Unit- 5

Xps Photoelectvo rn spectnoScopy

EScA - E(ectxen Speckrosopy fox chernical Analysis
Jued fo aralying the stuzbune o the atoms and
aso qivc the idonatien about the IE Particuloy elecbron
in un atorm. Io 1ecent
yeas a no. o( melhcs have been
developed foa Suntace chaxackexizolfon
Suyace pectaotcepie method Provide
ueful injo bout
the chemical natwe os Autace. These methods ptovide both
quali tatíve and quanttaive about the chemical natre
|Compost tien and Stace leyer o the solics
Principle:
swtace senstive qectnoscepic technique that
measuUes the elomental to mposition empsical fomal,
chemical clectaonic Atale the element
o
obtained is0tadiating the material oitf a
beam ond simuttaneesly measuing the kE
the no. o electres that esapes romm o to to mee the
we anaiyscd olids ia t
penelerattor depth
the thele photoru in
to ew tnic von e
Thus iotexactions takes place beween the iocidert profer
knd the atoms inin he Snjace teading to the emissten oq
410rm the lcE emitted electors the BE calculated

sindinq photon Ekeg t )

Fsinding Ernding ene"g0 photons

A: werk fenclior depondi ugo Syecl ternele and
toatevial
 be
In Sturnen talion :
ySowce 4) Detector
2)Jample holdea 5, uttr- high vcCcum

B)3) Erevgy onalyser

Aomisphexical Enexgy Aralyse temuter
Syitern
outor &pheve Magneti
Shteld Analy sey
cenfotot

Tnrer phee
Laseracjus
fon trnent
trevgy Smultichanne
photelect rot
S Sarmple mltiple
S Sample holdey
Sowrce
AetectoY

Sounce - HeC), Helu) -inqly and doubley ionsed Hte for emairg
Valanced e to Predutod tors
y4tium (m) zeta - oys can case the ejectior %
Oterore e (juut Iide the valente Shel)
Alk
Most enegelic taciations
Shetl tonisation.
each the inner
couing
1he Stmplest x- soy ouCe for ps x-vay tubes equipred
o

taqets cnd suitable (ilter AL ond Mq taxget

boi th Mq,Al
tubes aAe genenaly tused becaue 1 high intensiby ad
bands e
velongth eAoluton
desinable because they give ie to high
rnourted in a tived postier
ar
fample holder Slid Samyles
electron Bewtce and the entyance
O close to ghoton
the Jyect>tgrneter pouible
Enexgy Analyser TMonch1ometoJ e energy analyter à pla tad
between the sample ard the detecto. 14 should be sensi tive
to Tderiijy the bearm. ie
ie coming out of the sample nest
o the Spectzermeters e in hemipherical type in ohich tte
electaon beam is de7lecked by an electxostatie magmetic fteldl
such a manneA that the tyavel in the Leove path
It ha tuo concentric metal cylirders at diBetent Vel tage
|one the
ef melal utinder twill hae the posiive vottage and
he other wil have o VolHage thu will CYeale an electvicfil
between the two cqlnderu ohen the pas theugh the
they witt cotide oith cne o the yltrder on
ov they will jut
cy tirndes
|Paa through, wit! Collde oith the
too high t
)14 the electrors veloity u
ouken cylirder Aow it wilt col lide oth inne y
) Tf the velouity vay
kqteder veleity oill go to ylihder fo
3) only the ewith Bight
areach the detectoy
Detector - The mulliplier u aMually eonployed
and Convinience
because Lanaitivity
Vaccum - Thu
VItna- high Vac ulta high Vaccum en viYenment wi0 p
Sunface and provide accvate
the Cortamination the
the saple t oill allow the photo e the Jape
detectoa without
|to the

