MS - 9장 Clutter and MTI

Chapter 9.
Clutter and Moving Target

Indicator (MTI)
Hankuk Aviation Univ.
RSP Lab
Ground Radar - Environment
RSP Lab
Radar Environments
< Radar signals and Interference>
Noise :
in the receiver, ant, tx line
outside from sun random.
Random motion at all temp.
above absolute zero.
Clutter : Unwanted signal

echo from sea, land, weather
ECM :
electromagnetic
countermeasures noise jamming
EMI :
friendly sources such as other
radar, comm. sys, friendly jammer
Spillover : internal clutter
RSP Lab
9.1 Clutter Definition

Clutter Definition : Clutter is unwanted radar returns
that may interfere with normal radar operations.
Type : Mainloabe Clutter & Sidelobe Clutter
1) Surface clutter :
- Ground clutter : trees, vegetation, ground terrain, man-made structure
- Sea clutter : sea surface (sea clutter)
2) Volume clutter : chaff, rain, birds, insects
Notes: Individual clutter components : random phase and amplitude
Clutter signal level >> receiver noise level

Radars ability to detect targets signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR)
RSP Lab
Radar Clutter Type

Clutter
AREA
Land
-mountains
-woods
-vegetated
farmland
-desert
VOLUME
OTHER
Weather
- rain
- snow
Moving vehicles
Chaff
Insects
Dust storm
Angles
Birds
SEA
RSP Lab
Signal-to-Clutter Ratio (SCR)

Average Clutter RCS is
c 0 Ac
(9.1)
where 0 clutter scattering coefficien t (m 2 / m 2 )

Ac clutter area
-Propagation factor :
- constructive/destructive interference of the electromagnetic waves diffracted

from an object (target or clutter)
-Target/clutter returns with different angles of arrival of different
propagation factors
t Ft 2 Fr2
SCR
c Fc2
(9.2)
where Fc clutter propagation factor

Ft / Fr Tx / Rx propagation factors for target. in many case, Ft Fr
RSP Lab
9.2 Surface Clutter

- Surface clutter includes both land and sea clutter.
- Area clutter is concern for
1) Airborne radars in the look-down mode
2) ground-based radars when searching for targets at low grazing angle.
- Grazing angle ( g ) : angle from the surface of the earth to the main axis of
the illuminating beam.
< Definition of grazing angle >

RSP Lab
Grazing Angle vs. Scattering Coefficient

- Three factors affect the amount of clutter in the radar beam.
1) Grazing angle 2) Surface roughness 3) Radar wavelength
- Smaller wavelength larger scattering coefficient
0
< Dependency of
on the grazing angle >

RSP Lab
Critical Grazing Angle

- Low grazing angle region : from zero to the critical angle.
- Critical angle : angle below which a surface is considered to be smooth, and

above which a surface is considered to be rough.
- hrms = rms of a surface height irregularity
- According to the Rayleigh criteria the surface is considered to be smooth if
4 hrms
sin g
(9.3)
- Due to surface height irregularity, the rough path is longer than the
smooth path
by a distance 2hrms sin. g
RSP Lab
Rough Surface
- This path difference translates into a phase differential
2hrms sin g
(9.4)
< Rough surface definition >
- When (first null), Grazing angle g = critical angle gc

RSP Lab
Rough Surface
4 hrms
sin gc
(9.5)
or equivalently,
gc sin 1
hrms
(9.6)
- In the case of sea clutter, the rms surface height irregularity is

1.72
hrms 0.025 0.046 Sstate
(9.7)
- Clutter at low grazing angle diffuse clutter : large number of clutter

returns in the radar beam (non-coherent
reflections)
- Clutter in the high grazing angle region is more specular (coherent
reflections)
RSP Lab
Radar Equation for Area Clutter

- Airborne radar in the look-down mode case.
Elliptical shape
- Footprint size = f ( g ,3dB )

