2 Mathematical Melhods

2:1
TnhroductBom
DeEme. Scalar s and vetors.Can ycu
yu recall 2
Salarts - Physicod quontities which com be
dBnbed
complelely dedonibed by tHely magnihude Canumbos
and unit) aYe call eo s Caldrs maqnitude
Vetoys Physica qluam hH es which meed
Anaqniude sDell cLs cliyecton er theiy
Cortplcte lesciptian. Te collecdyectoS.
9calay s Distcnce. travellec speec, warkdane enery
Wectons Diaplacement ,velocihy,Eorce.
Can
22 Vecon Analyais
nwhat is the clifferenLe betDeen asclc &veco
Scalars Vectors
i I has magnitude. onlyTEhas meagnitude as oel
S lirecHon.
Scalants can be. aldedVectonsS qre addecl ox
or subtrahed acoxdling subbacec by geomekrita
to Hhe aules ef alqebácCqnaphital) mehod en
Vecker alqebra
Lt has Tepresenkeel by
Tepresenkaticm symbol ) armoLD.
Example Example:
Length mass Hme, Displacement,veloiy, ateleten
Volme, aYea clensiy Fote, momentun% ete.
og Explain epxeSemtuion davecerY qTaphitally
and symboli tulty
)raphiclly eesentaukeni
veceyisqraphically Tepresentea hy adirecked
A
line segment can aro. body FumPtoQ
Exampl clisplacement of a
S Tepresen-ed as p ’Q
 ) Symbo lic 7epr eSemtalion:
Symboliculis aveter is,
vepresenheel
lellex with an mTO) above it Such byas aA.single
hg mug nitude ct the vector Ris dena Hed as

o Defne cmd explaun the follooing term

i)Zero vectox CNul) veden) ’
A yecteY having zeYo maqniBude and arbitrar
lJieciom is caled zexo Vecto.
Example : Velocity Nector o staHncy perttle
aceleruhion veckest a body moving toith
Untfm velocity
i) Resulumt veotex
The YeGultun t top cY MoYe Vectex is defined
as that Gingle veehox which produce the Scme
e Rect as producec hy cll yeatexs togcthex
liy Negative Verkk
Veckers the taqethex.
A HegatHve VectoY o a givem vectoY i6
is aVecly
t the same magniHude but opposie in direchion
to thatf the ciyen Vecho
Negatve vectoxs are mHpvalel ycters
In iguie
’

IDEqual yectors
Tioo vectaYS Aqnd B repYesenhing same
qucmhty Te said to be equc and_cnly physica
hey Kayc he scmne magnitude nd dyeoon.
 Posiion Vector
1A vechor which qives theposition
point wit af a parhicde ct
la witheSpect to the
Icondinake ovigin t chasen
Syslem call ed position vechor.
/s
In the qivem iguYe, oß
represcnt.

ns Whethey the ye_uemt t Hoo vedus ot

Unequcd magnitucie be zero
The res ulfantttoo yectoxs' dittexent
Can not given
magnitude cannot qivem zeXO YeSulkant

ds Dene Unit yeex and qive its physial

GigDificcamce
Unit Vectory’ A vectoy havins unit macmice
in aa qiven clirechon is clled a unit vecey
in that diecion.
IE P i5 a non zeTO. then the unit vectey Up
in the dixechion p

Significcnce o unit yectex tagitn veutn.

)the unit yector gives the diyechion
cdirechion cta yeckanaulary
) Unit vecox aleng_x,Ýand z spechiedy
0-orlinake is sepresenkee by 1 and
Such that æ uñz)
This gives + cmd kZ
X
 23 Vectors operations
falsé, FP a False,omte comect Seo
State túe oy
possible to ad too vectoxs epreseming ment
7 It is climensiond
slca quantiHes havin difPerent
physi
False
IA is _not- possible to add t0o Veckos Yeprésentinl
climnsions.
physicca qumhihes having chferent
can reSultant e too vedors atype
-3 Hoo
/nclinec with each othex be. deleminc oit
vectoXS ca kype are Indineo
when top Vechors delerminecl
each otber, theiy Yesulkun CCn be addliHon
hy Uaing fiangle lao of Vechoy
of veckoy adelition 2
lagWhat is triangledaodddiHon
Triangle duw af vecter
IÊ foo Vectoys der cribingfhe Snme physíca
Lquanity -are xenresented inmagniude anc
diyecHin_by the twD sides eta thiangle taken in!
esWkant is Tepresnteo in
oxdesd, then their TeSlbant
magnitude cmed cliyectHon by the thid Side of thel
tyidngle chawn in the opposite sense, Erom
he stuntng pontltil) o the Fixst veches to the
end point chead) et the secpnd vecter
Let p and g be he two Vectoxs
t same type fuken in same
aycley as Shuwn) in Rqune
Resultcnt vectr will be
qiven by thiyd side. fuken
A in oppbsite ovder.
p'+=R
lo’ Ts it possible to qde tuo velocities using
triangle Aaw)
Yes, it is possible to ade Hop veloctkes Using
 Prove that
Vechen
addiion
Commudatye is.
commut
Acendm to properby vecoy addition
et ative
ProoF>
C
CommurutËve propenty , Fr too veckrs.
byTepYeSCn
R
ted in
two Sides oA magnihude
nd
cmd di?
AB Tespechively
i) Cumplele a
A
Such that parallcloqrum oABL
iR) InAOAB
P+QR
)
Erom.tquution @ and

