and
.

Total Internal Reflection TIR PYQ 2019,16 13,10 ,

travels
from optically denser medium to
When
light
optically rarer
critical
medium .

.
ifthen
angle of incidence 1) is
greater
than the
anglethe same mediumray of light , the is

completely reflected back into This . is

called Total internal reflection (TIR ) .
Critical I incidence for which
Angleisof called angle of refraction
Angle
becomes 900
-

critical
angle .

Simic
sin 90
=
In
Sin ic = 1

i. bin
( Eu
- •
=

Applications of Total Internal Reflection

the air
a-
Mirage - On
becomes hotter than
hot summer
thedays
,
air at
higher
near the
levels
ground
The
.

air increases
refractive index
air is less dense
of with
than cold air therefore
Hot
increasingthedensity
,
air near
.

ground rarer than the air at higher levels

the is
optically .

So ,
light from tall object a
g. a tree
passes from e. ,
a

denser medium to medium

rarer
. and
a
continuously
incidence exceeds the
bends
towards the normal the
If angleTIRof To
.

critical angle ,
the
light suffer
.

distant observer the

a ,

below the
light appears to be
coming from ground
and the
observer
naturally assumes that the
light the
is
being reflected
from the
ground by a
pool ofwater
called
near tall
object This
phenomenon is a
Mirage It is
.
.

in hot deserts
very common .
2 Diamonds - Diamonds
known for their spectacular are
brilliance , their brilliance is due to the total internal
reflection The critical angleis for the diamond air interface
.

is small and
it very enters a diamond
to
undergo TIR
light
when
.
likely
Prism Prism used bend 90°
to
light by 180°
making
by invert
3 - are or
TIR Such prism is also
use of . a used to

images without
changing their size .

&
Optical fibres They are made of composite glass / quartz
-

fibers Eachindex
fibres the
has
.

material
and
cladding
The a core .

refractive of of the core is

higher than of the cladding .

Principle -
Total internal reflection .

end of
working When a
throughlightsuitable
signal is sent one
-

the
fibre at angle undergoes repeatedthe
a ,
it
total
and
internal reflections the
along end length of
fibre out
of the other
comes
Optical fibres .

are

side
fabricated in such
way
that
light
inner surface strikes the other at
reflected at a

one
of the critical
angle
larger than
angle .

Uses -

distances
1.
transmitting
Used audio
signals through long
for
electrical
receiving
.

and
transducers signals
2. Used for
transmitting
which be canconverted to
light by .

examine internal
pipe to intestines
lightstomach
'
3. Used as
organs like
esophagus , ,
.

Used in decorative
4.
lamps .
Refraction at
spherical surfaces ( Real
image by convene

lens ) PYQ 2020 , 19,15114

Consider a
medium
spherical surface object
convene is
placed ,
in
surface mediumof refracting
has
indent : and the
refractive index uz
other
uz
• '
>µ .
.

centre
be
Let P be the pole ,
C the
of curvature and Pc
the
principle axis of the convene
spherical refracting
surface .

' A
M, nahhh
i uz denser

✗ r B

0 P M C I

'

Let O' be point in rarer medium which

real
object placeI in denser medium
form image
• '
a .

Let LAOP =
;✗ LAIP B = and LACP r =

( i' is external
'

In DAOC ,
i = ✗ +
r 1 as

angle )
external
In DACI ✓ rtp ( 't is
'

,
=
as

h= T -

B 2
angle
From Snell 's Lane ,

Sini = Uz

Sin q Up

As angles small
very
are
,

% =
V2
Up
on it , i =
Uz -

from eqn ⑦ and 2

,

Up ( ✗ + 8) =
Nzlr B) -
 µ, ( tana + tanr) =
Malton r tanp ) -

U, AM + AM = M2 AM -
AM
MO me MC MI

As aperture is very small

,
M and P can be considered as

very
near
point .

MO is PO ,
MC = PC PAI = PI
,

Mr
Jo +
Ipc
=
M2
¥
-

LI
0h Mr + M2 = Uz -
Ul
PO PI PC PC

convection
According to
sign
PO = -
W ,
PI -_ U PC=R

Me
My
+ Uz - Mi
=

-
u R

Lens Makers Formula PYQ 2020,17 ,

15 ,
12,11 ,
10

Consider lens made

up of material of medium refractive
a convene absolute
index else and placedLet in optically rarer of
refractive index it , -
Pand,
Pz be Poles , C, and Cz be
curvature
centre
of of Radius R and Rz ,

respectively .