- Footprint is divided into many ground range bins each size (c / 2) sec g
RSP Lab
Ground Clutter Model

- 0
-
( 3% )
(A)
A 2R(c/2)tan(az / 2) sec( )
: 3
Pt G 2 2 Pt G 2 0 A2
Pc
3 4
(4 ) R
(4 )3 R 4
RSP Lab
Ground Clutter Geometry

Radar
az Half Power azimuth beamwidth
2 R tan(el / 2)
tan
c / 2
2R
tan(az / 2)
(c / 2 ) sec
A 2 R(c / 2 ) tan(az / 2) sec

where
2R tan(el / 2)
tan
c / 2
RSP Lab
Radar Equation for Area Clutter

- Clutter area Ac is
Ac R 3dB
c
sec g
2
(9.8)
- Power received by the radar from

a scatterer within Ac is
Pt G 22 t
St
(4 )3 R 4
where t target RCS
(9.9)
- Received power from clutter is

< Footprint definition >
- SCR for area clutter is

( SCR) A c
Pt G 22 c
S Ac
(4 )3 R 4
2 t cos g
03dB Rc
(9.10)
(9.11)
RSP Lab
Example 9.1
Example 9.1 : Consider an airborne radar. Let the antenna 3dB beam width
be 3dB 0.02rad , the pulse width 2s, range R 20km, and grazing angle
g 20o. Assume target RCS t 1m 2 , and clutter reflection coefficien t

o 0.0136 m 2 / m 2 . Compute the SCR.
( SCR) Ac
2 t cos g
0 3dB Rc
(2)(1)(cos 20)
4
2
.
48
10
(0.0136)(0.02)(20000)(3 108 )(2 10 6 )
It follows that
( SCR ) Ac 36.06dB
thus, for relible detection the radar must somehow increase its SCR by
at least (36 X )dB, where X is on the order of 10dB or better .
RSP Lab
Sea Clutter Model

- Sea State
-
M v 0.8 W
v 0.105 W
(A)
A 2R(c/2)tan( az / 2) sec( )
R
Pc
Pt G 2 2 Pt G 2 0 A2
Pc
3 4
(4 ) R
(4 )3 R 4
RSP Lab
9.3 Volume clutter

- Volume clutter includes rain, chaff, birds, insects the volume clutter
coefficient is expressed in squared meters
- Birds, insects and other flying particles are referred to as angel clutter
the average RCS as a function of the weight of the bird or insect is reported
as,
b dBsm 46 5.8 log wb
(9.12)
where, wb is the individual weight in grams

- Bird and insect RCS are also function of frequency
ex) pigeons RCS is -26dBsm at S-band, -27dBsm at X-band

RSP Lab
Volume Clutter Model
- Wind Shear, Beam Broadening, Turbulence

-
Az/El/(V)
V R 2 el az / 4 c / 2
Pc
Pt G 2 2 Pt G 2 vV2
Pc
3 4
(4 ) R
(4 )3 R 4
c / 2
Rel
To radar
Raz
R 2 el az c
V

4
RSP Lab
Chaff RCS
- Chaff is used as ECM technique by hostile forces.
It consist of a large number of dipole reflectors (large RCS values).
Maximum chaff RCS occurs when dipole length L is one half radar wavelength.
Average RCS for single dipole when broadside is,
chaff1 0.882
(9.13)
and for an average aspect angle, it drops to
chaff1 0.152
(9.14)
where, the subscript chaff1 indicate a single dipole

- The total chaff RCS within radar resolution volume is,
chaff 0.152 N D
(9.15)
where, ND is total number of dipoles in the resolution volume

RSP Lab
Rain Clutter Model

M v V0 cos
v shear turb beam

2
shear 0.42kRel
turb 1.0
(m / sec)
fall 1.0 sin( )
2
fall
k wind shear gradient (4m /(sec)( Km))

