Name: Reagan Luis Class & Div.: Mechatronics Page No.

:
Roll No.: Ho4 Subject:Physics Topic Assignment 4 Date : 81ul2022

QHhat is LASER 2 Discoss itsdts£erent chacacteristics

Ans LASER is theacronym for Light Ampltfication byStimulatted Emission of

The
Radiation. Tes_dEferent characteristies a thetofits 1ightbeamis
that ts light isncarly monachro.matie, the t is coherent th the usaves
all: exacdy in phase with onc anather it hardlydtverges t isatremely-
intense and t i s highly collimàted.

nd stimolated
Eplata absaebtlonspantaneaus emission_engleiers.eplaiatngsimgoebeeee
emissionith suitablediagrams.

AnS Absocbtion: Nhen ight fcom apawesfusaurceaith a.photo ak energy hV: Ek-
falls on substance the atomin the igroundstate can be
exited ta g to ane o the highec levels. This process _called
abserbtion
Spontencous Emissian Hhen a atom is initidy n exeited statetheatomsill
spontaneeusly decay tograund state to attatnthe louest
energy state andaphoton ef energy h E2-E is releascd: This
pracess is called Stimulated Emission.
SkimolatedEmission Hhen an incident photan o energy hzgeEpasses
atominan excited state E2-itstinulates the atom to drop ar
dacay tothe lauer stat.E,Inthis_procassthe atom_releases
phetenof the Same energy-directionphase and palarization as
thatf the pheton _passing.by,.the aet effecks to identieal
photons in_pace ot onear iacrease in ntensity incdent beam.

E Excited State Exeited State

Excited state
Akomsstionylated
atom drops to to drop photon

NICE
atoms absorbing www
Photon love cnerg P h o on

phaton Cnerqy Emtted

Crmitted photon.

Atftude aund sEate

E
Grondstate_ Ground state_
AbSorbtion Spontaneeus Emisfon Stimuloted EmfssTan
 2

98Ncike short note ansbimulatoed emission xplafning ts impartance or laser

produckion.

AnsNhenan fnctdentpheton ok energ haEa- passes byanatom n an

excitedstate E it stimulates the atomtoi drop or decay to the
louer state athisiscalled stimulated emissioo. Iathis_pre.cess the.
atom redeases a phatm of thesame eneraydicedtion phaseand polarization
that of the pheton passing the nett cffectis tuo identicelL
phatensin place fione or incteaaeinSatensiEyt incident bcam-
This pro.cess is used toamplify theight beam:n ofia laser.

State Goltamann's.distibution law and hence shau that ionormal conditioS

8cound stateeilliremaînmast populated.

Ans Boltzmann's las state that if£

assemblageofatoms s n state of
an

thecmalequilibrium atabsolute temp.I the aumber afatomsN n one

encrg lexel Eis related to the number Nn another energy level E,hy the
equation Ng N, aEa6.)/T

At absouke 2ereall akomS willbe n thegraunidstateAs the temprature

increasesatoms meve _candomly frám lo to the higher eneray states and back
again. The atomsare faised to higher encray states by chance gnd they
ceturn to the lo cnergy state byther natural tendeney to seck the
leuest energ evel.Asthe number ofatem decceases the energy level
acreasS
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$Explatn Einstien'sA_andB coakkicients nrelationutththe theongoflasing-

call
Ans. Anatom in levelE can decay to lexel E,by emiasien pheton Letus
Az the transition probabilityperunit timefor spontaneous emiss+on rem level
f2talexel E,Thenthe umberotspontancous decays per secend is N,Aa
i the numberf spontaneous decayspee second is NaAa.
additionto thesespontancaus transitions there ail be induced or skimulated

transitions The total cateiofthese induceditransitions between level 2 and level

isproportianal tothe dansity o) k radiationef. keequeaey vuhere

VeCE-E)Jh
Let and B12denote the propotionality constants for stimulated emissien and
gbsorbtion Thennumber of stimulateddounward transition tn stimulated emission per

second he
NBy Similarly numberof stimulated aenuerd psard transitions

pec second N,B

The propotfalikyeonstants A and 8 ace known asEinstiens A and B coefficient=

hat is meant by metastable state 2 Hhat & its sigaificance?

