Phonons

latticevibrationsdispersionrelationhasacousticandopticbranch s

Eachatominunitcellyieldsonebranch firstacousticrestoptic
Eachbranchisinreality3 t longitudinaland2transverse

Exciton
Coupled éholepairheldtogetherbycoulombforceThishappenswhen égetsexcitedtoconduction
bandandisattractedtoholeitleavesinvalencebandandhasaslightlysmallerenergyasthefree

stateanalogoustothehydrogenatomTheycanmoveasneutralbosonsthroughcrystaltransportin
bindingenergy t mettoeV Thiscanbeusedforsolarpanelswherephotoncreatespairthattravels
untiloneconstituentinteractswiththeacceptormediumconnectedtoelectrodesandcreatea current

Wecanseethismovingas ahoppingandthedispersionlookssimilartothehoppingof é in the

tightbindingmodelheretheexcitonshoppinstead
Ej Ej2Tcostka
Magnons

oféspininlatticeWeproceedsimilartophononsbyconsideringonlynearesneighbourinteraction
Collectiveexcitation

Hint 2,8Jsis 2J4155 sin

121st
sis l
Ladderoperators 5 It is
Weconsidertheferromagneticgroundstateandconsideranexcitation
IFM ii I EM 2NJS Nspinuppairs
I j sjti it'TIT Ej Efm145 N2spinuppairs
Sincewecanexciteanyonespin wetakethe superposition allfirstexcitations
of
Ig FNget9il
Wecannowapplyour Hamiltonianon Ig it'saneigenstateunlikelil whichyieldsthefollowingeigen
energy

Elg E 41511cosgal En En

Nigg fine
Inanantiferromagnet
Ela E 21singal a

Wecanthusdistinguishbetween a FMandAFMbytheirdispersionnear O Wecan alsouse

bandwidthtoestimatecoupling J
Weaklyinteractingégas

é é interaction isgivenby

Hoo
E VgEngonce
Eng go.cigin d ite i kk go o
knon

Usingpertubationtheorythefirstordercorrectionisgivenby
4
Wegetaenergydependingon rs
EE

Srs

Wechangetheenergybutnottheédensitythusk isfixed changeofslopeinlinearizedplot

freeégas
weakin
traction
g

EgE tVE11kt k
l ill Vai isgroupvelocity hits
Interactionsbehaveas if é isheavierbutotherwisesamebehaviour
Thisis a Fermiliquid

Canbedeterminedby
G p a m aDOSEs
WeconcludedthisbyassumingTO ifthisisnotthecase westartscattering scatterprob Fat
Thuswecan alsoscatterintostatesinsidetheFermisurfaceFromDruderesistivitywethenget

g nmg.AT

FollowingLandau wedescribetheinteractionstrengthby

Exmen
f x ET
Polarons

é latticeinteractions whereatomsdisplacetoshieldmovingchargeMostlyrelevantinioniclattices
 axisspectrometer
Triple

TASusesneutrondiffractontomeasureexcitationsIt'sbuttupasfollows
NeutronsourceCreatesneutronbeamwitha
range energies of
MonochromatorSelectsneutrons
ofthedesiredenergybyreflectingthemwithacrystal
SamplecryostatCooledsamplewhereneutronsinteractwithsampleNotmuchinteraction
andsomeinelasticscattering
Analyzer Againselectsdesiredenergy sameas monochromatorforelasticscatteringor
differentenergyforexcitedstateswhereenergyis exchanged movetochangeangle

DetectorAnalysesincommingneutrons

Timeofflightspectrometry

UsesTof tocontrolenergiesandmeasureinteractions

NeutronsourceCreatesneutronbeamwitha
range energies of
MonochromatorSelects
energythroughrotatingshutter isincedistanceisknown wecanchose

theenergybylettingthroughneutronswithcertainvelocityandhenceenergy
SamplestageSamplewhichisthenhitbyselectedneutrons
DetectorCoversrangeofanglesandfromthetimewe candeducevelocityagainandwecan

measureenergyandmomentum Ontimeelastic tooearly inelastic

Scatteringcrosssectionofparticlescandependon kandweseedifferentintensities
Resonantinelasticx
rayscattering
XraysusedtoprobemagnetismResonaninelasticabsorptionoftransitionNewertechniqueduetoresolution
Presentation

QPdescriptionofcollectiveinteractionwhichwecantreatas aparticlewitha dispersion

of
Phonons LatticeLatticeinteraction vibrations lattice

Magnons spinspininteractionswherewecanhaveanFM orAFMlatticeofspins excitationscanflipspins

Ehem 4114costhall Ekam a2Jsinhall

Fermiliquid é éinteraction perturbationduetoé éscatteringyields élikequasi
particlewithme sm

G p ant and g at
Exciton é holeinteraction ofexcitedéandholeinvalencebandthatcanhopas aneutralbos
Hydrogen bond

bindingenergyslightlylowerthanexcitationenergytoCoulombbonding

Polaron é latticeinteraction latticeionsmovedueto échargetravelingandshieldcharge

Cooperpairs éphononmagnoninteractionwherephononmagnonmediatescoupled é é pairto

travelas a Zé boson

Excitations canbemeasuredusingTAS TofspectroscopyResonantinelasticx

rays