R slant range( Km)
(m / sec)
beam 0.42V0az sin
(m / sec)
(m / sec)
el elevation beamwidth(radians)
az azimuth beamwidth(radians)
azimuth relative to wind direction at beam center
elevation angle
V0 wind speed at beam center(m/s ec)
RSP Lab
Weather and rain clutter

- Weather or rain clutter is easier to suppress than chaff, since rain can be as
perfect small spheres.
- We can use the Rayleigh approximation of perfect sphere to rain droplets

RCS Rayleigh approximation is given as,
9r kr
2
(9.16)
where, k 2 / and r is radius of a rain droplet

- Electromagnetic wave when reflected from perfect sphere become strongly
co-polarized (same polarization as incident waves) .
Therefore backscatter energy from rain retains the same polarization as

incident waves, but reversed direction of propagation.
So, radar suppress rain clutter by co-polarizing the radar antenna.
RSP Lab
Resolution volume
- Defining as RCS per unit resolution volume VW, it computed as,
N
i
i 1
(9.17)
where, N is the total number of scatterers within the resolution volume

- Total RCS of a single resolution volume is,
N
W i vW
(9.18)
i 1
- A resolution volume is in Fig 9.6, and is approximated by
VW
a e R 2c
(9.19)
8
where, a ,b are antenna beam width in az, el, is pulse width, R is range
RSP Lab
Weather clutter coefficient
<Fig 9.6 Definition of a resolution volume>
- Consider a propagation medium with an index of refraction m.

The ith rain droplet RCS approximation in this medium is,
where,
5 2 6
i 4 K Di
m2 1
2
K 2
m 2
(9.20)
(9.21)
where, Di is the ith droplet diameter

RSP Lab
Weather clutter coefficient

- For example, temperatures between 32F and 68F yield,
5 6
i 0.93 4 Di
- and for ice (9.20) can be approximated by,

5 6
i 0.2 4 Di
- Substituting (9.20) into (9.17) yields

5 2
4 K Z
where the weather clutter coefficient Z is defined as

N
Z Di
(9.22)
(9.23)
(9.24)
(9.25)
i 1
- In general, the units of Z are often expressed in millimeter6/m3

RSP Lab
Radar equation for volume clutter

- The total power received by radar from t at R is
Pt G 2 2 t
St
(4 )3 R 4
- The weather clutter power received by the radar is
(9.26)
Pt G 22 W
SW
(9.27)
3 4
(4 ) R
- Using (9.18) and (9.19) into (9.27) and collecting terms yield,
N
Pt G 22 2
SW
R a e c i
(9.28)
3 4
(4 ) R 8
i 1
- SCR for weather clutter is computed by dividing (9.26) by (9.28), more
precisely,
8 t
SCR V St
N
(9.29)
SW
2
a e cR i
where V is used to denote volume clutter.
i 1
RSP Lab
9.4 Clutter statistical models

- Clutter is statistically described by a probability distribution function.
The type of distribution depends on the nature of clutter itself (sea, land,
volume), radar operating frequency and the grazing angle.
- If probability of receiving scatterer is statistically independent of another
scatterer, then, the clutter may be modeled using a Rayleigh distribution,
x2
2x
; x 0
f x
exp
x0
x0
(9.30)
where x0 is the mean squared value of x

- The log-nomal distribution best describes land clutter at low grazing angles.
it also fits sea clutter in the plateau region. It given by,
RSP Lab
Clutter statistical models

ln x ln xm 2
1
;
f x
exp
2
2
2
x0
(9.31)
where xm is the median of the random variable x, is the standard deviation

of ln(x).
- Weibull distribution is used to model clutter at low grazing angles for 1 to 10
Ghz. Weibull probability density function is determined by the Weibull slope
parameter and a median scatter coefficient 0 and given by,
xb
f x
exp ; x 0
0
0
where, b=1/a is known as the shape prameter.
bx b 1
(9.32)
when b=2 the Weibull distribution becomes a Rayleigh distribution.

