Lecture

1.7.photohs-1.7.7.Photonstatistics.in
their
propagation photons

µ¥§
can be ""

described as am EM -

wave i

wt)
eickt
-

Ect, E) =
Eo

has shown Photoelectric effect

However ,
quantum optics
.

hoof
that

§§¥u
they have
properties of
;E
particles too with E- = too T

.
Consider a
light beam with
power Peel .

The photon flax 4 gives the

average
number
(off
-
→

of photons passing through the cross -

section of the beam :

§=¥wphotong
The detector
average count rate of with
efficiency y is given by
:
.

R-yoleytfa.com/-ss#
⇒ Light can be classified by the statistics of the photon flux

(
average and standard deviation )
 -

I
c-
L

•
To do this
,
we deride the beam into segments of length L .
Then
,

the
average number
of photons per segment is
n-=T
and ⑥ is its standard deviation .

Assuming that the

photons randomly distributed results
-

are in

a Poisson Ian distribution for the number of photons per segment .

PqE with standard deviation

sn=⑦

wecan-lassitylightbeamsas.es
•

Poisson ian on

super - Poisson ian Ah > Ful

r
sub -

Poisson ian sniff

Poison
•
.

Perfectly coherent light beam with constant

intensity htt

↳ laser

.su#Toissoniani Time Ict) -7 Incoherent or thermallight

varying intensity
.

sub-poissonian.NO classical equivalent -7 quantum light

*
g b b D

→
At
•

Using photon counting ) statistics

( to
classify light beams is
challenging :

Loses (
absorption lreflection ) alter the statistics towards
-

Poisson ian .

.
Low detection efficiencies Cn car ) alter the statistics towards

Poisson Ian .

Detectors with high

"

efficiency dead time of

"
have a
~
7µs
-

⇒ We need a better
way
to
classify light beams !
T.7.2.Photonco-re.at
s

light beams be characterized in robust the

can a
way using
" "
correlation
second-order
ion g' ),
CT where
g
Col is known as

degreeofsecoud-ordercohereace.clasgicalpicturei.tn
the measured

the classical EM -

waves picture it is defined as :

oi↳I
•
It can be measured in a
Hanbury and Brown Twiss CHBTI type

of experiment :
 For with constant
beam
intensity LIED LICHEN
•

a
average
-

⇒g"uy=I"
For Arlly coherent beam Ict) ICE te) gooey -1
•
=
a →

.
For
any
beam in the limit T-7 A Ict) and Ice it) become
-

uncorrelated -7 ghee -

so,
-1

It can be shown that for conceivable time dependence

•

any

g"CT)
" "
co) 77 and co) 3
g g

ghcolcanbeusedtocharactevizelightbe.am#.g9o
⇒

light
"
coherent
"
1
)
-

"'

co) bunched light

"
"
> 7
g
-

.
g'4014 impossible in classicalpicture

"
Note co) is insensitive to losses due to normalization
g
•
:
Photonpictvre

•
In the photon picture D, and Dz detect
single photons

⇒gMo¥7¥+⇒ I 2

For with constant

a beam average intensity
•

( HCE) ) =
ch Cftc) ) .

gcqg°!¥d
since phot at Bork, obtain ;
•

a we

2
< n
>
•

Wecanclasgifylightbeaonsasi
coherent light g"co) 7
-

- i - . . . . .

"
-

bunched light :
g' co) 77 . . . . . . . . o. . .

"
light g lol y
-
anti bunched : . . . . .

Experi mentalconsiderationsis
•

Efficient detectors avalanche

single photon are
single photon
diodes Csptllsl and
superconducting single photon detectors CSSPDSI

↳ tutorial
see

•
galoot can be measured for continuous and pulsed streams

continuously Pulsed
Fvltyqvaytizedpicture
.
In the
fully quantized picture photons ,
are
represented as
excitations of a harmonic oscillator .

En -
cut E) Kw with a Yn =
n Yu

Eigenstates are
represented as
in>

•
I = Gta

*
Creation operator It : Itm > -

- Tutt In -177

.
Annihilation operator an i dm> = Th In -27

I 107
-

-
o

Using this g'401 can be written as :

g%r÷÷
svmmaryokleo.to

Light beams can be characterized by the statistics of the

photon flux :

a
Poisson ian sniff

super -
Poisson ian Sh > TF

•
Sub -

Poisson ian Snc Fn

•
A more robust characterization and quantification can be done
by

photon correlations :

'
classical picture :
guy =

< Ice, 72

Lh Cn -717
•
Photon picture i
g" ) co =

( natator a >
"
Quantum picture co)
-

g
-

-
: -

satay

'"
r

g
co) -
1 : coherent light
"
co) 77 : bunched light
g
•

'"
.

g Col 4 : anti -
bunched light
+

Examplescseetvtorialli

.
Perfect /
sparge single photon
-
source :
g'401=0

•
Laser :
gtfo) -7

.
Perfect N -

photon source :
g" , co
=

Sparse 2-
photon source :
g%o1 =
If

gtfo)
" "

•
Good
single photon
-

source : i 2. Pz