Date

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4 Electric Charqes
And Fields
E0ectuic chaHge 2-The depicioncy O excO o
eedkona On body called bm electuic
choge Elociuc chage8 Que O two types viz
+ved-Ve The S1 wiit op chage u COuOomb(c)
Properties -
iLiRechaoes repal q unoike charqes attract
leachOther
(DEvexy chaurged body attracts Dight boolies touwards
Aep duoto cleArootatic inductiom
(iDThe charge ona body us undepondent o ita
motiom
V Churges are additive in natUre
Charýes are conoervcd e chargo can motthor be
croafoc nor bedeatroyed lt may_Aumply be
tranaperred Prom Ome body to ahother
NaCo é- Nat CO
Net charge =O vet charoe = e -=O
(V1) Charoer is ajuantized ie ony phiyoical0y exiating
chargo u aOunys an untegrd0 rmultiplo o
ndomontal charge (charho on e)
athematical ly, = newhere m=0,+12
(VDA atationary charge procucos nly eloctric iela
hil o movimg cHarge procucos both eleckric.
d magnetic pietd
 Dafe

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Oulomb's Oauw-4otaheg Ihat tthe forcp

teattactish or repulaiom blw uDipbint.charge3 2
directlu proportiong! to the prduict opmagnitud@
O the charoes d inverzely proportionalrto the
AaLQHe O hedistorice B/w theri
he direction o this Porce s aluays along sthe Qine
joining
thetuocharges.
|Mathematically,_FK O12
d o e sn o
r2

do f
AP P
Q1022
P= R.Q2
942

whee R dhe conotant cp proportiomality

whose values deponda om i) Mediim b/w chdrge
i)Syatemo) writa choaen
4pmedium is voccum q Ayatem ST,then k=
HTE
wheue Eo ds cboolute permittivity oT vacCUn
colled
Eo 8.85y x 10Nm?/c2
Do R = l
X3:1x8 85 XIO
R 8.90X109 R9x10 Nm/c2
So, coulomb's Cauu
Qy1y2
TTE 2
Thisig only applu wheuo ho mediUn i3 accum
 Puge

Cor ony other modiom ormula bOComes

Q9/2 K = fvaoum
UTTEK 2 F medium

lwhexe K U CalNod dlielectuc condtant.op meiorn

what us the force b/ uJo amolo choxged apheres
naing Charges oP 2 XIO¢ 3X1oC p.lacd 30 Chm
apar u air?
qiven : Q2xio c, Q2=3 XI0'c
= 300m=30x 10tm
FL 02
UTTEo 92
f TXIo x 2 XI0 x 3xO =6.x 1o
xiox 100 I02
= 6X10 N
tvector torm o CouRomb g0LD8
Force On Qy duun ty2 12 12
121 2 r21 92
uTIE, 42

Force on Q2 duo to Q
fa 92 2
UTIE 912
g 2 =-r2

F21- Qy Qy2 rai-

4TEo 2
ComporinggO, his ohCWA hL ge)
magritute doesnmat
F12 l ehaqes ab}y oum f
 Oate.

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Limitations
DChorqes ahougd be point in ohapo
charoes must bo at rot
In Mhe distance bjw charges ohouOd be grOOtor
than nuclnar diaton e.li e.10"m/P"m)
Two point charges+uo te aue Pixed ata
diottnco a'apaut. Where Ahollda third point
charge a be placad on the Line joining thd tuwo
chaiges A0 that t may be inequltbriumn?
n which case,the Cquiibrium will be otabl
un which unotahli?
forQ, to be in eouilibrium,
fi=Fz
ye x0 = 9,xe
4TTE c2 UTTEo (a-c)
c2 a-)2 A F2 Fi B
aeinq AGJLOIO roots e
2-2c
OC a-C
20-2c =
3 20 >x20
TheeauiDhrium uA be Atalolawhen the chargo
u +ve d it wilLbe wnotable when the chdrge
-Vve

Two id enticol chorges each ae kept at o

diatance prom och Other A third chorge aj
s placed on' the line joining the above tu
 Cale
PBge

charges AUCh that auk the three charges are in

qilibrium. What us the magnitude,aigod
opition of the charge 'q 2
For QtD be un Oibrium
Fq=Fq
TTEo r2 4TTEoH/2) - / 2 - 2
2 1/4
Q=40S9== Magnitude
Pooition= Mid point
Sign= -Ve

