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Cate
Ass ign Ment 1
Name: 6 Yashwonth Kumay
Roll.No:
CouYse code: Ec2o

write short notes on Phy sics and apphca tion S of

1) Hall ePect(Har Yesista nce, Conduc tivi

-y Ctans Verie and longitudnal part)

2) Quant em Hall ePect
9Spin Hall and Guoot uM SPin Hatt epPect

Ans)
" Hall EPpect:

Physies The Halleec is a phe nomenon

Ahere Q a maGnettc Pie ld 2s applied pexpendicula,
to the cuYYent plowin a cenduc ting matesialy
aesutin
bo th the
Yo an electric tre ld pe speraiculax to
cuYYCnt aned the Magneic Pie ld

The Hall xesis tanceis the ratio op the

Hall vo ltage to the applied magne tic pie b ane
Cursent. The Halt conductivtty has tno paxtSi
the transyexseCenductivity Chhich 75 the Hal
Cencluc tivity) and the ldyitudinal Cond uctivity
Cwhich is the Conductivity in the dixection o the
cuYYent) The Hall Conbductivity is the Yatio op
the Hal cassent to the applted electyic pie ld
an Mag ne tic tie ld.

Applicatisns : The Hall epPec i useod to measuse

Magne tfc Fie lds Qs weil as to to determihe
and ConCentya tion
the type and charge carYieys
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Date:

eLecti
Qu antum Hall
PfeCt is a
uantuM Hatl e
4uantuM-the
Physics: Mecharnical Vession oe the classical
esiS tance
ttall eP Pecty
9 uantt Zed in
whese the Hatl
cextain matesials. become.
In the uantuM Hall epPect,the Hal

Xesistonce
whexe
is uanti2 ed in
units Op
h fs the plank ConStont and ' 1s the be
elementary chaxge. This q«antization occuys
tempexatuse an hol
2D Matesials at low
elechon modion
Maghetic flelds where the
quanti2ed in eve rgg levels called Lardau
the
leve ls The g.uontr zation is alue tD
matey1al, whtc h
topological plopexties ap the
causethe e lectxonS to Move in a that is
Iobust to Sma changes in the Material (oy)
Maznettc ie lo
Applications: The quantan Hall ePPect has
potential applicaticns in Metrology, Qs the
9 uantiZed tall sestStance can be wsed to
detioe the standard unit oP electical
Desistance.

" SPin Hall and Quantum SPin Hall EPPect:

Physics : The spin Hall efect iS a phencmenon

where a charge CuYient qcnesates a sph
cuYrent pexpe nelrculay to it, while the quentum
Spin Hal) epect s a 2D VEYSion oP the Spin
Hall epPect whe ie the Spin cu )ent is topelogically
Protected.
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In the spin Hall

eect the Spin Cuyent L
genevaed adue to the spin -oxbit coupling ,whic
ay rSeS Pxam
the ateyaction b the spin oP th
electron Qnd Tts mo tfon. This eect can be
uSed to mantRulate the spin e lectrons,
and is
OF
impo tont fo SpintonicS,
TOPo Sa a Pie that seeLS to
ld that
Pie ld
Se the spin oe electsons to stose and
plocesS
jnPoyma tfon

To the quantum SPio Hall

epPectthe SpiA
cuyent iS topo log ically Protected, Meanng
that it is imMne to disordes o) mpesities
In the matesial. thrs ctect cccuss in wo
dimens onals notexia ls with strong
Spin -orbit
Coupling Qnd a bane gap, and is chaxactei2ed
by the pxe sence of Counter- iopagating dgc
Moles withOPpos rte Spin pploxtzation

Applications : The spio

Spin Hall eAPect hac potenttal
applícations fn Spintxonics, a fie ld that seeks
to use the spin of electXonS to store and
ÞIocess logox nation. The suantumn Spin Hall
e PPect Could have appliCat tons fn topologicalL
9cantumn comput ng, as the tapalagically
protected edg e states Cou ld be used to
encode Qnd ani palate 4uantumn fntor Mation.