Ans Metastable e bemperaryshabesare long

states e lfved states ith
Ttec-ttme lo secand theglie betueeo thepper excited state and the
lower state. tssignikicanceis that or stimulated emissionto oceur the
atoms should stay for atleast 1oseconds far in the excited state or to
compensate for lassinpopulationdue ta spontanenus emissientill bhe
condition
in mekastable state
N-Ngets satisfied. Alse thepopulationeatoms
is qreate.than lower tates dtch leadsto population nversion

NCE
Atftude
 Explatapopalabion Saversdon, activei agstem, and-pamping?

AnsPapulation iavacsioniui Describesan_assambly ofatomsin uhichthemajarity af

atemsarein anergylevelsabove bheground state nermally
the graund states occupted to thegreakest extent: It s
wcdto increase theintensity ot light.
Activesystem A syskemin which population inversionhasbcen
chefved si called on iactivesystem
Pumping To attain: andsostain population ivecsiontheatems in the.
materio must bhe continuausly cxited. fromlawer energy level to higher
ni.enerqy levoTaisis denebytontinueus supply ot eneray to the
mediom This_proLess iS knonasipumping

B3What is meant hy pumpfng Hhy is it_Aecessaryfor laser praduction Discuss

dikerenttjpesof pomping

Ans To attain and sustain population inversion theatoms in the material must be
continuously excited from ouser energy level ta higher anerglevcl This s done
a contfnuous supplyok energsothe medium.hisiscalledpumplng
Tt isnccessary forlaser production as it heles attainand sustaîo

eeok popalation fnuersien, uhichncraasestha fatensityalight Tua bypes

pumping arc

Optical PunmpinqOpticalenergy io theform ofia phokonise used excike the

atomo atransparent imcdium. forsupplying apticalcacrgy adischad
tubeis uSed ta excite atoms fram graund state to a higher
otate
lectric
Electrical Rumping: In gascousmodiumths gaz ionized by a pulseaf high
voltage currant fleutng throgh the gas provides necessary-
CnergyEo eacike the atom5
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Explain hysimplehaating cannet achiewepopulation inversian.

Ans Bysîmply- heating ue cannotb ochieve population fnversiono becausee heating

inceeasestheaverage energyof tha atomsoverall system is shifted to
the highercneogyleel uith áchiavng the r.equire canditiona For
papulation uhich N2N

19Nhy lasíng canoot be pbtafnedusinganly tuo energyleels!

Ans eneta Lasingcananatbaabtainedusing ly tua enerqy levels

becausePopulcetioninversionsnotpossible.iasina tua state system
populatien and depoplation takes placesimultaneausly Which means that
the phetons is Fkely to cause an clectren drap as it is to causean

electronto riseDhareforai in this situationlaser amplificationcanat sccue.

Distinguish betueen 3 lavel and 4 level lasers.

AnS 3 level 4 level

Lasing thresheld is Lasingthreshold is

high

Has laa efkicien Has high efkictenc

Pumpingcate is Pumptogcate
high le

NICEJPulsedoperabian iContinuousoperatian
AtnTtude
 12Hhatisopticalresonator Explaion detail hou itplays akey role in
laser production

Ans An optcalcesonator arrange.ment otoptical companents hich allaus a

heam dk ghtto circulateiin aeelesclasedpath It plays a key rala a
laser production t Nhen a laserosfilations nitiated photans
spantaneously emitted by Some of the excited atoms Ihe photons emitted alang tho
opticaisef_the resonant caxtytravelthrough theimediumand trigger
stimulatedmissiens. They acc _reflected by the end mirror and revacsethei
poth.The optiealresenatari selects thedirectioninuhich the light beam is to
be
amplified the dicactionbetng theaptfealaxis thepaic afmiceoes Thua the
opticaltavity makes bcam dtrectiond