RSP Lab
9.5 Clutter Spectrum

- Clutter is not always stationary : wind speed, motion of the radar scanning
antenna Doppler frequency spread
- In Ground Radar
clutter spectrum : concentrated around f 0 and integer multiples of the radar
PRF f r
: some small spreading
- clutter power spectrum : fixed (stationary) + random (frequency spreading)

for most cases, Gaussian
RSP Lab
Clutter Spectrum
- denote the fixed to the random power ratio by
W2
clutter spectrum
0 2
W2
0
0
Sc w 0
exp
2
2
2
2
1W
1 W 2 2
stationary clutter
(9.33)
frequency spreading
0 2f o , : rms frequency spread component, 0 : Weibull parameter

- Clutter power :
concentrated around zero Doppler with some spreading
(typically less than 100Hz)
RSP Lab
Ground Clutter - Environment
RSP Lab
Clutter Radial Velocity Characteristics
RSP Lab
Clutter PSD
- Model clutter using a Gaussian-shaped power spectrum
Sc w
Pc
2
0 2
exp
2
2
(9.34)
Pc : total clutter, : deviation, 0 : mean

Concentrated around DC and
integer multiples PRF
<Typical radar return PSD when clutter and target are present >
RSP Lab
Clutter Spectrum Characteristics
* Responce of a double canceller MTI to ground, rain , and chaff clitter
RSP Lab
9.6 Moving Target Indicator (MTI)

- In CW radar :
suppress clutter return by
ignoring the receiver output DC

- In Pulsed radar system:
suppress clutter return by using
special filter, MTI
- MTI filter :
deep stop-band at DC and
at integer multiples of the PRF
(a)
(b)
(c)
Typical radar return PSD

MTI filter frequency response
Output from an MTI filter
RSP Lab
Blind Speed
MTI Filter
- using delay line cancelers
- periodic frequency response (null at nf r )

Blind speed : target Doppler frequency=
vblind
nf r
2
nf r severely attenuate
; n0
(9.35)
- minimize the occurrence of blind speeds

PRF staggering : changing PRF between consecutive pulses
using high PRF
RSP Lab
Coherent MTI Radar Block Diagram
<Coherent MTI Radar Block Diagram>

RSP Lab
9.7 Single Delay Line Canceler

two-pulse canceler
ht : impulse response
y t xt * ht : output
delay T PRI
1
fr
< Single delay line canceler >
impulse response
Fourier transform
Z-domain
yt xt xt T
(9.36)
ht t t T
(9.37)
H 1 e jT
H z 1 z 1
2f
(9.38)
(9.39)
RSP Lab
Power gain (Single Delay line Canceler)

Power gain for the single delay line canceler response
H H H * 1 e jT 1 e jT
2
(9.40)
e jwt cos wt j sin wt
H 1 1 e jT e jT 21 cos T
2
(9.41)
2 2 cos 2 4sin 2
H 4sin T 2
2
(9.42)
RSP Lab
MATLAB Function single_canceler.m

single canceler period f r ( PRF ), peak f 2n 1 2 f r , nulls f nf r
< Single canceler frequency response >
RSP Lab
9.8 Double Delay Line Canceler

- Two basic configurations of a double delay line canceler
Double canceler are often called three-pulse canceler
< Two configurations for a double delay line canceler. >

RSP Lab
Double Delay Line Canceler

- The double line canceler impulse response is given by
h(t ) (t ) 2 (t T ) (t 2T )
(9.43)
- The power gain for the double delay line canceler is
H ( ) H1 ( ) H1 ( )
2
(9.44)
- It follows that
T
H ( ) 16 sin
2
(9.45)
- In the z-domain
H ( z ) (1 z 1 ) 2 1 2 z 1 z 2
(9.46)
RSP Lab
MATLAB Function double_canceler.m

- MATLAB Function double_canceler.m
[resp] double _ canceler ( fofr )
fofr is the number of periods desired.