Hence,addition o toD vccteys abeys

Commukative
d Paroye thut yectur aclcliton is
assoDciative
Associatve propextj sf vectuy addlition
Acosrcling hy assoiatye propenty +

OÂ+AB = 0p CFom mangle dao

tvectox addiHon)
Tn AORC

Vectee additin )
From equehion 4) +¢)+-5
 ii) Ln AA84
C3)

iv)Tn 40A C,

Fom «aua ion C3)

p'+to+R):5()

On Compcing cquafen (2) cnd (G) ,we gct

(P+Q) +R =P+CQ +Á)
Hence ,950 ciahi ve. Aao is_proVed.
The 5ubbraction qivem vectox is meithe
Commututive m cASS0Ciative.
Tue

Q-4 Stute qnd proye parall eloqrdm tauo of

Vecta cacddition cmd deemne magnikude
cmd disecHon tYesultumt yector
6Pavclleloq 1am Aaw of vachex cdldion:
I! two VcBurs c Scme type startng Frcm.
the Same point (auiks at thà same poiht) axe
repres ented in magmiBue and cixechion_ by
he Hoo adjatent Sides efa. pevalleloqeim
|Hhen,theiy Yesultnt yector is qven
maqnitude and die cion by thÁ chagcna
t he pralleloqrcamo start Hhg ivm the sime
point
a) Censider too vectrs p andó f the same
type, oith their tails at the point 'o'anc o
ia the angle behuoeen pand as shoaon in Hg
 c b) Join Bc and Ac to cumplcte he
paTallcloqum OACB, oith o¢ -p
and Á= as the cdjacent sides
A
We have o prove that cliaqonal
oc: R, the xesutant et Sumiot
the toqive)_yectors
oBy he riangleAuw t vecer cddition, toe have
As A is paalel to08
AC0B=0
Suhstituting oÁ, qnd q in equahion c)) we
coe have
()Maqnihude of eSUltant Hence
yechor :
provecl.
a) To Find the nacmikude a yesultamt yectox
Ra o dra@ a per pendiculY Fem Cto meet
OA extended at S. ZCAS<BOA=0 and ACzo-o
C
h) Tn right angle Friangle ADC
Coso- AD Sino:DC
AC AC

AD=AC CoS0 0C-ACSino

-Q CoSo- QGin
oUsing Aythago+as thecxerm in iqht cmgle triangle,

- (OAf+ 20A) (AD) + CAD + CDC - (4)

d) From night cngle tianqle ADC

CAD)+ CDt CAC C5)
o) From tauation 4) and c5), we get
Coc'- coA)2c0A)CAD) +(A( c)
C6)

) Using 2) qnd (s), we get

(octotAO+2(04) tttoso
R p+ +2PQ(OS0
 R=p++2 PQ (OS0 C)

|Eqluakton
Vecy
(p gves the magniHude et eSu
iv
v) DivecHon ef yesultnt yeder :
To inc the clirechion ot Tesultent
let Rmake cn ngle doith p
TnA 0DC
tund DC

OA +AS
From equuhions 2) and s)0e qet
Land QSino
Pt Qco5O

d tun Q5nO
(9)
\ptQcas0
Equuhon
vecto
c9) TeoTesets digecHon ct eskn
ES Llkn
(ases - ) When o-o,ie p
Same cdirecion 0singcnd G cne inn he.
lsing equaion.
P+Q as9
QSino
P+ Qoso
 when c0-g0Ie when pamd qare mutually
pexpemdicwlay to each othex then

R=VptQ+2.PQCOSGß (cos g0= 0)

Also d- tun /QSingo tun Qx)
P+Qcos go p+Qxo
stun
6 when c0180,i-e oben pand ane in the
oppasitte directions, hen

=\pe-2 Q (': C0s 180=-1)

|R2 P-@
Alsodtun QSinn80 :5in g0 20
P+Q cos180

5 Complehe the table Fr two vectuns pmd G

incline at angle O.
TResultumt yector DirecHon tTesulkunt vechey oith
P ()
o
Vp+g
80° p-Q