|koxking - hen the Sample Eept in OHV ittuminaled by he

mits the tog
Photers o eneg hv the Ample Junyate
called hotoelectvond here eOwhen they leave febr the
atom Bome he i Corsumed n oVen coming the
Colurnbie atraction c the nuclos thenc deeairg
rE at thç tirne fhe oute obitas and deliven
to the out yoig
-ke xps a obtained by delerririrg the te ard the ro y
sapinq from the Bujore the sample urda invetigatia
invetionl
Aplicalions
-54Ai ueul n the qualttalie deternina ior such as
themical stale, suntare adsonpticn, therical Mauthuse , kondirg
I4 i ueul n the quontt 4alive detenialion q elanea al
Cepoifiorn Vaiou organie and ronqonic maleial
i0 the tderdiyiation lernents an the
Paiodic toble.
the dekerniration the elernent
gpecies to which it u bonded
the ty4pe o the
X-ay di4fracien Braggs Equaticn
Brosg otrted out that Scattering X-xays by yta)
ton be Corvidered u elec kion fem
e4leckion foern uccekive planes
atorrs an the Cytal
Howener unli ke netleckien ocdinany the

Neqtecton tate plate enly at certain

the oaselergth X- ay and the
hich
plane inide th the cryKtal
Astance 1
The fundarmental eauaticn
eauakion that gnves elakon be bueen
theploneswvelangth K-vay nd intenplanax angle between
ord the Brngg
uatien
= ad sino
 Conside the above diagparm the hoizental tine epreents
Parallel planes in the cnystal stuctuxe sepenaled From
bne - nother by a ditarnceSuppose a beam x-ruy fa
en the Cystal at rqle (e). Some the X-vays wil
be rglecked erm the cgpe plane at the same angle
while Some other as abs ovbed and get
eylecked tvom the
Succesive laye shown,

Let ABC ond DE F

F (91e incident, ne7lected ray eper tiy
layes witl Coneide with One
the netecked mays rern the equel to the
rothea only if the path lenqth otan es qua
wnvelengtha- Drauing oL, OM ferperdiculon to
fietegaal no. path Jeng th la)
the incident sLeflected boa the diffeence io
(

the uCc ehi ve ayes

P the woays eglecked jzem
LN LM this should be equal to the tohele no. mulliple

oavelength A= LN + LM
LN + NN =nd
Since, the triangles
triangle, olN, DMN Cengtient hence
LN= Nn
 Elastic limit
The maximum Stress tupto tohich a bocy exihi bits the
a h
poeperty e elasticty called elatic linit
Hock's Law
litnit teu
14 states that within the elastic lireit Streu in a
to strain Produted on it
Stres o
Styen Constant (E) x Stran
E tres
Strcn

E:modulu e( elastiity (os co-ficiert

te-'dert elaticity
stress- strain diagnam ard
ard its
its uses :

Couide a'wire which u aigidly firct at one erd t u

toaded at the othe end the train paoduced for differen

toads aue noated untill the wire breaks down
A qraph a doupn betean stan along Xaxiu and
t1esaleng y ariu thit gaph
3ph. vom thu qraph we get wsegul ingozma lrons
solid nad
mateials
bagandirg the
the behavi ewn
8

D
A- Poropoioral lirnit
plastie aange B- Elastic limi t
Elastfc ange C- Yield Point
Stres
-Peranent set
D- Beaking point
(tenaileAtvengtt)
E- Prac tue
Strain Point.
Hook's law The portion o DA Cw ve stvaight CL

thu region stres u diveclly propotioral to tvain

this meany that tepto OA to the mateial obey hook's laso
the
The oire pefecty lastic . The Point A u called a
lionit

Elastic lientt The stne ii ether inceajed it point &. The

elastic linit
Point B ying nean to A denotes the
upto thi polot the wire 2egain i oviginal lerngth if the
1emovad if the wire is loaded beyond this
ionit then it wil not it oxtgioal length
the

yreld poiot: 0 fenthey Iocreaiing tfe stres beyond

Iimits thebend and
Cwve Poin ts c reached. In
elastic
0nvease in Arew pro duce lage
thç egien slighmaterial.
this
This Point s Called the
stvain in the

:etd point.