Better response than the single canceler (deeper notch and flatter pass-band response)
< Normalized frequency response for single and double cancelers. >
RSP Lab
9.9 Delay Line with Feedback(Recursive Filters)

- The advantage of a recursive filter
shape the frequency response of the filter
- From the figure
y(t ) x(t ) (1 K )w(t ) (9.47)

v(t ) y(t ) w(t )
(9.48)
w(t ) v(t T )
(9.49)
< MTI recursive filter >
- Applying the z-transform to the above three equation yields
Y ( z) X ( z) (1 K )W ( z)
(9.50)
V ( z) Y ( z) W ( z)
(9.51)
W ( z ) z 1V ( z )
(9.52)
RSP Lab
Delay Line with Feedback(Recursive Filters)

- Solving for the transfer function
H ( z) Y ( z) / X ( z)
yields
1 z 1
H ( z)
1 Kz 1
(9.53)
- The modulus square of H (z ) is then equal to

(1 z 1 )(1 z )
2 ( z z 1 )
H ( z)
(1 Kz 1 )(1 Kz ) (1 K 2 ) K ( z z 1 )
2
(9.54)
- Using the transformation z e jT yields
z z 1 2 cos T
(9.55)
- Thus, Eq. (9.54) can now be rewritten as

2
H (e jT )
2(1 cos T )
(1 K 2 ) 2 K cos(T )
(9.56)
RSP Lab

- When K=0, Eq. (9.56) collapses to Eq. (9.42)
H ( ) 4sin T / 2
2
(9.42)
- By changing the gain factor K one can control of the filter response
< Frequency response corresponding to Eq.(9.56). >

RSP Lab

- In order to avoid oscillation due to the positive feedback
the value of K should be less than unity
- The value (1 K ) 1 is normally equal to the number of pulses received from
the target
ex) K=0.9 corresponds to ten pulses
K=0.98 corresponds to about fifty pulses
RSP Lab
9.10 PRF Staggering

- Blind speeds can pose serious limitations
performance of MTI radars
ability to perform adequate target detection
- Using PRF agility by changing the pulse repetition interval consecutive pulse
extend the first blind speed to tolerable values
- In order to show how PRF staggering
assume that two radars with distinct PRFs are utilized for detection
using two radars to alleviate the problem of blind speed is a very costly
option
- A more practical solution
to use a single radar with two or more different PRFs
RSP Lab
PRF Staggering
- Consider a radar system with two interpulse periods T1 and T2
T1 n1
(9.57)
T2 n2
Where, n1 and
n2 are integer
- The first true blind speed occurs when

- The ratio (stagger ratio)
n1 n2
T1 T2
ks
n1
n2
(9.58)
(9.59)
RSP Lab
PRF Staggering
Using staggering ratios closer to

unity the first true blind speed
farther out
- The dip in the vicinity of 1 / T1

becomes deeper
< Frequency responses of a single canceler. T1=4, T2=3, T1/T2=4/3 >
RSP Lab
PRF Staggering
< MTI responses, staggering ratio 63/64 >
- In general, if there are N PRFs related by

n
n1 n2
N
T1 T2
TN
(9.60)
- If the first blind speed to occur for any of the indiviual PRFs is vblind1
- The first true blind speed for the staggered waveform is
vblind
n1 n2 nN
vblind1
N
(9.61)
RSP Lab
9.11 MTI Improvement Factor

Performance of MTI systems
- Clutter Attenuation (CA)
- MTI Improvement factor
(1) MTI Clutter attenuation
CA = Ci / Co
Ci : MTI filter input clutter power
Co : Output clutter power
(9.62)
(2) MTI Improvement factor
S0
I
C0
Si S 0 Ci

Ci Si C0
S0
CA
Si
(9.63)
(9.64)
So/Si = |H(w)|2 : average power gain for MTI filter
RSP Lab
MTI Improvement Factor

