kinear Alcbi

Subspoe
Basis
Dimension
Ainear Trvs fosmalon,

OVer
be a Vectoy
set V u said to
A non -emphy

i)(V.4) & an
obelian
Cclegre)
(Comnutate)

(utv)+ w
ey (asociatve)
) ut tvAw)=
VueV
elcwent

Jrue V
e)ueV

(y

Examp le 3)RCC)
1R
R.
4) &Cc)
R oNA
 all mahicos

Ecie
) gd+»ap) (a19 yg)

S) Bot all pelgnomials

4x) = bo tb t....4bn .

fald
Subspace
thcn
avoclo space ovoa , i
Sao
sub space
vecby spacr

The eavecor Soace

Ahen-ewp subset u a subspace
i and
*PU
ekl.

EXample
3

). ket V= R

() to.o,e)3
not o subspate
X.

(vi)
Resuts:
twe bspacas avechs Spato V
) Dntey 8echon
a

) Union V noed not be

Auo suhsionccs
V-R3

lot
atb=,o) WUW2.

3) D Uand vecos spaces ov F,then the mappna

Uinto V Gaid to be a honbnephism
t'T(u+ua) = T(ui) + Tlu)

A) a iSomo'
)T - homomophism
One -to- one.

Tuzoy
5) korel: fueul itenkiyelament
i its kerl)-)
an isomorpism and onle
4) ve vecbs pac
whoes
and
 U onto V Lwith kos nd
8) {7
a
homomopi sm
isoaoaphc to U/w. Cowaesdy if Uaa
then V is isowibapbe
and ès a suaspaca o U. thon thena
&pace and
Vectr space
U onto Ul.
is a homotnophi sn
&um.
weklý linoa%
9) vokl = utw lue U,
V thon VOhl s a suspae V.

Kinaas combination.

OVer
let v be a vecto 8pa
to be a line a combi nahon.
Than a ecto
Vectoss

yor Some

anVn a,a2
avit ag V t . t
Sefine (s) =

subspace
Aarssnly depandant SoWe aL¢De

Acaly independend .
Exon ple D (2,1,) (v2, 2), Cl,1)3.

ail2,1, ) t ag C,2,2) + a3lvi) = (o o, b)

a) L.D
 0CLo. eA) . (o, oi,1), (a.o,\, 1) 3.

Sant (A)= no. A

sank (A) 2 na. column A

A) o b I
|A] =0

dinension
Anite
Basis
i! Ifnite set S eV
Vis finite in if
(s)cV.
LC)=V.

Bas)s A Sot S
tinansly indopondent
Ce LiS)V
genciatos V

Exanpk: at v=R ket (abc)eR3

(abc)= al,o,o)+
b (o,o)
1) =Co, o, D)
ar Ctro ,0)t a(ol, o)+aglo, O Co,0, o)
(a,a ,as)

’Su a basis V
) Lot v=R3
 Basis
MmxnCc)
R
ova
2mn.
Pn
nt)
e¢ ove Mon)
Mmh
)lR
R ove
vex (R)
R Mnan
eleent basis
(R) C
CR) R
Dirr
(R3)=
3 din dinlv
)=
basis (oo)4 C,o)Co,
o)
, \, Si B=
V=R3 Exade:
vectoss No.
bo o Said basis a
sio imon
Dmension
Reaults.
sibspcss o! ofaite dimontional y.
thon

) dim o foy-o

À) &ot
kat V be v.S iansion nover F. Then an
n vectors Abajis v

Exox cise.
Fiod baj d din

abasis oT it can be extended

to basis.
linear tsansfoahon
be v.8 over F 1 : V W
ket
1 ts a linoas tsao nahon!.

(U) TCev)= c Tl)

c T ) y uvtV and cuCo cF

T(Gut G)= e,T(u) t

Eamplo:
) T:R²R2 given by Tay):y*)

= (q+9 21t )

T(kay) = Tkn ky)

Cky. kx)

2) ) T: R>R qiven byhy Tayx

3. 9.RR T ) =(x-6)

Å. T:RR2

Resutk:

a ineo

=deU:T(a)=, 4
9) koy (T)
ker ) Sind

be linear then kar (r) s a subs paa U

3) T: UV
Called
Calle ull
ker (1) U
 One to - one iff kos (1) -foo3

be ineas

&t {a,a, . an9 be L-1

in V
tad,T las),... Tlan)y

Tvoage.
TL U)=
I mt1)= " eV|ueu
Range Spae
subspace o v
a basis o U thc n.
{Ta)T as), lan)'y genes ats

theem.
) Ranik - Ntihy
ineas map.
a

Nallity T) = dim (u)

Rank (1) +
(T)) + dm Cker l7)) = din U
diml Irn
dim U
dinn (R(T)) din lNT))
T One-to -one onto,

T ine ar
n) Someohis Cio. h. ono. and orn

Uand V (uilo +nonsinnal vS.

Eramgle T:B(R) ’ Mauzl(R)

find the Sasis

Basis Rt) ?
Basis

R(T)=
 R(1) < dim h l T hol onto.

Malsix Repycsovtaion 1

kot T R R * be a linear tsonsfovmahior

R
Btandasd bagis e
TlLo) Co,1)
1Co,1)
= Dl1o2+

oCo, )
= 1lto) 4

Matix
to stondosd basi.
Exampe : Tind matix covapondin
1: (R)P>(R)
B

S44 basis
P (n)= , x , 4 3
basis

3
2?
&. T: RR) Ps(R)

3. J:R R'

4 1 : R by
2
l y,2)- (37-2y1Z , x-3j-sz)