Remote Sensing

Sir Pasha
As Physics
-
 Energy of a
photon
=

hf .

h →
plank 's constant
f →
frequency
¥¥Em
.

\ I

!
,
.

- ° °

. .
t

:
hf =
E .
- E
,
=
Energy of emitted photon

-5 ④
④

→"
②

÷
 Remote Sensing .

observing the patient

Earlier outwardly .

Diagnosis
-

checking fenaybneathigrat .

Technique
observing the
patient
inwardly
-

Surgery .

Modern Use X-rays

of
Diagnostic CT -

scan
Techniques Ultrasound
-

AAR I .
 mere

X-rays : .

Ingrate
•
X-rays are
produced by bombarding
metal targets with high electrons
speed .

iNeEmugg÷hafEddiae5Eideis"en¥Ft
-

-
• When high speed electrons strike a

metal target , large accelerations

occurs
in
and the
X
radiations
region
produced
the
are the
ray
-

of
electromagnetic spectrum .

E he
:)E=hf7
'
-

.÷÷÷f÷÷÷:
X .
-
i
v fly
-

on
=
i

⑧⑧⑧
④

x -
-

ht
E
 !
.

aye

cathode mode
.

④
- ray
*
X-rayspedowmi.is
The spectrum consists of
two
components
i
) There is a antinous distribution g
lengths with cut
sharp off
wave a -

at a short wave length .

* since the electrons have a continuous

distribution of acceleration a continuous
distribution
,

length x rays
of
wave
g
-

is
produced .

•
There isminimum wavelength
a

whole
where the
energy of the electron
is converted into
a
energy og photon .

R E of
- electron -

Energy of =
he
photon I
 ii
) why sharp peaks observed
are with
the continuous distribution q wavelength .

÷?÷M¥aa
• These
peaks correspond to the
line atoms
emission
spectrum of The
electrons that
" of the target
.
The

bombard the target ,

excite the
orbital electrons in lower level
apt the
energy

ojr electronsnewsagent
give
rise ,ofEYIYEdmZ .

Bombarded
electron

••
.

✓ 80 orbital
electron

photon
 Pothead: electron
.

CH
photoed
b .
jInactation ;gtE¥dedm
de .

emitted
,
-
photos
②
✓
orbital
election
⑦

g%pobahiM affair

g.q p .ydmeni@eww7IE E.r

Toy
'

: !
 ✓
-

€€E
.

Is
X-rays are used
¥ to obtain
'

shadow '

picture of the inside

8
the
body .

① Sharpness sharpness : -
is concerned with
stardom
Tith which the edges 8
can be determine .
A
sharp the
image
implies that edges the of organs
are
clearly defined .

② be
'

Contrast : .

An image may
s unless there is a marked

q
difference
the
in
image
the
degree
between
g blackening
organ and on
another he
.
the
information that can

gained is limited .
 Improving sharpness target
: -

anode
)
i Using lesser area
of
O O
b b.

poor 19sharpness
IT
Better Shaef ness
as lessee pdekbd shadow as greater partial
shadow .

lead
)
it Use
of a
grid in
front of
me photographic film
.

I
lead
grid
 "

P In
improve contrast , a contrast
order to
medium for example
"

may be used .

the stomach can be examined

drink
by giving the a
patient
containing Barium Sulfate .
Similarly
to outline blood vessels a contrast
medium that absorb strongly the

X-ray radiations would be injected

into The blood stream .

• The contrast
of
the image produced
on
photographic film is
effected
by exposure time ,
X -

ray
penetration and x-ray scattering
beam with in the
patients tody .

be
contrast
may improved bywith
backing the
photographic film
material
a
florescent .
 Attenuation rays and
of a -

Ultrasound in matter.

980
I

Has linear
-
-
I .
Eun

absorption coefficient
£134 Aya A

* osmgnqgatm.eatgafm.%fE.im#ioryLI
'

My ,
× U = In 2 #
Ny is called half value
ftp.dff#
 I L I .

ray

fn
-

Io

- I

i. t
 CT -
Scans -

ImputedTomography
#

The image produced on an

X-ray
plate as discussed previously is
a Flat image fad)and does not
give an
impression of depth Cgoogan)

0
theres parallel beam
q n -

say is
produced .
 -
CT -
scan destiny & priciple) : .

The aim CT Scan is to

to
q
make
image section
an
of a

for slice )through the

body
measurement made about
from
its axis .

• The section Cos slice )

though
divided up
the
into body series
a
is
g small unit
called voxels .

The image each voxel

a-
of
would have a
particular
intensity ,
known as
pixel .

built up
*
pixels
The are
from
measurement of X-ray intensity
made
directions
along a series
around the
different
ofsection
of the body .
qqpiadsane-now.tl
 '÷;÷qg :3
'

Foti .
.

THE 4:17
 Utraoud : .

Sound waves with

frequency greater
than 20,000 kg or
20kHz .

Utsa sonic waves

may be produced
by using
piezo electric transducer
-

* An alternating voltage applied across

the electrodes lie across the layers
Silva) will set mechanical vibration
of up
in the crystal .

•
90 the frequency of the
applied
voltage is the same as the natural
vibration
frequency of
of the crystal ,
resonance occurs and the oscillations
have maximum
amplitude
.
• The dimensions of the crystal can
be such that the oscillations are
in the ultrasonic range ( ire .

greater than 20.000 hz ) . thus

producing ultrasonic waves in the

surrounding medium .

• Ultra conic transducers can also

be used as oecievers .
When an

ultrasonic wave is incident on

an unstressed piezo electric crystal

-

the
pressure variations alter the
positions of positive and negative
ions in the
crystal that induces
opposite charge on silver electrodes
producing a potential difference btw
This varying difference then
them .
can

be amplified and processed .

like other waves , ultrasound follow
the law
of reflection of refraction

2- ,

Z
,

I =
Ir t Ie

For
known
any medium ,
a quantity
as the specific Acoustic
medium E) is defined as the

product of its
bound
density
that
and the

speed of in medium

Z = 8 x C
 incident
When a wave is
normally
on

mediums
a
boundary Hw two

having acoustic

impedances 2-
, and 2-2 the

( Irl I )
,

ratio is given hay

the
equation ; '

'

¥-2 )
II
.

23+2,5=4
=

(
 ultra

÷ .in :
: ÷muscle
.

e
From the data in
it can be seen
previous
that
table
( Z)
,

of air & muscle has great

hence most of
difference
the ultrasound will be
reflected
from the
surface
not
of
enter
the body
and will inside the

body as long as the air

muscles (skin)
is
trapped above the

This is why a

is
coupling
used that
medium
such as a gel
fills any spaces between the

transducer and the skin .

Attenuation in Ultrasound : .

ka
I = I
.
e-

ka absorption coefficient of
the medium through which
the waves have passed through .
 Explain the main
principles
behind the
Ultrasound
use
of
to obtain diagnostic image
or
information q inside the body .

*
pulse ultrasound is sent
g
to the
body
* a
coupling set is placed b/w
the transducer & skin .

• waves get reflected at the

boundaries
• These are relieved (detected
at surface by transducer .

* time b/w transmission and

recieft Of pulse gives information
about the depth
of boundary
.

•
intensity
Reflected nature gives information
about the
8 the
boundary .

* Signals are
processed and

displayed