aExplaioithe canstruction. and orking of Rubg and HeNelakersuith encrgy

level diagr.amS

Ans Ruby laser The ruby laser consists ta ruby_rad made _o chronium daped ruby
materlalAt the ogpasite ends o this red thece ara kao_pollíshed
siber mirors One is fully_polished ond_ the other s 981 palliahed.
spring is attachodito the rod ith fllypolished end fociadjusmant of dave
length ef the laser ght Arasndthe ruby red a hser tlashlight is kept
tor pump inpust. Ths sheleasaembely kept na glass tshe. Around the
ntck of the glas tube the RESouree and saitching cantral s designed
inrder to suith en and ot the light for desired atervals. Hhen the
RE ssitched n a klash of ght is obtained araund the cuby rod. This
caUses the c ions uithin the ruby rod to move from louer ensr3 band E
beuarde higher E nd E bonds bg the green and blue sompanents of the
hite light he C ions underga amradiative transitions rom theaecnergy ievels te
leelwhch s ametastabkstate. Papulation vsion aks betuen E and
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gceundstate -makithasc. levelssuitablefar lasing actien, Tesnsition

bataeen the levels E and F resut hemissien eflaser Rght efaealength
643-mnm.
He-Ne laser: he He-Ne lasec censists eta discharga tube ek lengti Soom and bore
diameter ak ScmA mikbure He and Ne gasses,a appreaimatclya l0:lcatie
sentained lo gcessureis cavelopeTheenergy r pumping
spraidad a high atageelecteicaldischarge paaacd thesugh the gas
betueen the anade and cabhode itin the spbicalsayaf
the laseraaually censisbs ef tue_cencaxemicrers see_plane and
soncavenirrerone havingerghiehreflezhance and the outpt mirree
alloing transmssicn. In erder e Ne atams btk
exited state ,the greaad state atens ef He pmped s the zis and
S2s lang lived,metastable ested states hy_pass+ng elestrie_scharge
The excted He_atoms thin callide t h the goaad sbate Ne ataems and
transfer theirencrgg to the Ne atems excttns themate the 2s
states -hts isdue to eincideace eaergs lerels taeea the
He andNR atoms The precessis sien bg the e sqaatien

He Ne HeNe AE

Helion Nen Laser Eer Da

He-Ne cals

Fest Nen Rodiatiee)

TransTtto (Decna)D

pume Ereer easta

Leve
Lase TronS ton
Fest las
f a R 6Ra3em

electr
NICE o
ound Stnte

AnTItute Rubg Laser Enere eram Neen

 Explain theconatructienanduorkting a_cachon-dionidelaser uth cosrsy level
dingram Hhat arethecales otHe
a n dNe
gases

Ans A Coasercongistsofaimixtureof coN and He gases The actiue center

acecomolecules lasfng onthe transitienbetoenthc cotational levecls f vibrakian
bands ok the alectronicqcaundstate, A_pair ch concavE mirrors_placed en either
sidaok thadischargebube onecompletly polfshed and the ether_partially-
polfshed constitute i the optical ces.anaton Population aversion is created
electicdischanqe ofthe mixture
As theelecteic-atschargetakesplace inithetube which eentainsa
mixtureiaf co, Ng an Hegascstheiele.ctrons stiking oitrogen malecules
SmpartsufCiclentenergyocaise them totheir iest ibrational-ratational
anergyilevelThis cncrgy lcvelcorresponds tooneof the wibratianal-ratatienal
level of co2 malezules,designatedas level 4.buctacollision ath N molecdes
bheCo2molecules areraised to: level 4 The lifetime of co molecules n
level 4is uhet isignikicantto serve iasa a metastable state Henee. the
desiredpepulation iversion afcmolccules s established betueen ievels and
and levels 4_and 2 The transTtion of comolacules betucen levels a n d
producc lasers iafuavclength 10.6 microns and that between levels 4 and 2
produce lasers of wavelength . miccons.

Vibrational energy transter

4-6 Mm

CO2 Ground State Na 6round State

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The He melceulas Tnercase the_papulatien a level 4aeand alao halps nemptying-

the louer laace levels Tha molecule.s thort actva at tha levels3 and 2decay o

thegenund statathcoughcollisioninducedtransitions the lauer lavel

which nturndacaytothe geaund state.