Eectuic Pleid h e opoce Or region around

oy chcurhe in uuhich ut can oppdct any Other
chdrge b the-orce oattraction Or ropulsion
cälCoc its electric Preld.4tbt 900dirh
is givenas
of Porce
L
P
Hectric fietd
t a Vector quantity whose direct-fon ud
taenaLong the directiom op Porc
wnits NC Or v/m 4t,can al3o be
ropr@sented a s E =nm É 9o should be very omal
a/ th@ its own elecric
yo7Wo
9070
paa beceme neata+et
Electric Preld Qines 8-4E u a cuAve along
whfch Q+ve test charge uouwd tend to hove ip
i tus Proo to dlo A0
Proberties 2
 Oate
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)EPL CUwoys otat rom tve charge to terminoto

Ot-ve chorge

n chance op Aungle charge they may Atot or

terminato at the charge or Ynpinity
)The tangont drauwn at any point OntheProld Line
represorts thedir"o EFbÉ tnat poht
) No tuwo EFL Can intersect eachotHer ip they do so
thanot tne point o interoection there wi be tuo
airection oPEP which is not PoAsib0e
EFL a0ways orm openuBves duo t0 the exiotence
o uolated charge
hey ao not posdthrough a conduoAor bOcauwe
EF uinade the conductor n otatiC case u zoro
VEFL aue aluunyA uimaginary but the Piolo they
repreentub rend
Electuc eld duuo tp point charge-
0et q, be a charqe plackd QE pointO d 00tP bo a
point at a diAtoncé at which EF reauigALd
We place0 Amalocharge 0yo at P
Forca on chorge aveduw to Q
F=L.9,90 along 0P 04-9 P
4TTEo 42
do Electric Pleld dus to , 0b P Ojo
Test
E uTE q/0
42 ehar ge
yo

E= Q 0ong OP
YTTEo 12
 Date

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NOTE: 1he direction op Electric_Pield due totve charn

is taken alwnys Prom the charge q thato -
charge u takn tDLwards the chiarge

prwtne EFL Por he ollowing charge

e

Electric bipole-A pairoftuo eQual d opposite

chaurges0paradocl by AmOLN dotance w
callod an olectuic aipole.

Electuic Dibol Moment 84t is depined 0o the

prodiict o ethe chargo the 0ength
20
op the
aipolo(2a) A -
i b= 20
t ds à vector quantity uhose direCtion uis
takenrom-ve charpe tD tve charge
E9. HCO Na C, Ha0, eto lobe

" ElecBuc eld due to an eloctuicdipole ato

boint. on axia gine
Consider an olectric cipdle o Length 2a hoving
chargeg-Q/ qto Let there_ be a point P at
distance Pom the rnid point op dipole at which
edectric ield is tO be determined
20T bigg en
- O X
94+OL
 Dste
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a
Let Ae= 20 A0 = OB =
,

Electouuc Preld at P due to -

albng Pe
uTTEo (A+0)2
ElectoucPold at P duw to+
2=1 along PX
uITE 1-a)2

do vOt ea ctuc Pield duw to olipole at P

E=NEE+2E2ECOgO
E=E+E-2EE NE2-E)2E=Ez-E
E=IQ
TTEO g1-a) (H+a)2
E= Q(+a-(A-a)2
4TTE -a)2(1ta)2J
E= _ +04 2ra- a+29/a 1
4TTE L-a)n+a)(u-a)(u+0)
E 02 p=200
UTTE
TT6
29,20)u
C-02)2
TE 2Ps
4TTEo (1202)
SH a, 0 a can be neq0ectod un
E=1 2P Combarison to r
TT Eo
E= 2P aLong PX
477E 43 Dir"o qE s same
o uTE 2P_
r P (barall el)
 Date
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EectuicLield du tp an oVectric dipole at a

