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1DUAL NATURE OFRADIATION MATTER

EQoctoum Emiasiom
Eveouy &Lbatance u madiup o e, protoMs Gneutrona
Asan e malkos attempt to Comu Out o the motal duupacCe
themuta La.ce beCome3 tveLy chauged.c e puOod
bacednko tho mutal Aus-ac An ordor do encce out an e
Outo th mtal Burface OnouQy u LQuund
The minimLum.aumounto engugy reauuincd to eoct an
eeeut o thi mitalulac entum 0s wore Punctienl)
oP uthat utaN
ThavalunO wore Purctiem us dipptor dipp mateula
Thaenogy 0ajuivalonttD upre Punctiom Por the ofechion o
o9can be given by-oldwing thuomuthocla8
i)Themionic emiison CaLsium less o
infreld emiaion
)Photo@lteuic omissionn
Photoeloctuic emlssionleplect)
hephenomenm_OPejectiom.op oe ot o the nmetaL aurlac
Lwhen a radintiom o AuPpiciont Preouemcy s incidont om
t nown Qu phetbetetuic eplect"
The e AD Qjectod aue onDuwn as photo eloctuems q the
CUAent olu tp thiar e knoun as phbtDelpctouic
Cuuwent
Expeuimental BCtup Por photoelectuc eploct-
Work domo by colLector oneach ee,
W=eVo
wheoue Vo=stopping_pctentia
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=0
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L nciclent
d max b E o ee radiatom
Emtter Collector

As photo00UCEN*C CuKHent
un CiiCUÜt becoms z0ro
Por
W= K
2

AAAAA-
Vo 1 mVnax- Control votage

Vo o KE
E
L Q s O photo@luctuie Omission 3
Dheemissioncp photoee out o a metal Aureaco tak04
h0oceonly whun dh1 reauwny op incident racintiom u
Qbove a ciitical vaLLLL Chaacteui OP thaA mAtal Thid
cuitical Vovalur u known as ThueAhold rePALLnCylV)
belou which mo photoelectricc
epp

The time Log b/wuincidance op radintion d dhe emision

o 9s0iA than lO ce utusoninatantaneouLbroces
I) he mumbeu op þhotoelcbAonA emitttd peuALCmd
Lphotoelectuic crrent) outD amital Aulace dlopends
Cmlyon dthe fmtenoity ol incicent radiation q i
ndtpendont o utsreojuoncy
CLAMONE 4ntenaty T

ntensity
 More the +ve pot More will be the photowrrent.
Currene: may van of photocurrerturthe
will mat
$Q&Uration 14ePOb
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4ntensity=
Constdmt
FrequuencH
COnst
Intenait
SOturabion
C Lnt LZL2
LIA
L2 -I2
Prequn
diep
po
Vo1 Vo VoAE L Lz, Vo = $ame

Stopping þotential Stopping potential

I ) The max hineticenorgy cP photc@loctupna emitted oLuk o

amtalAUPace dependacnly on tho renLLonay Op mcidont
|radiation d indppendon.t.op its imtenaity
KE KfreQumu

Antensity
Paituuc uave theory to explain_bhotoelectric epPect.s
AcCcordinq to dhe uwoue utheory whena wavekront.opight
Aturesa mitalAUsPacA the Puo S Qt thu AuPac
CLbAorb
t h e radlint engsouy ComtinuOLAlLy. GLLOHEL Uh
Untenai-tycp uncidlent rad, g0L0aie 0su the annplitudes o
eleticmagnetic Prelcds,q q900tex u dthe oneugy density
the wave.Honce highex întonaity ahouWd Lihuaite
bhotoe with QouuQute"hinetic enevoy But ithiu us ComErary
o