1Explaia semicon ductoc laser Nhat are the atvam.ad vant agas.i.ok it

Ans The basiastrueture of astandard samicanduator laser 1s shoun belau The uhole
blockshoun helou asamicanductorchfp wtth thdmansTonspperaxinately o.5 mm
AImm Ihe miccec ace d u e t o t h a 6emfcondustar mafc boundary at the cdgas

f the_chip I has lou cetlactivitybut sstlef¬ietant aspapulatian

foverston nstde the samfconductor sundwfcha r a a f millioas ofhighar than in
lasars The expenential increase ia light fntensity a.ccurs far mere quichly-

because_of thehtgher populat.ion taveratan. So the fact thotwese 601. of

the light at eachreflectton is compansated gforbyhavinguge gans betueen the

irrors The advantagasf semiconductor lasersatethat they arecheaper smaller

more efkicicnt andcasy formass produ.ction. l

List the applfeatfons af lascr in difkerent tialds.

Ans The application oflascrsace

The narrow cad beamof He-Ne lascrs nuparmarketsto readbarcodes
iMeasuring di tances
Red He-Ne lasers have many industetal and scigtibic uses.
iUsedin gided smart ueapon
co lasers arc uS ed o industrial appli.catiansfor cutting and welding and lou

pouer lasers are used for cngraving

viSemiconductor lasers are used Sa pvp and co playes, barcede reades telecommunicatians

AEtude Tmage Scanningetc.

viHolraph
 7 Heite a shortnote on holography -

Ans Hotographys theproductokaightsource scattered okf.objectsto be reeorded

and later racanstructed when the oiginalliht 6ied na longer_gresent It hapgens
when tuo Jaser beams reach the recording mediumthei fght aves interseet
and ntekareb ith.cachther1t is Ais Tntekerence pattern that s imprinted en
the recording medium The pattern tsclfsseeminghy randam, ai it represents the
swayn_wich the scenesight interkered th the arginal EghtBosrce -but not.
the inadlightSeurce itsel6. Thenterference_patteracan heconsidere4
encoded versîonothe scenerequrdng a particdar ks the artginal ght srce in
order to vieu tscotents.

Numericals

A rubg laserhasts metastalestate at 119 ey from shich the stimulated emision

produces laser light_Caleulatethe avelength ot thclightt Inele of cmet ions are
invalved_in_population fnversisa process ina_pulse calevlate the palse cnergs in ev
(Givenha 6.625x1oJs 44 a1o ev s 3a1ol anis

: 6au mm

Polsecaera4 79 x6.02 ic
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22A laser having poaer ot 15 mk wavclength 120 am andan aperture Smm is tocused.
ithalens ofocal length ofo.lm. Calcawlate the area andintensity of
image

Rayleighranged divergence

tan 2

tan D
2
- linear spread Le f e
areal Spread ( P e
44x 1o rad

areal spread (P e) _2.07x10

25 1o 3-61 1ou/m
2.09 x 1 o ' °

3 na He-Ne laser aystem the two energy evels of Ne învelued ia lasingsction

hee hae energy volves pf 20-66 eand .203 V Populationinversion occurs betuc.en
these te levels Hhat ill be the wavelength o the laser beam peaduced 7 What
uil bethe population_of the metastable energylevel aith cespect ta the
Pper excitcd levelat ceom tcmperature (27.
E 20.66 eV
G21870 ev A hC
I96 eV
OeV
E
a 33.8 nm
Na e/kT CE a-s,) T nau
N,
-CEs-6)/kT
N2
NICE -75.

AnTtute 14xlo 33
1-52 x lo N
 12

Ftodthe seperation betueenmatastable and exited levels fer tuo wavelengths of

A.4 Amiando6 Amcmikted Eroma cosser ource Calculatethe frequancy
And henceenergyaf thelight photons emitted pcr second toobtatn a laser
autput af lo k

(E -6,) h o.12 cv

(Ea-Edo- h O.I17eV

3.12S x io H

Na 28x1o H

h 2.07a10-20 J

Photens required E 10000 33 x6 photons Is_

2.07a1020

10,0o0 5:35x iophotonss

871 o20

sCalculate the wavalangth ofcmission £rom Gas scmic.ondvztor leser uhasa band
89p band energy_is o e Cplanks -cenatantis .625 x io JS) and charse iafelectron is_
:6 x 1o4 C.

8626A