Lens is thin
Assumptions :
-

very
.

Aperture of lens is small .

Object is
ants
point object situated on
.
the principal
Incident and refractive makes small
angles
with the principal axis .
rays
The
image formation will takes
place in two steps : -

the objector
%) The
in The refracting
image2 which
Iz
surface
acts as a
9- creates
virtual image
object for
I.
the
of
refracting
surface
the
forms final image I.

Applying
derived
the formula
above to

the
first interface .

Mr Ma Ma
N,

Mu
Uz
Yi
'
-
-

R
And the second
for
interface
-

it. - Mz = µ ,
-
Uz
v or R

Adding both Equations : -

< > < >

u U,

Ug Mu !
'

Ma
¥
-

. = - M. -

Dividing by u. -

1
a
•

In =
Ma
M ,
-
1 "
r,
-

1pm
,
suppose
: .
the
v =
object
f-
is at
infinity ,

If
= Ma
Mi
-

1) ¥ ¥ -

This is lens maker 's

formula -

called thin
:O 1 =
1 -

Iu
This is hens
formula .

f- ,

Note : -

double concave and convex lens are

foci of the
The two
equidistant from optical centre The
focus on the .

side
of the original andsource of light is called the

first focal point the outer is called the

second focal point .

lens
Image formation by a

1.
Rays Parallel to the
second
principal anis after refraction pass
through
the
principalthefocus in a convex

lens
focus
and
in a concave divergelens
appear to from
.
first principal
2.
Ray of light passing
deviated
through the optical center passes through
un .

the first
3. A
ray of light passing through principal focus ( for a

convent the meet at it or

appearing principal
for a concave

lens
emerges parallel to the aais after refraction .
 Magnification : It is
defined as the ratio of the size of the
-

size
image to the of the
object .

'

m = h =
it
he U

Power : Power of a lens is a measure

of the convergence
or
-

divergence which a lens introduces in the

light falling
at unit distance from the
optical centre .

SI unit : -

m
- •
on D
diopter

Tan 8 = h
f-
Tan 8--1 ( it h -
-
1)
+
8=1 ( for small
angles )
t
p = I

Combination of lenses in contact PYQ 2017

consider thin lenses f- and

that two L , and Lz of focal length ,

in
f- ,
are placed contact with each
ants
other .

Suppose a
point
Consider
object 0 lies on the
principal of two lenses .

lenses to be thin
very
.

For lens 9-
,

%
I
In
-
=

, f- ,

for lens 2 ,

9- ,
I = I
v ll , f- 2

Adding both we
get
I
to -

In =

÷,
+

f- a

regarded equivalent single

two is to
St
lens
the lens
system as a

of focal length f have ,

we

•
-

± =

÷
So ,
we
get ,

7eq= ÷
I
¥
+
,
 In terms of power ,
we can write : -

P =P , + Pz -1ps - -
-

The net
as
magnification of the combination
of lens will be written

M
m =
, Mz Mz . . .

Such
systems are
designed to use cameras
microscope, .

telescopes and other

optical instruments .

Refraction through prism PYQ 2020 19,17

, , 16.13.12

PRISM : A prism is the portion of transparent refractingeach

-

medium bounded
by two
plane surface meeting
that it isalong combination
other
straight edge Also
saywhere
a .

,
we

the incident and the

a
of refracting
2
surfaces
emergent surfaces not are

parallel .

of Prism : the
Angleincident It is
defined as the
angle
-
between the
and
emergent face A .

of deviation
Angleincident It is defined as the angle between the
: -

nay produced
backwards
forward and the
emergent ray
produced s .

Prism Formula

ray of light
consider a PQ is
incident the
on
refracting face
AB Of the
prism at
point Q

Accordingbend
to the Laws
of refraction
QR.it
ray refracted along surface
again
u
by
AC
along Rs .