tothe expouimental Jusult tthaE the nmäcinum 6:E.oP th

photoe dDesmt daped On the intenits op incident rad'
ii No mattey what the freQuoncy o incidênt_rad" us,aight
uaye oAuppiciont mtensiby (ovex a APP time)ahouldl be
Ohleto mpart enough eneoy LL0qLed do eect uthe
Aomthmitalauace.Thus, tha wave itheory-Paila tp
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lexptainuthi PxiAtencsop dthushold treLLRmCy

u) The eneugy op Wight wawe us Amoothly q evernly diateuibuted
aceb itx aduaning wauelront Each A intexcopta on
naigmipicountly arndll amount o thuenergyq Aouk
Ahound 0Quisu O pinite time to eoCQpe Prom mital
ALtac ButaCtuQy, the emiaion u almoat instantaneous

Emstein's Photoeleckric oa
Sunce wavetheory of light was Paledito explain the
aws op photoelectuicemission ThesePore, Albeut Einsteiris
ud uthe Quantumttheory cto explain ithe lUAophoo_
eloctuic Omisiom.As pex inatein,light dsavels in thi
orm o pautictod wAich u lenown Qs photon t bosuess
enerou E=h) wheue h Plancb s Comotant
ww.o th Prequenc
Accto timstein, photoelrctuuicePpect ua a one photom
one phe nomenorn ie.when un ph.otomauncident om
themutal Aunface it iscomblotely abaorbed by a Ainglo
l d tha enesqy ahasad by_photomto e uhed n
lovextoming thi wre Puncton to AO the Tmax: K:E
MOthematicaly,h= dotLmn4x
Wor funtion is also enouwm as cthoshold eneugy
oh? Vothreshold
then, h = hvo t |mVaad 6reapency
= PreQuenoy o
uncident ughb
m n e = h - V)|

raax h[V- Vo)

his eg i enun a Einstein photoelectuic e
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onuthebasisof uthiuea laws a photoeluctuicemiasien

Can be explained Qs follouwA8=
j for the emission al an e the KE of the e must be we
d dtwsonly posMiblo when >Yo.
)PhotoeCuctuic PDect us uat an abAorptLon Cphoton by
easthe ab." tanes placoLinstantaneously qets emitted
D C0atex u the üntenaitsof rad" the photom will be more
heuePore, more mo o ewill be emuitted but as theuw
mochanQe in mo-o photon on changimgitherenuwnou
heelore,
thesa noeplectEc Prehuhcy on the noo e
IWfrom eaPO,ut ii deasu that B:E dopenda On treaLOncy e
undidont radc utUs indepenclont on imtenaity
De-Broqli Hubhothesa
ACc. to Äe-Broglic, oveuy moving Tpayticlo,u auiociated
with a uwave hdving wavelength IRee y er
caeJe

indebendente= h hvAXL AK VEOA=0

Cpchor9e m mT
hoA Laves aue onoun QJ matteH uOes 0 0e-Proalie
wayes q theul wUOvelength us enouwn as Oe-Broglie
wavolnn4th be Brogli yaves coantbe
RRapmagnebic i0 nature
e-Broolio Wavelongth o
Oct eLLL aceelo00frd uith a potentialV So,the KE
aained by e
W=VK=ev O
6ut KE uA giverm as K= Lmu?=Lmy
K=_2 2 m
2m eact s wave when
CompaungO & , we ge
ev p2
2m
 E m c = he Pest ma o
m e =h h photon 0
h Phbtbns netra
(ma Eppect o F
= 2mev MF on them
pEN2mev
-Brogoio vuaweQongth o e
Ah=h
PN2mev For sormi numeuicals,
A=h TIA=TA
2mev h=6 34 XloJS
AE1227 m=9-1X 163 Kg
VV =I:6 Xx 16e
AKL
V
K

Lm.d= h-hvo V Swpe=Same

eV hv- hVo
V hD+hve
brahold
=moct Breqoncy=
Breouancy dipp.
m= h ALope hlcomstAnt -hvo

C hve mterubt-hvo Vo
e