point on quatDrial Line-
Conaider an electricdibole a Length 20 houim
charge-Q +Q Let theR be a point Pat a
istance 34 Prom the midpoinb b o aipolo att
which eloctic add to bb dotormirne
Qct Ae= 20,AO = 08 =a
oP-1,AP= BP =(r+a 2
Electricpeld at Pdoto-
QLong PA
YTTEa(r+a
A- a C a+B
ElOCtric Pald at Pdue tD dipole 20
E=E + E2 t2EEz Cog
E2Er+2E co8 29
E=26R(1+CoS2e) =V262(2cos9)
E=2E1CO89
E=2 X X 2cos2-
HTTEo (2+02) (24 a2)/2
YTTEo lo?+a2/2
9P4a,then 6= P
YTTE12)/2
P Dir of pE
4TTE Sy3 Fopp:
vectoricaly E L PPCantipocolel)
yTTE r3
 Ve oppE Page.

-r i)Ep=Ea
ER Ep2bl
6 Ll)Ep<Ea
V) None op these
En
forque on an clectricdipolo p00ced un a unitom
e0ectric pleld
Conaidesu on olectaic dipolo placod in a uniPomm
octsuic Ptedcd 'e'o on anglo
Forceon-Q du to e0ectric Pietd E
FLE-9Eopp.tb E
Force on due tD EF E
Fa=E ePpin dir 'o E PAc9c
o Neborce on the dipolo
F F+fh-0E+ Q,E
Neb Porce acting on the dipola us zero but dun to
aieontines op Oction op Porce o borauo act on
the dipo
Torg Qcting on tho dipole i E
= Porw K1or ouiatônca
T FLx ec
From the duogrom, aino = eC BCE 20sno
20
O, T E (20sino)
pE8 ino or xE
 Sbedacases-
when dipole s placed 1or D the EP i:0.=90
then max=hEE -
Paralle to
E:P ( )

(D ToraL On the dipolo wilo be 2ro when o =C180®

when O =0Ue dipolo us QLd to bo in Atabla
eauilibrium whio when O=180, the cuipolous aid
tDbe in unotablo eauilibrium. E (I?0)
more chance! to rotate P nnti
Ptrtttel
Sold aungle8-Theangle btended by the
ouPaco o a ophere åtit internal point u
caQ0odAONid ongle.t us güwon Os
u=ds SUfa
or2 do ds
t wniit s Ateadian
Asa vector- Ary wuwrPace may bo imagined that
t i made up o a targe no.o elomeñtary areas
O0ch 0lomentary a0a taken Qo a veckor
auantuts whoi dir us tanen along the Outwnrod
norma orown tO the ourlaco t i Qiven 0
as-dsn n

ds

Electric Plux:-1he oloctric_Plux poz803 through

onyAurPace is dopined o tho toto0 no.op olectric
Piopd Oin0% pazging normally tD thO Murehce.
MathernotaDOy, utisgwen oz
do= E.ds
or dp= fds coso| Nm2/C ds
 Date
Pege

otates th0t the toO0 QPOtnt

GQU39 Theorem8-4t
elecisuc ux pousing through ony cuoae
normal times t h e total
AUHPace us a0waus eguag toA
chaugo enclose within it.
to
Q=Chageenclose wn th
Le c L X0 AUuPaa
Eo
der a Aphericnl awselace op rodius '9
Cons
Proo: Aphee
0t y be o. charoe placod ot the centred
Eloctric Pield Qb Pduo to y
TTE, 2 duo
Electric PQux passing through
a a ds
d EdScOs
d= dscoS o
TI Eo r2

do = dS
TTEo 42
odCo =ds
92
odo= du
UTTEo
TOto e0ctouc Pbux posingthrough aphericoa
awac = Qdui
JyTIED
Qdco
YT1 Eo
o, =1 un)
YTTeD X Eo
 Date.
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Apblications op Gauss'slauo-
Causs' uw us uALd tD Pind the egectric Pb0
broauceo bythe aymmetrical aiatributiono
charges.This method involvesollouuing 3 atejps-
thTo magine a GoLALoN AUrPacoaround the
given diotubution op charge
i ) bo calcuaato the elecuc Pux throughthe
GQLAAionawnaca
(i1) 10 compoo the colcu0010dPOx with Guss lOuD
GHOLLSALOYn QwPace& The auPaca around any
laiven distribution oP charge Qt eory point"o?
which the electuc Pe0d a Aane iicalled
Qausaion Awtaco