Gaussian clutter power spectrum
W( f )
Pc
exp( f 2 2 c2 )
2 c
Pc : clutter power (constant)
(9.65)
c : clutter rms frequency
c 2 v /
(9.66)
v : rms wind velocity => wind: main reason of clutter freq. spreading
f 22
Pc
W( f )
exp
2
8
2 2 v
(9.67)
Clutter power at the input of an MTI filter
Co
f2
exp 2 df
2 c
2 c
Pc
(9.68)
RSP Lab

Factoring out
Ci Pc
f2
exp 2 df
2 c
2 c
1
(9.69)
(9.70)
Ci Pc
Clutter power at output of an MTI
Co W ( f ) H ( f ) df
2
(9.71)
Analysis using a single delay line canceller

Single canceller power gain
f
H ( f ) 4 sin
fr
2
(9.72)
RSP Lab

Eq.(9.71) & Eq.(9.72)
Co
f 2 f
Pc
exp 2 4 sin
2 c
2 c f r
df
(9.73)
Small f, then ratio f/ fr is very small. (ie c<<fr)

Using the small angle approximation
Co
f f
exp 2 4
2 c
2 c f r
Pc
Rewritten as
4 Pc 2
Co
f r2
df
(9.74)
f2 2
exp 2 f df
2 c
2 c
1
(9.75)
Integral part is the second moment of a zero mean Gaussian distribution

2
2
4
P
with c
C c 2
o
2
r
(9.76)
RSP Lab

Substituting eq.(9.76)&(9.70) into (9.62)
2
CA
Ci f r

Co 2 c
(9.77)
Improvement factor for a single canceller
S0 f r
I
Si 2 c
(9.78)
Power gain ratio for a single canceller

2
f
sin df
4
fr
fr / 2
2
Using the trigonometric identity (2 2 cos 2 ) 4(sin )
f /2
1 r
2f
2
df 2
H( f )
2 2 cos
fr fr / 2
fr
So
1
2
H( f )
Si
fr
fr / 2
(9.79)
(9.80)
RSP Lab

It follows that
fr
I 2
2 c
=> Only c<<fr
(9.81)
When c<<fr is not true, the autocorrelation function needs

Ex 9.3
fr =800Hz, clutter rms c =6.4Hz (Wooded hills v = 1.16311 km/hr)
find the improvement factor when a single delay line canceller is used.
Solution : clutter attenuation (CA)
2
f 800
395.771 25.974dB
CA r
2 c 2 (6.4)
since S0/Si = 2 = 3dB
IdB = (CA + So/Si) dB = 3 + 25.97 = 28.97dB
RSP Lab
9.12 Subclutter Visibility (SCV)

Phrase Subclutter Visibility (SCV)
- radars ability to detect non-stationary targets in a strong clutter background
- used as a measure of MTI performance
<Illustration of SCV (a) MTI input (b) MTI output>

RSP Lab
Subclutter Visibility (SCV)

Phrase Interclutter Visibility (ICV)
radars ability to detect non-stationary targets between strong clutter points
- > if radar system - resolve the area of strong and weak clutter
SCV - expressed as the ratio of the improvement factor to the min.MTI output
SCR
(9.82)
SCV I /( SCR)o
SCV of two radars not compare their performance
-> target-to-clutter ratio : proportional to the size of the radar resolution
cell and may also be a function of frequency.
ex) Radar system with 10us pulse length & 10o beamwidth : need 20dB more
SCV than Radar system with 1us pulse length & 1o beamwidth.
RSP Lab
9.13 Delay Line Cancellers with Optimal Weights

Delay line canceller transversal FIR filter (tapped delay line filter)
<N-stage tapped delay line implementation>
Weights : binomial coefficients -> N-stage cascaded single line cancellers

