E111: Spherical Mirrors

E112: Thin Lenses

Group Leader: Group Number: 4

Chua, Rhick Jenzer Y.
Group Members:

Aguila, Andrea Nicole A.

Hossain, Shailani B

Manlongat, Chandler M.

Rivera, Robin Miguel N.

24, October 2020

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

 E111: A mirror is a surface that reflects when light strikes on it. Since it does not absorb abundant light,
most of the light bounces off and reconvened to produce images. There are two types of a spherical mirror, a curved
mirror, the concave mirror and the convex mirror. A concave mirror, or a converging mirror, is where its inner
surface is used as the reflecting surface. This mirror converges the light and reflects when the light strikes on its
reflecting surface. When it is placed closely to the object, a magnified and virtual image is achieved. However,
increasing the distance of the object and the mirror, the size of the image becomes smaller and the real image is
produced. While a convex mirror, or a diverging mirror, uses its outer surface as a reflecting surface. This type of
mirror diverges the light when the light strikes on its reflecting surface. Virtual, upright, and reduced images are
always produced by convex mirrors, regardless of the distance between the object and the mirror. To determine the
focal length, the equation (1) is used where s is the object distance, s’ is the image distance and f is the focal length.
1 1 1
= + (1)
f s s'
E112: Lenses are a piece of glass or a transparent material used as an optical device that disperses light
rays by the process called refraction. The two main types of lenses are convex lens and concave lens. The convex
lens, or converging lens, have thinner lens in the middle. It causes the concentration of the parallel light rays. While
the concave lens, or diverging lens, has a thicker lens in the middle part. It causes the parallel light rays to disperse.
The ability of the lens to magnify depends on its focal length. In determining the focal length, measuring the image
distance and object distance should be obtained. For image magnification, to calculate the image size and the object
size use equation (2) and for calculating the image distance and object distance use equation (3).
h1
M=
h2
(2)
−s '
M= (3)
s

For table 1, the focal length is measured when the object distance is greater than the image distance. The
experiment is performed in three trials which yields 10.45 cm for trial 1, 15.70 for trial 2, and 18.08 for trial 3. The
average focal length of the three trials is 14.74 cm which is then compared to the 14.0 cm focal length when the
image distance is equal to object distance. Moreover, the obtained percentage difference of the two focal length is
5.16%. Consequently, it can be observed that as the object distance has a direct proportionality with the image
distance, thus, the focal length is also increasing.
 For table 2, the focal length is computed when image distance is greater than the object distance. The focal
length for trial 1 yields 14.67 cm, while for trial 2 is 14.81 cm, and for trial 3 the focal length is 13.79 cm. Hence,
average focal length resulted to 14.42 cm. The percentage difference yields to 2.96% which possess small
difference when the average focal length is assessed from the experimental value of the table 3 which is 14.00 cm.
Through inspection, it can be remarked that as the object distance is decreasing the image distance is increasing.
Nevertheless, they have inverse proportionality. In addition, when the image distance is greater than the object
distance the calculated focal length tends to be increasing.

For table 3, the resulting focal length is 14.00 cm from the object distance of 28 cm equal to the image
distance of 28 cm. Since there is no actual value, the experimental value for table 3 will be the reference in
computing for the percent difference in Table 1 and Table 2.

For table 4, the focal length is determined from converging lens in position 1 and position 2. The focal length in
position 1 are 19.62 cm from 90.0 cm position of image screen, 19.52 cm focal length for 100.00 cm position of
image screen and 19.75 focal length for 110.00 cm position of image screen. Thus, the average focal length for
position 19.63 cm. In position 2, the focal length from 90.00 cm, 100.00 cm, and 110.00 cm yields to 19.83 cm,
19.76 cm, and 19.96 cm respectively. The average focal length in position 2 is 19.85 cm. Furthermore, the
percentage difference for position 1 is 1.84% and 0.76% which can be attributed from the procedural errors. One of
the possible errors is the poor eyesight of the observer that can alter impression of the image formed. Also, the
environment which is not totally dark can also contribute. The values of position 1 is closer to position 2 where it
can also state that the object distance of position 1 become the image distance of position 2. Lastly the image
distance of position 1 become the object distance of position.
 For table 5, the magnification for positions 1 and 2 is assessed from the ratio of image distance and object
distance and height of the image and height of the object. In position 1, the magnification from the ratio of image
distance is -2.114, -2.759, and -3.264 while for position 2 the magnification is -0.488, -0.371, and -0.313. Moreover,
the magnification from the ratio of height of the image and height of the object for position 1 is 2.125, 2.75, and
3.25. Thus, for position 2, the magnification is 0.475,0.35, and 0.325. Additionally, the percentage difference in
position 1 and 2 is calculated between the ratio of image distance and object distance and the ratio of the height of
the image and height of the object for 90 cm, 100 cm, 110 cm position of image of the screen. For position 1, the
percentage difference yields 0.52%,0.33%, and 0.43%. While for position 2 the percentage difference is 2.70%,
5.83%, 3.76% correspondingly. Through assessment, the image formed is inverted from the ratio of image distance
and object distance since the calculated value resulted to negative sign. Also, it can be noticed that when the lens is
situated in position 1, the images formed is enlarged because the values are greater than 1. Hence for position 2 the
image is diminished because the magnification is less than 1.