Electric pleld cuw to an inPinite iong charged

Atraight wire
Conoidexalong wire having Qinean.chargedl
donaty (Charge per unit Longth).Let there be o
point p'at a diatiance'r'dWhich olctric Prold is
reqrod Conaider a Cylindrical Clausgion throuph
point P around uiro dS2
Sz
Gauwion AUnPaca has
three Asthceg-
dSICAVed AuurPaco
u Slat AurPaco S ds
(LUD Ca Plat aurlaCo
S
 Det

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Cauw*on Aurfaco,
Cloctuic Poux through the
'alota
tD24 03

90°+JEdSaCos 90
=JEdscos o +Eds, COs
=SEdSt 0+0
=E JdS
c=El2O)-O

suwslaca =X9
Chauge onclosed inside Couseion
from CQLg' lau
EXA 2
to
Compaing0 aO, we geb
E(2ToO)=1 L )
Eo
=1 E=1 2
2JTEo U 4TEo

gaph blw Eand L

1
E

An unginite ine charge produes a Piold o

ax10NC at a oiotine c 2cm.calcudato the
uneo chaxge denoity
E= 9 x1o'NJE,04 =210m
E=1 2
4TTE
 Date
Pga

2 x jo2
102105
A =I0 =1O
IO5 = 10x10
SA=0:1MG/m
Electsuc ied duu to a charged inPinite
plane aheet -
conaider an inpinite piane Aheot of urPace
oharge donsity s.lot there be a point P at a
ldibtance4 which eleckric Proldiz renuired
ConaideaCylindaicas CaLssion durdace oP
cross Aectionalao0 saround the AheOt
through point p
CuindricaQ Cjouesion
&orPace has 3- A
race38 dS
D flat AurPace SI
ii)Curved AurPace S2
)flatAurPaci Sa
10
n0ta0 elootuc Pouxthrough the Cousson
Auaco ie

=JEdGICDAO+JedS2cDs 90+SCdSa COJO

ESdS+0+ EfdSa
dS= fd S3 =9S
do = ES +ES =2ES
2ES
 Page.

Chatgo onclosed wthin Couasion aurPoCe = 6

According to Gausg'e 1a.
d XCoc)-22
Compasung DG 2), we gotb
2ES=(6S)
E-
2Eo
Clea Electsuio Pld ia indopendernt o
aistane op the point
E

holtovw

Electric PPodd aue to a charged Abhencal hell 8

Considor a Apherical ohel rodiug R hauing
chOHoe Q, which i hveuniPormly distribULed
|Ovo ts ouuPoco.Elecouic Piogd duo to eheI
calculaAOd in fbl 1ouDing three regiong
aOutaidothe AheQR (1`R)
Oto eloctuc Poux througgh
theAbherical Caupsion Sürlaco,8rom 00
EdS co39=EJds t
d s UTI942 R
- EE (UTo2)- O
Accto Cauas' Jaw
=Eo9 - 2
CompaHng (D 4O,we qeb
 Date
Page.

E (UTISH = Outaido e ohl, elkctuc

Eo prold Ja deasinq
LE=
yTTEo S42
c0009uly,Por oxtomal point bhoucal shoo0
behovesOA uP itawhole chargo 3 conc 0t its contre
b)Atthe Qur!aco (H=R)
E 1 At the urtad, Electrio
UTTE R2 tield is maxe oa V)
(19
HC)4nude the ohe00 (s1<R)
GOCtricPux through Ca3sion aurpace
= ElTO2) O
Acc- to Caugs'Qauo,
=X (0) 2
Eo de
CombaingOO,uwe get
E(YITO2)=0
E=Oain)
raph blw E arnd 3
E
Emox)

Eext.L
2

-R
 Date

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E E2 EI b2

9nregion I Onregion T
E6 6 =6+6
2Eo 26o 2Eo 2Eo
|=O E 2 K6 =6
2E Eo
NOTE WVhen tuwo charged Apheros OO touchod uwith
each oth@r, charge gets rodistribuLed d d
Pna charges on he ophero bocornos ephere
Sames

ho valuo oP Ef at contre ce oloctric dipo0e

s twice the EP duo to ono chaxge at the centre