LMQR = i -
r, , LMRQ = e- rz

In DMQR ,

8 =
LMQR -1 LMRQ
= i -

r , + e- 92

8 = ite -
r , -1ha 1

In DNQR

91 -192 -1 LN = 180° 2
 Quadrilateral
☐ QNRM is a
cyclic
LN + A = 180° 3

from 2 and ③
A =
hi +92

Putting in equation 9- .

g- -
ite -

A A

Snell 's
Using Law for surface AB
,

Sini
1
=

sine
is small
as
angle very
i = U Oh i= Uh ,
n

for AC
surface ,

sin 92 =
1

sine u

Or
her 1µ e Mhz
= =

Putting the values in

e. i eqn a

8 =
Mr ,
+
Mr , - A
U A
=
r, + 92
-

= MA -
A
8 = Alu -
1) > Prism formula
Minimum Deviation

From eqn 4 , f- ite - A

<
S =
, i +
, e) 2- 2. ite -

for 8min ,

i i -

i e = 0

i=e
Uh , = Mhz

91 = 92
As '

g men = i. + i -
A

8min = Zi -
A

i = 5min + A
2

As ha -192 = A
2h , A :
9, ha
•

= =

ha = A
2

Snell 's Law for

Applying AB ,

u = Sini
sin hi

sin 8m + A
U =
2

sin A
-2

small
For small
and
angled prisms i. e. thin
prisms , Sm is also
very
we
get
sin 8m + A
µ =
2
( At Smith 8m =
Mai - 1 . A
n

sin
A / z

Az
implies prisms do not deviate much
This
light .

scattering of Light
Phenomenon
of bending ofwhen
It is possible
when
lightdust travelling
particle of
atmosphere
throughvolume is
•

only
compared to
wavelength of light
.

The
intensity ofof light is
inrersly fourth Power of as

wavelength light
I ✗ I It is called
Rayleigh 's Law of
µ
scattering .

Applications : -

The Blue colour travel

1
of when
sky atmosphere
-

lightthefrom the sun

throughscattered
the earth different wavelength
get at different angle . The
scattering of blue

blue
colour is
colour
16 Times
predominates
more
.
than red
light .
Due to this
2 At sunrise or sunset the Sun Look Almost Reddish -
At this
time
light from sun has traverse
shorter
larger thickness of
wavelength
this
atmosphere due
,
to
of
scattered and red
light reaches to earth away only colour
reddish
light
so sun
appears .

The cloud white light

generally In this
3 are -

case
travel small distance
all comparatively reaches to earth
through atmosphere
cloud look
so

while .
light wavelength so

a Red
light is used in
Danger signal
-

As
scattering is
low for larger wavelength
red
eight ,
so

danger signal are made

of light
.

Rainbow
The coloured spectrum white from
lightrain sun in the
form of
of
bows
with his
seen
immediately
backtowards
after
the sun is by called
an observer

rainbow .

This is due to
dispersion of white
light from the sun due to
total internal reflection .

Rainbow rainbow has violet colour

Primary The
primary
: -

the inner and red colour

edgethree
on on the outer

edgeTIRThis form Refraction followed by

followedby
.

step .

Refraction
by
.

Primary
Rainbow

Secondary
colour
Rainbow
on the
:-. The
inner secondary
edgefour and the
rainbow
voi let
has
colour
red
on
method
outer
edge .
This
form by step .

Refraction followed by FAR

a- ur
followed by TIR
Then
,
For
followed by refraction .
 Refraction
Tl R

Refraction

secondary
Rainbow .

Optical Instrument PYQ 2020,19 17114,13 12111,10 . ,

1. Simple Microscope ( Magnifying glass

A
simple microscope is
is converging lens of small
focala a

The idea erect

magnified
to and
lengthvirtual
.

getthe an ,

about 25cm
image of object at
or
distance
of
more .
a

working Principle :-

Case 1
vision
: when
.
final image
is
formed at least distance
of distinct
'
A

magnifying
Power Pow
Magnifying simple The l
- -

er
of reda

ratio
microscope is
deft .

a
, a
p

as the
of the angles - - - -
A

subtended
bywhen
the
imageboth and the object ✗
-
-

1- -
- -
- --
-

at the are at
eye distance
' o
, B B

least distinct vision

the of from
eye
-

m = B = tan 13 = AB / OB
'
✗ tan ✗ / 013
'
A' B

'
=
013 =
- U

OB
-
U

m= it
f- f-
- = 1- it

y
using thin lens
formula

Now
according to our
sign convection ,
• is
negative and is

magnitude
to D
equal to .