CONCLUSION:
E111: The experiment it tackles of two types of mirrors and these are the plane and spherical mirrors. It
shows that the plane mirrors produce virtual, unmagnified, and erect images. Spherical mirrors produce shape of a
partial sphere. It is also determined in this experiment the number of images that can be formed in a certain angle. In
this experiment, it is proven that the light can be considered as a wave because it has the property of a wave which is
called reflection. The number of images is directly proportion to the angle where in if the angle becomes larger the
number of images is much formed. It also seen in the experiment that plane mirror is always virtual, upright, same
size and distance. While the spherical mirrors, it is always virtual or real, reduced or enlarged, upright or inverted
depending on the type of mirror used. Through the given parameters, focal length can be computed which is the
reciprocal of the object distance and the image distance. Knowing the basics about mirrors can be used in our daily
lives, mirrors to look ourselves and we can fix our clothes in the mirrors or we can shave mustache for the man.
Understanding the function of the mirrors gives us a well-used of it, therefore it is important to have knowledge of
the different types of mirrors and how they react in a certain wave.
E112: The principles of thin lenses were introduced in E112. The distance of the image is directly
proportional to the distance of the object. A real image can be generated before the object hits the focal point of the
lens. There is a relationship between the distance between the object and the magnification of the image. It is found
that the ratio between the height of the object and its image is the same as the ratio between the distance between the
object and the image. If the magnifying value is negative, it means that the image is inverted, and if the
magnification value is positive, an upright image is produced. The objectives of the experiments have been
accomplished, such as the determination of the focal length of the mirrors under various conditions. The objective of
determining the focal length of the converging lenses was also achieved; and its magnification using the image and
the height of the object and the distance of the image and object.
There are errors that have affected the experiment, primarily due to the incorrect calculation of the
necessary values. It is also possible that the cause of the error is due to the execution of the experiment because the
proponent 's concept of a clear picture is relative to the eyes of the proponents. In the application of optics to
mechanical engineering, manufacturing machines have been central to progressive technology. In today's technology
in the development of microchip, optics have a key role to play in achieving billions of transistors in a small silicone
chip. Engineers built lenses that accurately print nm-length transistors, making electronic devices energy efficient
and effective in computing. This state-of-the-art technology is being developed by mechanical engineers and in
collaboration with other fields.
REFERENCE:
A. (2020, October 15). Concave Mirrors And Convex Mirrors. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/physics/concave-convex-
mirrors/
Libretexts. (2020, August 11). Mirrors. Physics LibreTexts.
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Optics/Supplemental_Modules_(Components)/Mirrors
A. (2020b, August 27). Lenses In Optics. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/physics/lenses-in-optics/

Group Interaction (50%)

 Group No. 4 Experiment No. 11& Date: 24/10/2020 .

Member’s Name and Rating

Aguila, Chua, Hossain Manlongat Rivera,

DESCRIPTION
Andrea Rhick , , Chandler Robin
Nicole Jenzer Shailani M. Miguel N.
A. Y. B.
QUALITY AND VOLUME OF WORK.
Quality and thoroughness generally above
requirements; works exceptionally accurate,
neat, and complete 10 10 10 10 10
1 – 3 Rare 4–5 Sometimes
6 – 8 Oftentimes 9 – 10 Always

INITIATIVE. Consistently searches for

ideas; prompt in taking actions; not easily
put off by obstacles. 10 10 10 10 10

ATTITUDE TOWARDS OTHERS.

Definitely friendly, cooperative, considerate
and understanding.
10 10 10 10 10
1 – 3 Rare 4–5 Sometimes
6 – 8 Oftentimes 9 – 10 Always

DEPENDABILITY AND
RESPONSIVENESS. Always reliable,
dependable, and complete works as
requested without confusion. 10 10 10 10 10
1 – 3 Rare 4–5 Sometimes
6 – 8 Oftentimes 9 – 10 Always
PUNCTUALITY AND ATTENDANCE.
Exceptionally punctual; always the first to
come to class in your group.
10 10 10 10 10
1 – 3 Rare 4–5 Sometimes
6 – 8 Oftentimes 9 – 10 Always

Total 50 50 50 50
50