Binomial coefficient :
wi (1)
i 1
N!
; i 1,..., N 1
( N i 1)!(i 1)!
(9.83)
RSP Lab
Delay Line Cancellers with Optimal Weights

Using the binomial coefficients produces an MTI filter (approximated optimal
filter)
-> maximize the improvement factor
Two equivalent three delay line cancellers

(a) Tapped delay line (b)Three cascaded single line cancellers
RSP Lab

Average power gain for an N-stage delay line canceller
f
S0
2
H1 ( f ) 4 sin
Si i 1
i 1
fr
For example, N=2 (delay line canceller)
N
Rewritten
f
S0
16 sin
Si
fr
S0
2N
H1 ( f )
Si
(9.84)
f
2N
2 sin
fr
(9.85)
2N
(9.86)
Blind speeds for N-stage delay canceller : identical to single cancellers blind speed
Blind speed : independent from the number of cancellers used
S0
N ( N 1) N ( N 1)( N 2)
1 N 2

...
Si
2!
3!
(9.87)
RSP Lab

General expression by Nathanson
( S o / Si )
I N N
* (k j )
wk w j
k 1 j 1
fr
wk & wj
((k-j)/fr)
(9.88)
: weights of tapped delay line canceller

: correlation coefficient between the kth and jth samples
For example, N = 2
1
4
1
1 T 2T
3
3
(9.89)
RSP Lab

MS - 9장 Clutter and MTI

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Chapter 9.

Clutter and Moving Target

Hankuk Aviation Univ.

Ground Radar - Environment

Hankuk Aviation Univ.

< Radar signals and Interference>

Hankuk Aviation Univ.

Clutter : Unwanted signal

Spillover : internal clutter

9.1 Clutter Definition

Notes: Individual clutter components : random phase and amplitude

Clutter signal level >> receiver noise level

Radar Clutter Type

Signal-to-Clutter Ratio (SCR)

where 0 clutter scattering coefficien t (m 2 / m 2 )

- constructive/destructive interference of the electromagnetic waves diffracted

where Fc clutter propagation factor

9.2 Surface Clutter

< Definition of grazing angle >

Grazing Angle vs. Scattering Coefficient

Hankuk Aviation Univ.

on the grazing angle >

Critical Grazing Angle

- Critical angle : angle below which a surface is considered to be smooth, and

- According to the Rayleigh criteria the surface is considered to be smooth if

< Rough surface definition >

- When (first null), Grazing angle g = critical angle gc

- In the case of sea clutter, the rms surface height irregularity is

- Clutter at low grazing angle diffuse clutter : large number of clutter

Radar Equation for Area Clutter

- Footprint size = f ( g ,3dB )

Ground Clutter Model

Ground Clutter Geometry

az Half Power azimuth beamwidth

A 2 R(c / 2 ) tan(az / 2) sec

Radar Equation for Area Clutter

- Power received by the radar from

- Received power from clutter is

- SCR for area clutter is

g 20o. Assume target RCS t 1m 2 , and clutter reflection coefficien t

Hankuk Aviation Univ.

Sea Clutter Model

9.3 Volume clutter

b dBsm 46 5.8 log wb

where, wb is the individual weight in grams

ex) pigeons RCS is -26dBsm at S-band, -27dBsm at X-band

Volume Clutter Model

- Wind Shear, Beam Broadening, Turbulence

Hankuk Aviation Univ.

and for an average aspect angle, it drops to

where, the subscript chaff1 indicate a single dipole

where, ND is total number of dipoles in the resolution volume

Rain Clutter Model

v shear turb beam

fall 1.0 sin( )

k wind shear gradient (4m /(sec)( Km))

beam 0.42V0az sin

Hankuk Aviation Univ.

Weather and rain clutter

- We can use the Rayleigh approximation of perfect sphere to rain droplets

where, k 2 / and r is radius of a rain droplet

Therefore backscatter energy from rain retains the same polarization as

where, N is the total number of scatterers within the resolution volume