M = I + D

f-
Case 2 : when
image is formed at infinite .
Let
heightmaximum of object be of height h .

it can be
The
subtend to be visible without
angle a lens
is when it is at a distance D
subtended
from the observer The angle
.

will be

tan O_O
¥ -00
= =

subtended
The
⑦i
angleat the
bywhen
the
image
the
at
eye
object is a distance u -

'

Ei E- Lie
tan Oi = h =

image infinity
for to be at u = -

f
:O ⑤i = he
1-
⑥i
Angular magnification ¥
=
=

-0 .

This is
near
one

point
less than the
.
magnification when
object is at

Limitations A Simple
Magnifying glass
has
-

Microscope or
realistic
limited maximum
magnification for
focal lengths
-

2.
Compound Microscope PYQ 2014,13 , 12.11.10

two lenses one

For much
largerthemagnification the one uses
,

compounding effect of other This is called

.

compound Microscope .

Objective lens .
The lens nearest to the is called the
object
and real inverted
objective
which
produces a
,
and
magnified
image serves as an
object for the second lens .

like
Eyepiece The-

eyepiece functions which a

simplevirtual
Microscope
and
produces
and
the
final image is ,
erect
magnified
.
 invented
Therefore will
the
,
be first the
imagefocal plane the near

of eyepiece
.

The
final image will be
inverted w.at the object .

The linear
due to the Magnification
objective
equals "

Mo = h =
L
m f- o

[ :
tanp
=

¥ .
=
hi ]
Where L is
length microscope
theapproximately
the
between
of the
second
tube on distance the fours of
the objective and the
first focus of eyepiece the

length and his

height of object h
height of
'

focal fe , ,
first
imageis to is the focal length of objective The .

first
image formed near the the
focus of eyepiece .

As For Simple Microscope

is at
,
magnification due to lens when
object focus and be formed at
image is to D.

Me = I + D

fe
is at
And when final image infinity
.

me
¥
=

% Net
magnification
M = Mo me =

÷ at D

fe
when
at imageD to
.
be
formed
M = Mo Me =

¥ ¥
To
getandlarge magnification
should
for small objects .
the objective
The
objectivein
eyepiece
has a smaller
have small
aperture
focal
than
lengths the
.

eyepiece a
compound microscope .
 3.
Telescope PYQ 2020,19 17,12 ,

The
telescope
distant objects
is used to
.
provide angular magnification of
Construction objective
It has and an piece but
eye
-
an

here the objective lens hasthan the large focal length

and a a

much
larger aperture eyepiece .

Working from distant enters objective

light a
objects the
-

and real image a is

formed in the tube at its
second focal
lengthfinalTheinverted
eyepiece magnifies
.
this image
producing a
image .

Magnification
the ratio
:

It is of the
subtended
angle by
the
to that
final image
subtended
bythe object
the at
or lens
eye
-

f-
m =
By = h_
te
.

n
o

m =
to
fe

The
length of the telescopehave
tube =
fetf
additional
.

Refracting lenses
type telescopes an
pair of
inverting final image erect to make the -

For Astronomical
an
Telescope resolution and resolving ,

power depend the

of objective With larger
on area the .

diameters , fainter objects can be observed . So ,

in telescope
the diameter
of the objective is
Large
Limitations of
Refracting telescope
lenses and such
1.
require
Theyheavy and they
large big lenses tend to be
difficult to make and are

support by their edges .

to make such
2. St is
The very
expensive large lenses .

3
images formed not free from chromatic are
.

aberrations and distortions .

Reflecting telescope The telescopes with mirror objectives
are called reflective telescopes
Advantages
There are
-

no chromatic aberrations in a mirror .

used
If
are
Parabolic
also
reflecting
removed .
surfaces are
, spherical aberrations

weigh of equal
More stable as mirrors less than lenses
optical quality .

Limitations .

objective focuses inside the telescope and

The the
lightobstruct
the
eyepiece and observer some
light
-

Cassegrain telescope
In this
type of telescope light is
being focussed by
,
another mirror
mirror focuses
is
deflected A
the incident
convex
which
.

secondary objective
light
passes
mirror
through
hole in the a
primary
st is
advantageous as we can
get large
.

focal length in a short telescope .